Gesta Francorum.

Edited for student use by William Turpin

1.

The purpose of this edition.

This text of the Anonymous Gesta Francorum is intended primarily for students of Classical Latin with a
preliminary knowledge of grammar and vocabulary, as acquired perhaps in a year of introductory Latin at
the college or university level. It may also be helpful to students in schools, or to anyone returning Latin
after some time away from it. The Latin of the Gesta Francorum is usually quite straightfoward, even
allowing for features that will be unfamiliar to those new to Medieval Latin, and the narrative has
sufficient momentum that it it will often allow the reader to guess intelligently at what is being said.
Although the notes often identify grammar and vocabulary specific to Medieval Latin (ML), I have not
attempted to point to every instance in which the Latin of the Gesta departs from what a Classical
Latinist would expect. Instead, I have tried to offer help whenever a student of Classical Latin (CL)
might easily be puzzled or misled by Medieval usage, and in such cases I have thought it important to
indicate the word or construction that we would expect to find in Classical Latin. Note also that I have
often treated as Medieval Latin words that would more accurately be labelled Late Latin or
Ecclesiastical Latin. For a detailed study of the Latin of the Gesta see the article by John Gavignan,
The Syntax of the Gesta Francorum (see below).
In this commentary if a Latin word is glossed in the notes with full lexical item and translation, with or
without a citation from the Oxford Latin Dictionary (OLD), it means that the word occurs in Classical
Latin authors, whether such usage is common or not. If a word is simply translated into English the word
or the particular meaning will usually be Medieval Latin, usually designated as such with the
abbreviation ML or a reference to translators.
The text took as a starting point that of Rosalind Hill, though I have occasionally preferred alternative
readings. For ease in reading I have printed v for consonantal u. For convenience I have subdivided the
long paragraphs printed in the standard editions. For each section I give the number of the book, the
standard paragraph number, and then a third number, unique to this edition.
2.

the Gesta Francorum.

The Anonymous Gesta Francorum is one of the most important histories for the First Crusade, and
probably the oldest that survives. It appears to be first-hand account of the events described, and may
even have been written as a kind of intermittent diary. The text falls into eight sections, each marked by
a kind of interim conclusion, and it has been suggested (by Brhier) that each section represents an
individual section of the authors memoirs. Moreover the author never writes as though he had
knowledge of how his story was going to turn out, and sometimes (as with Tatikios) writes as though the
events had occurred very recently. Also, it strikes me that his careful registry of the days of the week
during the siege of Jerusalem suggest that he was writing in the immediate aftermath of events.
Scholars differ as to whether our author was a knight, a cleric,1 or a cleric working closely with a
knight. He seems to have joined the First Crusade as a follower of Bohemond of Taranto, and his
vernacular language may thus have been some form of French, or a South Italian dialect. Our author
joined Bohemond at Amalfi, and stayed with him for the events at Nicaea, Dorylaeum, and Antioch. In

Morris 66: The acceptance of single authorship makes it virtually certain that Anon was a clerk.

November of 1098 he seems to have joined the Provenal army of Raymond of Toulouse, following him
to Arca, Jerusalem, and Ascalon, with which he ends his story (August 1099).
The text may have been published in Jerusalem the by winter of 1101-2. Ekkehard of Aura refers to a
little book on the First Crusade that he read in Jerusalem in 1101, and Ekkehard borrows from the
Gesta Francorum.1 The Gesta may even have been finished by the end of 1099, since it makes no
reference to the deposition of Arnulf.
3.

Abbreviations

AG = Mahoney, Anne, ed. Allen and Greenoughs New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges.
Newburyport, MA, 2001. [The standard basic grammar for classical Latin in the US. All references
are to the 2001 edition.]
Brhier = Brhier, Louis. Histoire Anonyme de la Premire Croisade. Paris, 1964. [Latin text and
French translation, with some notes]
CL = Classical Latin.
Dass = Dass, Nirmal. The Deeds of the Franks and Other Jerusalem-Bound Pilgrims: The Earliest
Chronicle of the First Crusades. Lanham, MD, 2011. [translation and notes, without Latin text.]
Du Cange = Du Cange, Charles, et al., Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis, Niort: L. Favre, 1678,
rpt. 18831887 (10 vol.) [This lexicon, still valuable, is available (and searchable) online, at
http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/doc/schema]
France = France, John. Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade. Cambridge, 1994.
Hill = Hill, Rosalind. The Deeds of the Franks and the Other Pilgrims to Jerusalem. Oxford Medieval
Texts. Oxford, 1962. [Latin text and translation]
Hagenmeyer = Hagenmeyer, H. Anonymi Gesta Francorum. Heidelberg, 1890. [Latin text and
commentary]
Hiebl = Hiebl, Manfred. Die Taten der Franken [German translation, online at
http://www.manfredhiebl.de/Gesta-Francorum/gesta-francorum.htm]
Lees = Lees, Beatrice A., ed. Anonymi Gesta Francorum et Aliorum Hierosolymitanorum. Oxford, 1924.
[Latin text]
LL = Late Latin
LS = Lewis, Charlton T., and Charles Short. A New Latin Dictionary. Oxford and New York, 1891.
[available online, and apparently as an Iphone Ap. This is a better Latin dictionary than the OLD for
texts written after the 2nd century AD, especially the ecclesiastical Latin that is fundamental to the
Gesta Francorum.]
ML = Medieval Latin.
MSS = Manuscripts.
Niermeyer = J. F. Niermeyer, Mediae latinitatis lexicon minus. Leiden, 1976, revised 1984. [The 1976
edition is available online]
OLD = Glare, P. G. W., ed. Oxford Latin Dictionary. Oxford, 1982. [The most comprehensive dictionary
of classical Latin, i.e. to the end of the second century]
Russo = Russo, Luigi. Le Gesta Dei Franchi e Degli Altri Pellegrini Gerosolimitani. Alessandria, 2003.
[Latin Text and Italian translation, with useful introduction and notes].
sc. = scilicet, i.e. we need to understand something not expressed in text.
Smail = Smail, R. C. Crusading Warfare, 10971193. Cambridge, 2nd ed., 1995.

Morris disagrees about this.

4.

Select Bibliography

On the First Crusade in general

Runciman, S. A History of the Crusades. Cambridge, 195154. [the classic narrative; volume 1 is on the
First Crusade].
Riley-Smith, J. The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. London, 1986.
France, John. Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade. Cambridge, 1994.
Asbridge, Thomas. The First Crusade: A New History. Oxford, 2004. [highly readable; perhaps the best
introduction]
Rubenstein, Jay. Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade and the Quest for Apocalypse. New York, 2011.
[available as audio book from Audible.com etc. Also highly readable, with a particular interest in the
mentality of the crusaders].
Frankopan, Peter. The First Crusade: The Call from the East. London, 2012. [a consideration of the
Byzantine perspective]
On the Gesta Francorum in particular.
Jamison, Evelyn. Some Notes on the Anonymi Gesta Francorum, with Special Reference to the Norman
Contingent from South Italy and Sicily in the First Crusade. In Studies in French Language and
Medival Literature Presented to Professor Mildred K. Pope, 183208. Manchester, 1939.
Gavignan, John Joseph. The Syntax of the Gesta Francorum. Language 19, no. 3 (1943): 10102. [An
extremely detailed study of the Latin of the Gesta Francorum and its differences from Classical Latin;
its references are to the text of Lees, on which see below].
Harari, Yuval Noah. Eyewitnessing in Accounts of the First Crusade: The Gesta Francorum and Other
Contemporary Narratives. Crusades 3 (2004): 7799. [questions how much of the narrative is really
an authentic first-person report]
Morris, C. The Use of the Anonymous Gesta Francorum as Narrative History. Reading Medieval
Studies 19 (1993): 5571.
France, J. The Use of the Anonymous Gesta Francorum in the Early Twelfth-Century Sources for the
First Crusade. In From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies, 10951500,
A. V. Murray, 2942. Turnhout, 1998.
Rubenstein, Jay. What is the Gesta Francorum and Who is Peter Tudebode? Revue Mabillon 16 (2005)
179-204.
Kostick, Conor. The Social Structure of the First Crusade. Leiden and Boston, 2008. [contains a good
chapter on the Gesta Francorum].
On medieval Latin in general.
Strecker, Karl. Introduction to Medieval Latin, 1929, trans. 1957.
Stotz, Peter. Handbuch Zur Lateinischen Sprache Des Mittelalters. Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft
2. Abt. 5. T., 15 Bd., 19962004.
Dinkova Bruun, Greti. Medieval Latin. In A Companion to the Latin Language, 284302. Chichester,
2011.
On the sounds of Classical and Medieval Latin.
Brooks, Clive. Reading Latin Poetry Aloud: A Practical Guide to Two Thousand Years of Verse.
Cambridge, 2007. [comes with 2 audio CDs]
note especially the recordings of the entire text by Rodrigo Gier, on the website for Medieval Latin
(Summer 2013): The Gesta Francorum.

Gesta Francorum Gesta et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum

Liber I
1.1.1 Cum iam appropinquasset ille terminus quem dominus Iesus cotidie suis demonstrat fidelibus,
specialiter in evangelio dicens: Si quis vult post me venire, abneget semetipsum1 et tollat crucem suam
et sequatur me,2 facta est igitur3 motio valida per universas Galliarum regiones, ut si aliquis Deum
studiose puroque corde et mente sequi desideraret, atque post ipsum4 crucem fideliter baiulare5 vellet,
non pigritaretur6 Sancti Sepulchri viam celerius arripere. Apostolicus namque7 Romanae sedis8
ultra montanas partes quantocius9 profectus est cum suis archiepiscopis, episcopis, abbatibus, et
presbiteris10, coepitque subtiliter11 sermocinari et predicare,12 dicens, ut13 si quis animam suam
salvam14 facere vellet, non dubitaret humiliter viam incipere Domini, ac si denariorum15 ei deesset
copia, divina ei satis16 daret misericordia.
1.1.2 Ait namque domnus17 apostolicus Fratres, vos oportet multa pati pro nomine Christi, videlicet
miserias, paupertates, nuditates, persecutiones, egestates, infirmitates, fames, sites 18 et alia huiusmodi,
sicuti Dominus ait [Hill p. 2] suis discipulis: Oportet vos pati multa pro nomine meo19, et: Nolite
erubescere loqui ante facies20 hominum; ego vero21 dabo vobis os et eloquium22, ac deinceps:
Persequetur vos larga retributio23. Cumque iam hic sermo paulatim per universas regiones ac
Galliarum patrias24 coepisset crebrescere, Franci audientes talia protinus25 in dextra crucem suere26
scapula27, dicentes sese Christi unanimiter sequi vestigia, quibus de manu erant redempti tartarea. 28
Iamiamque29 Galliae suis remotae sunt domibus.30

semetipsum (ML) = sese (CL).

Matthew 16:24: Tunc Iesus dixit discipulis suis: Si quis vult post me venire, abneget semetipsum, et tollat crucem suam, et sequatur me.
3
Therefore is superfluous here, since cum ... appropinquasset is a cum clause of attendant circumstances (AG 546); omit in translation.
4
i.e. post Deum ipsum.
5
biulo (1) to carry a burden, to bear something heavy.
6
pigritaretur (ML) = pigraret (CL) be slow to.
7
on the other hand, but (ML; Niemeyer)
8
The apostolicus sacrae sedis was the Pope, i.e. Urban II, 1088-1099. The reference here is to the famous Council of Clermont, 18-28
November 1095.
9
quantcius as quickly as possible.
10
priests.
11
here elegantly.
12
praedic (1) proclaim.
13
ut + subj. can express indirect statement in ML.
14
salvus, a, um safe (CL); in ML this often means saved in the Christian sense.
15
dnrius, i, m. denarius; (ML) penny.
16
satis can be an indeclinable neuter noun, enough a sufficiency; here direct object of daret.
17
domnus (ML) = dominus (CL).
18
sitis, is, f. thirst.
19
Acts 9:16 (loosely): Ego enim ostendam illi quanta oporteat eum pro nomine pati.
20
facis, faci, f. face; here accusative plural.
21
vr in truth (CL) = but, however (ML); it is typically postpositive, i.e. does not stand first in a sentence.
22
2 Timothy 1:8: Noli itaque erubescere testimonium Domini nostri, neque me vinctum eius: sed collabora Evangelio secundum virtutem Dei;
Luke 21.15: ego enim dabo vobis os et sapientiam, cui non poterunt resistere et contradicere omnes adversarii vestri.
23
retrbri, nis, f. reward, recompense (LL); Matthew 5:12: gaudete, et exsultate, quoniam merces vestra copiosa est in caelis. Sic enim
persecuti sunt prophetas, qui fuerunt ante vos.
24
regiones and patriae are here duchies and counties (ML); patria in the plural is only poetic in CL.
25
prtinus, adv. forthwith, immediately (OLD 3).
26
su, suere, su, stum sew. Either a historical infinitive or dependent on coepisset.
27
shoulders; in CL scapulae, rum f. pl. means shoulder blades; scapulum is ML.
28
Tartareus, a, um of the underworld.
29
iamiamque, adv. at this time; a strengthened form of iam.
30
Hill: So they set out at once from their homes in the lands of the Franks. Literally So at once the Gallic lands were removed from their
homes. [??] Lees has Iam iamque Galli e suis remoti sunt domibus, which seems much easier.
2

1.2.1 Fecerunt denique1 Galli tres partes. Vna pars Francorum in Hungariae intravit regionem,
scilicet2 Petrus Heremita,3 et dux4 Godefridus,5 et Balduinus frater eius,6 et Balduinus comes7
de Monte.8 Isti potentissimi milites9 et alii plures quos ignoro venerunt per viam quam iamdudum10
Karolus Magnus mirificus rex Franciae aptari11 fecit usque Constantinopolim.12
1.2.2 Petrus vero supradictus primus venit Constantinopolim in kalendis Augusti13 et cum eo maxima
gens Alamannorum.14 Illic invenit Lombardos et Longobardos15 et alios plures congregatos, quibus
imperator16 iusserat [Hill p. 3] dari mercatum,17 sicuti18 erat in civitate, dixitque illis Nolite
transmeare Brachium,19 donec20 veniat maxima Christianorum virtus,21 quoniam vos tanti22 non estis,
ut cum Turcis preliari23 valeatis. Ipsique Christiani nequiter deducebant se,24 quia palatia urbis
sternebant25 et ardebant, et auferebant plumbum26 quo ecclesiae erant coopertae27 et vendebant Grecis.
Vnde imperator iratus est iussitque eos transmeare Brachium. Postquam transfretaverunt, non cessabant
agere omnia mala, comburentes et devastantes domos et ecclesias. Tandem pervenerunt Nicomediam, 28
ubi divisi sunt Lombardi et Longobardi et Alamanni a Francis,29 quia Franci tumebant superbia.
Elegerunt Lombardi et Longobardi seniorem30 super se, cui nomen Rainoldus31, Alamanni similiter.
1.2.3 Et intraverunt32 in Romaniam33 et per quatuor dies ierunt ultra Nicenam urbem34
inveneruntque quoddam castrum35 cui nomen Exerogorgo,36 quod erat vacuum gente.37 Et

denique (ML) = itaque or nam (CL); in CL denique means finally.

namely; sclicet in CL can mean I mean or that is to say (OLD 5).
3
Peter the Hermit.
4
leader (CL) = duke (ML)
5
Godfrey of Bouillon, duke of Lower Lorraine.
6
Baldwin, who will become Count of Edessa and then King of Jerusalem.
7
companion (CL) = count (ML)
8
Baldwin, count of Mons.
9
mles in this text regularly means knight, as opposed to pedes, peditis, m. foot-soldier.
10
iamddum, adv. long ago.
11
apt (1) here perhaps fix (OLD 1) or prepare (OLD 4).
12
Hill: The ascription to Charlemagne is legendary; see also J. Stuckey, Charlemagne as Crusader? Memory, Propaganda, and the Many Uses
of Charlemagnes Legendary Expedition to Spain. In The Legend of Charlemagne in the Middle Ages: Power, Faith, and Crusade, edited by
M. Gabriele and J. Stukey, 13752. New York, 2008.
13
i.e. August 1, 1096.
14
i.e. Germans.
15
Italians from the north (Lombards) and from the south (Longobards).
16
i.e. Alexius Comnenus, the Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118.
17
merctus, s, m. market, fair (CL) but in our text often provisions, supplies; it is not clear to me whether this might include provisions
given free of charge.
18
sicuti = sicut, here as much as.
19
brac(c)hium, (i), n. arm; the the Brachium Sancti Georgi (see below, 1.3), i.e. The Bosporus. [Hill calls it the Hellespont.]
20
dnec, conj. until.
21
virts, virttis, f. here strength, i.e. largest part.
22
CL would be tot.
23
prlior, prlir, prlitus (ML) = proelior, proelir, proelitus (CL), to fight.
24
conduducted themselves in a disgraceful fashion.
25
stern, sternere, strv, strtum here level, knock down (OLD 6).
26
plumbum, , n. lead; for the Byzantine use of sheet lead for roofs see Robert Ousterhout, Master Builders of Byzantium (Princeton, 1999),
148-152.
27
cooperi, cooperre, cooperu, cooperitum cover completely.
28
Modern Izmit.
29
here the Franci are specifically the subjects of the king of France.
30
senior in ML often = leader, commander (cf. siegneur).
31
Rainald.
32
sc. Alamanni.
33
Romania was the land of the Romans, i.e. Asia Minor.
34
i.e. Nicaea, modern Iznik.
35
castrum in ML is often castle or stronghold, usually but not always intended to be permament. It can also mean a fortified settlement.
36
Xerigordon; its location has never been identified.
37
CL would be vacuum de gente. gens in ML often means army, but its not clear whether it has that meaning here.
2

apprehenderunt illud, in qua1 invenerunt satis frumenti2 et vini et carnis, et omnium bonorum
abundantiam. Audientes itaque Turci quod3 Christiani essent in castro, venerunt obsidere4 illud.
Ante portam castri erat puteus,5 et ad pedem castri fons vivus, iuxta quem6 exiit Rainaldus insidiari7
Turcos. Venientes vero Turci in festo sancti Michahelis,8 invenerunt Rainaldum et qui cum eo erant,
occideruntque Turci multos ex eis. Alii fugerunt in castrum.
1.2.4 Quod confestim Turci obsederunt, eisque aquam abstulerunt. Fueruntque nostri9 in tanta
afflictione sitis, ut flebotomarent10 suos equos et asinos, quorum sanguinem bibebant. Alii mittebant
zonas11 atque panniculos12 in piscinam,13 et inde exprimebant [Hill p. 4] aquam in os suum. Alii
mingebant14 in pugillo15 alterius, et bibebant. Alii fodiebant humidam terram, et supinabant se,
terramque sternebant16 super pectora sua,17 pro nimia ariditate sitis. Episcopi vero et presbiteri
confortabant nostros et commonebant ne deficerent. Haec tribulatio fuit per octo dies. Denique dominus
Alamannorum concordatus est18 cum Turcis, ut traderet socios illis, et fingens se exire ad bellum, fugit
ad illos19 et multi cum eo. Illi20 autem qui Deum negare noluerunt, capitalem sententiam susceperunt.
Alios quos ceperunt21 vivos adinvicem22 diviserunt quasi oves.23 Alios miserunt ad signum24 et
sagittabant eos; alios vendebant et donabant quasi animalia. Quidam conducebant suos in domum suam,
alios in Corosanum,25 alios in Antiochiam,26 alios in Aleph,27 aut ubi ipsi manebant.28 Isti primo
felix29 acceperunt martirium pro nomine Domini Iesu.
1.2.5 Audientes denique Turci quod30 Petrus Heremita et Guvalterius Sinehabere31 fuissent32 in
Cyvito,33 quae supra Nicenam urbem est, venerunt illuc cum magno gaudio ut occiderent illos et eos qui

CL would be either qu (where) or in quo (castro)

frmentum, , n. grain.
3
quod + subjunctive occasionally in CL can express indirect statement (OLD 5); in ML the construction is common.
4
infinitive of purpose (AG 460); rare in CL but common in ML.
5
puteus, , m. well.
6
iuxt (prep. + acc.) beside, next to.
7
insidior (1) either ambush or more likely attack (see OLD 3); infinitive of purpose.
8
i.e. Michaelmas, September 29, 1096.
9
Note that our author often uses nostri as a substantive (our men); this is a good CL usage
10
bled.
11
zna, ae, f. belt, girdle.
12
panniculus, , m. rag.
13
piscna, ae, f. fishpond (CL) = sewer (ML); Niermeyer has only baptismal font and basin.
14
mingo (ML) = mei, meiere, mix or minx, mictum or minctum (CL), urinate.
15
pugillus, , m. a fistfull (CL); i.e. they cupped their hands.
16
stern, sternere, strv, strtum spread.
17
pectus, pectoris, n. breast, chest can be plural even for a single person.
18
concord (1) bring about a harmonious relationship (OLD 3); here virtually deponent
19
i.e. to the Turks.
20
The Franks who remained, and were taken by the Turks.
21
the subject now is Turci.
22
with one another, among themselves.
23
ovis, ovis, f. sheep.
24
literally they sent (them) to the target; i.e. they set them up as targets.
25
Khorasan refers properly to the NE region of Persia; the Anonymous uses it to refer to the territory controlled by the Seljuk Turks. See Russo
ad loc.
26
Antioch on the Orontes, the capital of Roman Syria; modern Antakaya, in Turkey.
27
Modern Aleppo.
28
maneo here (ML) means live, dwell; here it means where they lived when they were not on campaign, i.e. back home (vs. in domum
suam, which I take to mean where they were staying at the moment).
29
flix, flicis happy, fortunate, good (CL); here blessed (ML).
30
auod can introduce an indirect statement (with a verb in indic. or subj.) even in CL (OLD 5)
31
Walter Sans-Avoir (Walter the Penniless). He was lord of Boissy-sans-Avoir, near Paris, and not penniless at all, but the sans-avoir part
of Boissy-sans-Avoir was taken as a nickname, or was misunderstood.
32
CL would be imperfect subjunctive.
33
Kivotos / Cibotos / Civetot, a fort near Helenopolis, on the Sea of Marmara.
2

cum ipsis erant. Cumque venissent, obviaverunt Guvalterio cum suis, quos Turci1 mox occiderunt.
Petrus vero Heremita paulo ante ierat Constantinopolim, eo quod2 nequibat refrenare illam diversam3
gentem, quae nec illum nec verba eius audire4 volebat. Irruentes vero Turci super eos5 occiderunt
multos ex eis; alios invenerunt dormientes, alios nudos, quos omnes necaverunt, cum quibus quemdam6
sacerdotem invenerunt missam7 celebrantem, quem statim super altare8 martirizaverunt.
1.2.6 Illi vero qui evadere [Hill p. 5] potuerunt Cyvito9 fugerunt; alii precipitabant se in mare, alii
latebant in silvis et montanis. Turci vero, persequentes10 illos in castrum, adunaverunt ligna, ut eos
comburerent cum castro. Christiani igitur qui in castro erant miserunt ignem in ligna congregata, et
versus11 ignis in Turcos quosdam eorum concremavit, sed12 ab illo incendio Deus nostros tunc liberavit.
Tandem Turci apprehenderunt illos vivos, diviseruntque illos sicut prius fecerant alios, et disperserunt
illos per universas regiones has, alios in Corosanum, alios in Persidem. Hoc totum est factum in mense
Octobri. Audiens imperator quod Turci sic dissipassent13 nostros, gavisus est14 valde, et mandavit
fecitque eos15 Brachium transmeare. Postquam ultra16 fuerunt, comparavit17 omnia arma eorum.
1.3.1 Secunda vero pars intravit in Sclaviniae18 partes, scilicet comes de Sancto Egidio Raimundus19
et Podiensis episcopus.20
1.3.2 Tertia autem pars per antiquam Romae viam venit.21 In hac parte fuerunt Boamundus,22 et
Richardus de Principatu,23 Rotbertus comes Flandrensis,24 Rotbertus Nortmannus,25 Hugo Magnus,26
Eurardus de Puisatio,27 Achardus de Monte Merloi,28 Isuardus de Musone,29 et alii plures. Deinde
venerunt ad portum Brandosim30 aut Barim31 sive Otrentum.32 Hugo denique Magnus et Willelmus

Turci is also the subject of venissent and obviaverunt.

eo quod (ML) = quod (CL); eo quod is CL, but emphatic.
3
diversus, a, um here perhaps differing in identity, distinct (OLD 5e), or perhaps holding divergent views (OLD 5d).
4
to obey him or listen to what he said (Hill).
5
CL would be in eos.
6
quemdam = quendam.
7
missa, missae, f. Mass (ML).
8
altria, ium, n. pl. altar (in CL usually in plural).
9
ML can use a dative for place to which; CL would be accusative.
10
CL (rarely) and ML (frequently) use the present (active) participle as though it were a perfect, since except for deponent verbs there is no
perfect active participle.
11
vert, vertere, vert, versum turn. Alternatively, versus could be the adverb in that direction, toward the quarter named (OLD 1).
12
sed = et.
13
dissip (1) here shatter, destroy completely.
14
gaude, gaudre, gvsus rejoice.
15
i.e. the Franks who survived.
16
i.e. on the other (western) side of the Hellespont.
17
compar (1) here collect.
18
i.e. roughly the area of the former Yugoslavia. Raymond had travelled over the Alps into Northern Italy and around the Adriatic by road.
19
Raymond IV, Count of Saint Gilles (also of Toulouse, but he preferred Saint Gilles).
20
The Bishop of Le Puy, i.e. Adhmar, the papal legate.
21
i.e. the old Via Egnatia, the Roman road from Durazzo (modern Dures, in Albania) to Constantinople.
22
Bohemond of Taranto, son of Robert Guiscard.
23
Richard of the Principality, son of the Count of Salerno and a relative of Bohemond; eventually he ruled Edessa (1105-1108).
24
Robert II, Count of Flanders. He had already been a pilgrim to Jerusalem (1086-1089) and had developed good relations with the emperor
Alexius.
25
Robert, Duke of Normandy, also called Robert Curthose, because he was short. He was the eldest son of William the Conqueror, and was a
cousin of Robert of Flanders.
26
Hugh of Vermandois, son of Philip I of France. Magnus may be a misunderstanding of maisn i.e. the younger.
27
Everard of Puiset, Vicomte of Chartres.
28
Achard of Montmerle.
29
Isard of Mouzon.
30
Roman Brundisium, modern Brindisi. The accusative ending in -im is CL, especially for Greek nouns, which may help to explain the ending
here; see AG 75.
31
Roman Barium, modern Bari.
32
modern Otranto.

Marchisi filius1 intraverunt mare [Hill p. 4] ad portum Bari, et transfretantes venerunt Durachium.2
Audiens vero dux illius loci hos prudentissimos3 viros illic esse applicatos,4 mox mala cogitatio5 cor
eius tetigit6, illosque apprehendit, ac iussit Constantinopolim imperatori7 caute duci, quo8 ei
fidelitatem facerent.9
1.3.3 Dux denique10 Godefridus primus omnium seniorum11 Constantinopolim venit cum magno
exercitu, duobus diebus12 ante Domini nostri Natale,13 et hospitatus est extra urbem, donec iniquus
imperator iussit eum hospitari14 in burgo15 urbis. Cumque fuisset hospitatus dux, secure16 mittebat
armigeros17 suos per singulos dies, ut paleas18 et alia equis necessaria asportarent.19 Et cum putarent20
exire fiducialiter21 quo22 vellent, iniquus imperator Alexius imperavit Turcopolis23 et Pinzinacis24
invadere illos et occidere.
1.3.4 Balduinus25 itaque, frater ducis, haec audiens, misit se in insidiis,26 tandemque invenit eos
occidentes gentem27 suam, eosque invasit forti animo, ac Deo iuvante superavit eos. Et apprehendens
sexaginta ex eis, partem occidit, partem duci fratri suo presentavit. Quod cum audisset imperator, valde
iratus est. Videns vero dux inde28 iratum imperatorem, exiit cum suis de burgo et hospitatus est extra
urbem. Sero autem facto,29 infelix imperator iussit suis exercitibus invadere ducem cum Christi
gente.30 Quos dux persequens invictus cum Christi militibus31 septem ex illis occidit, persequendo
alios usque ad portam civitatis. Reversusque dux ad sua tentoria mansit inibi per quinque dies, donec
pactum iniit cum [Hill p. 7] imperatore,32 dixitque illi imperator ut transfretaret Brachium sancti

William son of the Marquis, brother of Tancred and nephew of Bohemond.

Modern Durazzo; see above on per antiquam Romae viam. The different contingents crossed at various times, from December 1095 to April
1096.
3
in ML the superlative sometimes = the positive or the comparative.
4
applic (1) here to land (from a ship).
5
mala cogitatio is now the subject, even though the sentence began with dux illius loci as the subject; the breakdown of grammar is called
anacolouthon (Greek for it doesnt follow)
6
the change in subject, from dux to cogitatio eius, is not strictly grammatical; in CL this can be a conscious rhetorical device (anaclouthon), but
it is also characteristic of colloquial Latin and ML.
7
CL would be ad + acc.
8
quo can = ut in CL and ML.
9
for them to swear loyalty to him. quo can be used instead of ut to introduce a purpose clause; fidelitatem facere is a ML phrase.
10
meanwhile; we have now returned to the story of Godfrey of Bouillon, introduced in the story of the first group of Franks; section 2 above.
11
senior is ML for leader.
12
ablative of time when (not accusative of extent of time)
13
23 December, 1065.
14
hospitor (1) be put up as guest (OLD); here probably camp (ML)
15
burgus, i, m. fort (CL); here suburb (ML).
16
safely.
17
armiger, armiger, m. armor-bearer, squire.
18
palea, ae, f. straw (in CL usually plural).
19
asport (1) carry off.
20
they expected; in CL put (1) means think.
21
confidently; i.e. they had no reason to suspect an attack.
22
qu1, adv. to what place, whither?; here introducing an indirect question
23
Turcopuli: Turkish mercenaries in the service of the Byzantine emperor. According to Asbridge 129 they were half-Greek and half-Turkish.
See Russo ad loc. for references.
24
Patzinaks / Petchenegs, ethnic Mongolians serving as Byzantine mercenaries.
25
The famous Baldwin I, of Boulogne.
26
CL would be misit se in insidias.
27
Here gens has its common ML meaning of army.
28
for that reason.
29
But when it was late in the evening, literally but lateness having been created; srus, a, um late can be used as a neuter substantive
(OLD 5a).
30
i.e. with the rest of the Franks, specifically the noncombattants (the populus). See
31
i.e. the Franks.
32
i.e. he swore an oath of allegiance to the Byzantine emperor, probably on Easter Sunday, 1096.
2

Georgii, permisitque eum habere omnem mercatum ibi, sicut est Constantinopoli; et pauperibus
elemosinam1 erogare,2 unde potuissent3 vivere.
1.4.1 At bellipotens Boamundus,4 qui erat in obsidione5 Malfi, Scafardi Pontis,6 audiens venisse
innumerabilem gentem Christianorum de Francis, ituram7 ad Domini Sepulchrum, et paratam8 ad
prelium9 contra gentem paganorum, coepit diligenter inquirere quae arma pugnandi 10 haec gens11
deferat, et quam ostensionem12 Christi in via portet, vel quod signum13 in certamine sonet. Cui per
ordinem14 haec dicta sunt: Deferunt arma ad bellum congrua, in dextra vel inter utrasque scapulas
crucem Christi baiulant; sonum vero Deus vult, Deus vult, Deus vult! una voce conclamant.
1.4.2 Mox Sancto commotus Spiritu, iussit preciosissimum pallium,15 quod apud se habebat, incidi,16
totumque statim in cruces expendit. Coepit tunc ad eum vehementer concurrere maxima pars militum qui
erant in obsidione illa, adeo ut Rogerius comes17 pene18 solus remanserit, reversusque Siciliam dolebat
et merebat19 quandoque20 gentem amittere suam. Denique, reversus iterum in terram suam,21 dominus
Boamundus diligenter honestavit22 sese ad incipiendum Sancti Sepulchri iter. Tandem transfretavit
mare cum suo exercitu, et cum eo Tancredus Marchisi filius,23 et Richardus princeps,24 ac Rainulfus
frater eius, et Rotbertus de Ansa,25 et Hermannus de Canni,26 et Rotbertus de Surda Valle,27 et
Robertus filius Tostani,28 et Hunfredus filius [Hill p. 8] Radulfi,29 et Ricardus filius comitis Rainulfi, et
comes de Russignolo30 cum fratribus suis, et Boello Carnotensis,31 et Alberedus de Cagnano,32 et
Hunfredus de Monte Scabioso.33

charity, alms. Presumably this means that the emperor was supporting the poorest of the Franks, rather than helping the poor of
Constantinople as an act of penance.
2
rog (1) pay out; the infinitive is presumably dependent on dixitque illi imperator.
3
CL would be possent.
4
Bohemond was mentioned in 1.3.2, first in the list of Franks in the third group. He was relatively late in joining the crusade.
5
obsidi, nis, f. siege.
6
The siege, in the summer of 1996 was of the Duchy of Amalfi, which had rebelled against the Normans. The Normans were besieging a tower
defending the Bridge of Boats (or perhaps just Wooden Bridge), over the river Sarno, near the present village of Ponte di Scafati. For
details, see Jamison 188-191.
7
to go; the future active participle can (rarely) express purpose in CL.
8
paratam (esse) agrees with innumerablem gentem Christianorum, and continues the indirect statement depending on audiens.
9
prelium (ML) = proelium, i, n. battle (CL).
10
what kinds of weapons; literally what weapons of fighting.
11
i.e. haec gens Christianorum de Francis, the Frankish crusaders.
12
ostensi, nis, f. the action of exposing to view (CL), here display or emblem (ML).
13
war-cry (Hill).
14
Hill leaves per ordinem untranslated, but Brhier translates dans la mme ordre. As Bruce Venarde observes, the answers to Bohemonds
questions come in the order in which he asked them.
15
pallium, i, n. cloak.
16
incd, incdere, incd, incsum here cut into pieces (OLD 4d)
17
Count Roger, brother of Robert Guiscard and the uncle of Bohemond.
18
pene (ML) = paene (CL).
19
mere, merre (ML) = maere, maerre (CL), be sad, grieve; here with an infinitive (ML).
20
quandque inasmuch as (CL), here since (ML).
21
Bohemond was Prince of Taranto.
22
honest (1) grace, adorn (CL), here equip (ML).
23
Tancred son of the Marquis, Bohemonds famous nephew.
24
Richard of the Principality.
25
Robert of Anse.
26
Herman of Cannes.
27
Robert of Sourdeval.
28
Robert Fitz-Toustan.
29
Humphrey Fitz-Ralph.
30
The count of Russignolo.
31
Boel of Chartres.
32
Aubr of Cagnano.
33
Humphrey of Monte Scaglioso.

1.4.3 Hi omnes transfretaverunt ad Boamundi famulatum,1 et applicuerunt Bulgariae partibus;2 ubi

invenerunt nimiam3 abundantiam frumenti et vini et alimentorum corporis. Deinde, descendentes in
vallem de Andronopoli,4 expectaverunt gentem suam, donec omnes pariter transfretassent. Tunc
Boamundus ordinavit concilium cum gente sua, confortans,5 et monens omnes ut boni et humiles
essent; et ne depredarentur terram istam, quia Christianorum erat, et nemo acciperet nisi quod ei
sufficeret ad edendum.
1.4.4 Tunc exeuntes inde, venerunt per nimiam plenitudinem6 de villa7 in villam, de civitate in
civitatem, de castello in castellum, quousque8 pervenimus9 Castoriam;10 ibique Nativitatem Domini
solemniter celebravimus;11 fuimusque ibi per plures12 dies, et quesivimus mercatum, sed ipsi noluerunt
nobis assentire,13 eo quod valde timebant nos, non putantes nos esse peregrinos,14 sed velle populari15
terram et occidere illos. Quapropter apprehendebamus boves, equos et asinos, et omnia quae
inveniebamus. Egressi de Castoria, intravimus Palagoniam,16 in qua erat quoddam hereticorum17
castrum. Quod undique18 aggressi sumus, moxque nostro succubuit19 imperio. Accenso itaque igne,
combussimus castrum cum habitatoribus suis. Postea pervenimus ad flumen Bardarum.20
1.4.5 Denique perrexit dominus Boamundus ultra, [Hill p. 9] cum sua gente, sed non tota. Remansit
enim ibi comes de Russignolo, cum fratribus suis. Venit exercitus imperatoris, et invasit comitem cum
fratribus suis, et omnes qui erant cum eis. Quod audiens Tancredus rediit retro, et proiectus21 in flumen
natando22 pervenit ad alios, et duo milia miserunt se in flumen sequendo Tancredum. Tandem
invenerunt Turcopulos et Pinzinacos dimicantes23 cum nostris. Quos repente fortiter invaserunt, et
prudenter24 eos superaverunt. Et apprehenderunt plures ex illis, et duxerunt illos ligatos ante domini
Boamundi presentiam. Quibus ait ipse, Quare, miseri, occiditis gentem Christi et meam? Ego cum
vestro imperatore nullam altercationem habeo. Qui responderunt: Nos nequimus aliud agere. In
roga25 imperatoris locati sumus,26 et quicquid nobis imperat, nos oportet implere. Quos Boamundus

in Bohemonds service; famultus, s, m. servitude (CL) can mean allegiance in ML (see Niermeyer).
They landed at various points on the coast of Epirus (modern Albania), especially at modern Valona; Bulgaria evidently extended to the
Adriatic.
3
nimius, a, um, normally excessive in CL but here very great (OLD 4); this meaning is frequent in our author
4
Dropoli, in the valley of the river Viusa / Vioussa, now forming part of the border between Greece and Albania.
5
strengthening them; confort (1) is LL, frequent in the Vulgate
6
i..e. the countryside was prosperous and rich in provisions. nimius, a, um in CL = excessive, too much of but in ML more often means
much, a great deal of.
7
village; in CL villa means farm building.
8
until (ML); in CL quousque means how far?
9
Notice the change to the first person plural; our author was presumably a part of this expedition.
10
Modern Kastoria, in the Modern Greek province of West Macedonia.
11
December 25, 1096
12
plures in ML can = complures, i.e. many rather than more.
13
assentio, assentr, assensus agree.
14
peregrnus, , m. foreigner (CL); traveller, pilgrim (ML). The Gesta regularly uses the word for a crusader.
15
populor (1) ravage, plunder.
16
Monastir, now Bitola, in the Republic of Macedonia, in the Pelagonia valley.
17
Perhaps Manichees (Hill); Runciman identifies them as Paulicians, dualists associated with Armenia.
18
undique, adv. from all sides, everywhere; in ML it can also mean completely.
19
succumb, succumbere, succubu, succubitum here give in to (see OLD 3); the subject is quod (= castrum)
20
The Vardar, now forming part of the border between Greece and the Republic of Macedonia.
21
throwing himself; a middle use of the passive.
22
The gerund in the ablative can = a present participle. This is rare in CL but frequent in ML.
23
dmic (1) fight.
24
skilfully, courageously; in ML prudenter often looses its connection with intelligence and wisdom
25
in the pay of; roga, ae, f. (ML only), power, authority.
26
loc (1) in CL can mean both place and award a contract for; i.e. either the men have been placed in the service of the emperor or they
have been hired in service to the emperor, though in the latter case in roga seems superfluous.

impunitos permisit abire. Hoc bellum factum est in quarta feria,1 quae est caput ieiunii.2 Per omnia
benedictus Deus. Amen.
Explicit liber I. Incipit liber II.
Liber II
February 20 to June 19, 1097
2.5.1 [Hill p. 10] Mandavit infelix3 imperator,4 simul cum nostris nuntiis, uni ex suis quem valde
diligebat, quem et corpalatium5 vocant, ut nos secure deduceret per terram suam, donec veniremus
Constantinopolim. Cumque transiremus ante illorum civitates, iubebat habitatoribus terrae ut nobis
asportarent mercatum, sicut faciebant et illi quos diximus.6 Certe tantum timebant fortissimam gentem
domni Boamundi, ut nullum nostrorum sinerent intrare muros civitatum. Volueruntque nostri quoddam
castrum aggredi et apprehendere, eo quod erat plenum omnibus bonis. Sed vir prudens Boamundus
noluit consentire, tantum pro iustitia terrae7 quantum pro fiducia imperatoris. Vnde8 valde iratus est
cum Tancredo et aliis omnibus. Hoc factum est vespere. Mane vero facto,9 exierunt habitatores castri,
et cum processione deferentes in manibus cruces, venerunt in presentiam Boamundi. Ipse vero gaudens
recepit eos, et cum letitia10 abire permisit illos.
2.5.2 Deinde venimus ad quamdam urbem quae dicitur Serra,11 ubi nostra fiximus tentoria, et sat
habuimus mercatum, illis diebus conveniens.12 Ibi Boamundus concordatus est cum duobus corpalatiis,
et pro amicitia eorum ac pro iustitia terrae iussit reddi omnia animalia quae nostri depredata 13 tenebant.
Deinde pervenimus ad Rusam civitatem.14 Grecorum autem [Hill p. 11] gens exibat et veniebat gaudens
in occursum domini Boamundi, nobis deferens maximum mercatum, ibique nostros tetendimus15
papiliones16 in quarta feria17 ante Cenam Domini;18 ibi etiam Boamundus totam gentem suam dimisit,
perrexitque loqui19 cum imperatore Constantinopolim, ducens tamen secum paucos milites. Tancredus
remansit caput militiae Christi, vidensque peregrinos cibos emere, ait intra se 20 quod exiret21 extra
viam, et hunc populum conduceret ubi feliciter viveret. Denique intravit in vallem quamdam22 plenam
omnibus bonis quae corporalibus nutrimentis sunt congrua; in qua Pascha Domini23 devotissime
celebravimus.

on the fourth day of the week (Hill), i.e. Wednesday. feria, ae, f. in ML is day of the week; in CL feriae, rum, f. pl. is religious
festival, holy day.
2
Literally the start of the fasting, i.e Ash Wednesday. 18 February 1097.
3
wretched (ML).
4
The Byzantine emperor, Alexius II Comnenus.
5
curopalates (a Byzantine official). See the review of Hill by Runciman.
6
[I am not sure who these people are; presumably the inhabitants who supplied the Franks when they first crossed the Adriatic (1.4.3)]
7
i.e. he wanted to treat the territory with justice.
8
unde (ML) = quamobrem (CL).
9
But in the morning. Mane facto is an ablative absolute. CL would say simply mane (adv.) but mane can also be an indeclinable neuter
noun.
10
letitia (ML) = laetitia (CL).
11
Serres, in the Greek province of Macedonia.
12
suitable for the season, which was Lent.
13
depredata (ML) = depraedata (CL), from dpraedor (1) to plunder.
14
Possibly Xanthi or Komotini, both to the west of the Maritza.
15
tend, tendere, tetend, tentum or tensum here stretch out i.e. pitch (OLD 3).
16
tents; pavilions; in CL ppili, nis, m. means butterfly or ghost.
17
Wednesday, as above.
18
Good Friday.
19
infinitive of purpose.
20
within himself; i.e. he was talking to himself.
21
the imperfect subjunctive here expresses future time; CL would require acc. + fut. infinitive.
22
the Maritza valley.
23
Easter.
1

2.6.1 Cum imperator audisset honestissimum virum Boamundum ad se venisse, iussit eum
honorabiliter recipi, et caute hospitari extra urbem. Quo hospitato,1 imperator misit pro eo2, ut veniret
loqui simul secreto3 secum. Tunc illuc venit dux Godefridus cum fratre suo; ac deinde comes Sancti
Egidii4 appropinquavit civitati. Tunc imperator anxians5 et bulliens6 ira, cogitabat quemadmodum
callide fraudulenterque comprehenderet hos Christi milites. Sed divina gratia revelante, 7 neque locus
neque nocendi spatium ab eo vel a suis inventa sunt. Novissime8 vero congregati omnes maiores
natu9 qui Constantinopoli erant, timentes ne sua privarentur patria, reppererunt in suis consiliis atque
ingeniosis scematibus10 quod nostrorum duces, comites, seu11 omnes maiores,12 imperatori
sacramentum fideliter facere deberent. Qui13 omnino14 prohibuerunt, dixeruntque: [Hill p. 12] Certe
indigni sumus,15 atque iustum nobis videtur nullatenus16 ei sacramentum iurare.
2.6.2 Forsitan17 adhuc18 a nostris maioribus sepe19 delusi erimus.20 Ad ultimum21, quid facturi
erunt?22 Dicent quoniam23 necessitate compulsi, nolentes volentesque,24 humiliaverunt25 se ad
nequissimi imperatoris voluntatem. Fortissimo autem viro Boamundo, quem valde timebat,26 quia
olim27 eum sepe cum suo exercitu eiecerat de campo,28 dixit, quoniam29 si libenter ei iuraret,
quindecim dies eundi terrae30 in extensione31 ab Antiochia retro,32 daret, et octo in latitudine. Eique
tali modo iuravit, ut si ille fideliter teneret illud sacramentum, iste suum33 nunquam preteriret.34 Tam
fortes et tam duri milites, cur hoc fecerunt? Propterea igitur, quia multa coacti erant necessitate.
2.6.3 Imperator quoque omnibus nostris fidem et securitatem dedit, iuravit etiam quia35 veniret
nobiscum pariter cum suo exercitu per terram et per mare; et nobis mercatum terra marique fideliter

ablative absolute; in CL the subject should not be connected with the rest of the sentence.
the emperor sent for him; a ML use of pro + abl.
3
scrt, adv. in private.
4
The Count of St. Gilles.
5
being troubled (ML). CL has ang, angere, anx, anctum choke; trouble; be troubled.
6
bulli, bullre boil, seethe.
7
revl (1) reveal (a secret) or unmask (a deception).
8
finally.
9
the aristocracy; in CL maiores natu would mean the elders.
10
scematibus (ML) = schematibus (CL).
11
seu = et.
12
maior in ML often = leader.
13
namely nostrorum duces, comites, seu omnes maiores.
14
omnn, adv. in every respect, absolutely.
15
we dont deserve this.
16
in no way.
17
forsitan, adv. perhaps.
18
however; in CL adhuc means furthermore.
19
sepe (ML) = saepe (CL).
20
Future perfect. Hill translates as though it were perfect, but Brhier explains that the author is caught up in the immediate events, or writes as
though he is: people might say that we are always going to be deceived by our leaders, but what else can the do.
21
finally or to crown all (OLD ultimus 5b or 6f).
22
what did they do in the end (Hill). The futures are perhaps to be explained as reflecting what the leaders said at the time, i.e. what are (we)
going to do?
23
here that (ML); in CL quoniam means because.
24
i.e. whether they wanted to or not; willy-nilly.
25
humbled themslves (ML)
26
sc. imperator.
27
lim, adv. here previously (OLD 1)
28
Bohemond, fighting for his father Roger Guiscard, had fought the Byzantines in the Balkans in 10821084.
29
quoniam (ML) = ut (CL).
30
i.e. fifteen days ride as a measure of distance.
31
i.e. in length.
32
Beyond Antioch.
33
sc. sacramentum
34
violate (ML); in CL praetere, praeterre, praeteri or v, praeteritum can mean neglect.
35
quia + indicative can express indirect statement in CL but very rarely (OLD 6); in ML it is common, with both indicative and subjunctive.
2

daret, ac omnia nostra perdita diligenter restauraret, insuper et neminem nostrorum peregrinorum
conturbari vel contristari in via Sancti Sepulchri vellet aut permitteret.
2.6.4 [Hill p. 13] Comes autem Sancti Egidii1 erat hospitatus extra civitatem in burgo, gensque sua
remanserat retro. Mandavit itaque imperator comiti, ut faceret ei hominium2 et fiduciam, sicut alii
fecerant. Et dum imperator haec mandabat, comes meditabatur 3 qualiter vindictam4 de imperatoris
exercitu5 habere posset. Sed dux Godefridus et Rotbertus comes Flandrensis aliique principes dixerunt
ei, iniustum fore, contra Christianos pugnare. Vir quoque sapiens Boamundus dixit, quia si aliquid
iniustum imperatori faceret6, et fiduciam ei facere prohiberet,7 ipse ex imperatoris parte fieret. Igitur
comes, accepto consilio a suis, Alexio vitam et honorem iuravit,8 quod nec per se nec per alium ei9
auferre10 consentiat11, cumque12 de hominio13 appellaretur,14 non se pro capitis periculo15 id
facturum.16 Tunc gens domni Boamundi appropinquavit Constantinopoli.
2.7.1 Tancredus vero et Richardus de Principatu propter17 iusiurandum imperatoris latenter
transfretaverunt Brachium, et fere18 omnis gens Boamundi iuxta19 illos. Et mox exercitus comitis
Sancti Egidii appropinquavit Constantinopoli. Comes vero remansit ibi cum ipsa sua gente. Boamundus
itaque remansit cum imperatore, ut cum eo consilium acciperet, quomodo mandarent mercatum
gentibus20 quae erant ultra Nicenam civitatem. Dux itaque Godefridus ivit prius Nicomediam simul cum
[Hill p. 14] Tancredo, et aliis omnibus, fueruntque ibi per tres dies. Videns vero dux quod nulla via
pateret per quam posset conducere has gentes usque Nicenam civitatem, quoniam per illam viam per
quam prius alii transierant non posset modo21 tanta gens transire, misit ante se tria milia hominum cum
securibus22 et gladiis, qui incidissent et aperuissent hanc viam, quae patefacta fieret nostris peregrinis
usque Nicenam urbem. Quae via fuit aperta per angustam23 et nimis24 immensam montanam, et
faciebant retro25 per viam cruces ferreas ac ligneas, quas ponebant super stipites,26 ut eas nostri
peregrini cognoscerent.
2.7.2 Interea pervenimus ad Niceam, quae est caput totius Romaniae,27 in quarto die, II nonas Maii,28
ibique castrametati sumus. Priusquam autem Boamundus venisset ad nos, tanta inopia panis fuit inter

The Count of St. Gilles.

homage (ML).
3
note the imperfect: the count was in the process of thinking about this.
4
vindicta, ae, f. punishment, vengeance (OLD 2).
5
i.e. vengeance on the emperors army; CL would use an objective genitive, vindictam exercitus.
6
sc. comes Sancti Egidii.
7
refused; prohibe in CL is normally transitive.
8
i.e. the count dedicated his life and honor to the emperor; the oath is said to be less comprensive than hommage and fealty.
9
i.e. from Alexius; dative of disadvantage
10
the object to be understood is honorem.
11
the present subjunctive here expresses future time; CL would require acc. + fut. infinitive.
12
CL would be cum tamen or sed cum.
13
homage, i.e. doing homage.
14
was asked, was approached (about).
15
even at the risk of capital punishment.
16
indirect statement, with dixit implied; even if asked, he would swear fealty to no one else.
17
propter, prep. + acc. because of; here in the sense of to avoid.
18
fre, adv. approximately, almost.
19
iuxt, prep. + acc., here along with (see OLD 4)
20
i.e. the Franks.
21
modo here perhaps means recently, just.
22
secris, is, f. ax.
23
steep (ML); in CL angustus means narrow.
24
nimis, adv. too much, excessively, but also very, exceedingly (OLD 1 and 3). [In ML the meaning very seems to predominate.]
25
retr, adv. behind (OLD 2a).
26
stpes, itis, m. here stake.
27
Nicaea was the capital of the Ottoman province named Romania (Rum) after its original Roman inhabitants, i.e. Byzantine Greeks.
28
May 6.
2

nos, ut unus panis venderetur viginti aut triginta denariis. Postquam venit vir prudens Boamundus, iussit
maximum mercatum conduci per mare, et pariter utrinque1 veniebant2, ille per terram et ille per mare,
et fuit maxima ubertas in tota Christi militia.
2.8.1 In die autem Ascensionis Domini3 coepimus urbem circumquaque4 invadere, et aedificare
instrumenta lignorum atque turres ligneas, quo5 possemus murales turres sternere. Tam fortiter et tam
acriter aggredimur urbem per duos dies, ut etiam foderemus6 murum urbis. Turci quippe qui erant in
urbe, miserunt nuntios aliis, qui venerant adiutorium civitati dare, in hunc modum,7 quo8 audacter
secureque approximent et per meridianam9 introeant portam, quoniam ex illa nemo eis erit10 obviam11
nec contristabit.12 Quae porta ipsa die a comite sancti [Hill p. 15] Egidii in die sabbati post
Ascensionem Domini et episcopo Podiensi13 hospitata14 fuit. Qui comes, veniens ex alia parte,
protectus divina virtute ac15 terrenis fulgebat armis, cum suo fortissimo exercitu.
2.8.2 Hic itaque invenit contra nos venientes Turcos. Qui16 undique signo crucis armatus,17
vehementer irruit super illos atque superavit. Dederuntque fugam, et fuit mortua18 maxima pars illorum.
Qui19 rursus venerunt, auxilio aliorum, gaudentes et exultantes ad certum bellum, trahentes secum
funes,20 quibus nos ligatos ducerent Corosanum.21 Venientes autem letantes, coeperunt ex cacumine22
montis paulatim descendere. Quotquot descenderunt, illic, cesis23 capitibus a manibus nostrorum,24
remanserunt.25 Proiiciebant autem nostri capita occisorum funda26 in urbem, ut inde Turci magis
terrerentur.
2.8.3 Denique comes sancti Egidii et episcopus Podiensis consiliati sunt in unum27 qualiter28 facerent
subfodi29 quamdam turrim,30 quae erat ante tentoria eorum.31 Ordinati sunt homines qui hanc
suffodiant, et arbalistae32 et sagittarii qui eos undique defendant. Foderunt namque illam usque ad

utrinque (ML) = utrimque (CL), in both ways, i.e. by both land and sea.
the plural anticipates ille (mercatus) per terram et ille per mare.
3
May 14, 1097.
4
on all sides (ML).
5
qu2, adv. and conj., here in order that (OLD 3); like ut, quo can introduce a purpose clause
6
fodi, fodere, fd, fossum here dig out, i.e. undermine.
7
literally in this way, i.e. with this as a message.
8
quo here = ut.
9
merdinus, a, um southern; construe with portam.
10
CL would be subjunctive in a causal clause (in implied indirect statement).
11
obviam, adv. in the way, so as to meet; in our author often with dative (OLD 2b).
12
will harm; contrist (1) in CL means sadden.
13
The bishop of Le Puy.
14
was occupied; hospitor (1) put up as guest (CL), here treated as a true passive (ML).
15
ac is superfluous (and thus emphatic), as though our author forgot that protectus is a participle, or had written protectus est.
16
i.e. the comes
17
presumably the point is metaphysical / theological, not a comment on his specific physical appearance.
18
CL would be mortua est. Our author has constructed an equivalent using the adjective mortuus, a, um
19
CL would be Sed illi.
20
fnis, is, m. rope, cable.
21
Khorasan, the region of Persia mentioned in Book I; CL would be ad Corosanum.
22
cacmen, inis, n. peak.
23
cesis (ML) = caesis (CL).
24
a manibus nostrorum = a nostris.
25
they lay there.
26
funda, ae, f. sling (CL); here, obviously, some kind of catapult.
27
together.
28
quliter, adv. how? (OLD 1), here introducing an indirect question
29
suffodi (subfodi), suffodere, suffod, suffosum dig under, tunnel under (OLD 1); present passive infinitive.
30
turris, is, f. tower; for the declension see AG 67
31
CL would be sua.
32
cross-bowmen.

radices muri, summiseruntque postes et ligna, ac deinde miserunt ignem. Sero1 autem facto, cecidit
turris iam in nocte, sed quia nox erat, non potuerunt preliari cum illis.2 Nocte vero illa surrexerunt
festinanter Turci, et restauraverunt murum tam fortiter, ut, veniente die, nemo posset eos laedere ex illa
parte.
2.8.4 Modo venit comes de Nortmannia, et comes Stephanus,3 et alii plures, ac deinceps Rogerius de
Barnavilla.4 [Hill p. 16] Boamundus denique obsedit5 urbem in prima fronte,6 et iuxta eum
Tancredus, et postea dux Godefridus, ac deinde comes Flandrensis, iuxta quem Rotbertus Nortmannus, et
iuxta eum comes Sancti Egidii, iuxta quem Podiensis episcopus. Ita7 vero per terram8 fuit obsessa, ut
nemo auderet exire neque intrare. Fueruntque ibi omnes congregati in unum: et quis poterat numerare
tantam Christi militiam? Nullus ut puto tot prudentissimos milites nec antea vidit nec ultra9 videre
poterit.
2.8.5 Erat autem ex una parte urbis immensus lacus10, in quo11 Turci suas mittebant naves, et exibant
et intrabant, et afferebant herbam, ligna et alia plura. Tunc nostri maiores, consiliati in unum, miserunt
nuntios Constantinopolim dicturos imperatori, ut faceret naves conduci ad Civito,12 ubi portus est, atque
iuberet congregari boves, qui eas traherent per montanas et silvas, usque13 approximent14 lacui. Quod
continuo15 factum fuit, suosque Turcopulos16 mandavit cum eis. Die vero quo naves fuerant17
conductae, noluerunt eas statim mittere in lacum; sed nocte superveniente miserunt eas in ipsum lacum,
plenas Turcopolis bene ornatis armis.
2.8.6 Summo autem diluculo stabant18 naves optime ordinatae, per lacum properantes contra urbem.
Videntes eas Turci mirabantur, ignorantes an esset eorum19 gens an imperatoris. Postquam autem
cognoverunt esse gentem imperatoris, timuerunt usque ad mortem, plorantes et lamentantes; Francique
gaudebant, et dabant gloriam Deo. Videntes autem [Hill p. 17] Turci quod nullatenus20 ex suis
exercitibus adiutorium habere possent, legationem mandaverunt imperatori, quia civitatem sponte
redderent,21 si eos omnimodo22 abire permitteret cum mulieribus et filiis et omnibus substantiis suis.
Tunc imperator, plenus vana et iniqua cogitatione, iussit illos impunitos abire sine ullo timore, ac sibi 23
eos Constantinopolim cum magna fiducia adduci. Quos studiose servabat, ut illos ad Francorum
nocumenta24 et obstacula paratos haberet.

the neuter singular of srus, a, um late can mean a late hour.

cum illis = cum Turcis.
3
Count of Blois and Chartres; he was the brother-in-law of Robert of Normandy.
4
Roger of Barneville (Barnville-sur-Mer, Manche, according to Hill; Barneville Cartaret, in Normandy, according to Dass).
5
obside, obsidre, obsd, obsessum here besiege, blockade (OLD 4)
6
i.e at the main gate
7
Ita is picked up by ut: so (closely) beseiged ... that.
8
The significance of this qualification becomes clear in the next chapter.
9
ultr, adv. here subsequently, thereafter (OLD 2).
10
the Ascanian Lake, modern Lake Iznik.
11
CL would be in quem.
12
Kivitos / Civitos, on the southern coast of the Gulf of Nicomedia, near modern Altinova, about fifty km. west of Nicomedia (modern Izmit).
13
CL would be usque dum, until.
14
CL would retain the imperfect subjunctive in secondary sequence.
15
continu, adv. forthwith, immediately.
16
Byzantine mercenaries, see 1.3.3.
17
CL would be erant.
18
stabant in CL would be erant; st in ML develops into an auxiliary verb (as in Italian: sto parlando means I am in the process of speaking.
19
CL would be sua.
20
in no way.
21
reddo, reddere, reddid, redditum can mean hand over or surrender (OLD 11).
22
in every way.
23
i.e. to the emperor
24
nocumentum (ML) = noxa, ae, f. (CL), harm.
2

2.8.7 Fuimusque in obsidione illa per septem ebdomadas1 et tres dies,2 et multi ex nostris illic
receperunt martyrium, et letantes gaudentesque reddiderunt felices animas Deo; et ex pauperrima gente
multi mortui sunt fame pro Christi nomine. Qui in caelum triumphantes portarunt stolam3 recepti4
martyrii, una voce dicentes: Vindica Domine sanguinem nostrum, qui pro te effusus est; qui es
benedictus et laudabilis in secula seculorum.5 Amen.
Explicit liber II. Incipit liber III.
Liber III
The Battle of Dorylaeum (July 1, 1097). Dorylaeum (modern Eskiehir) was an important Roman waystation, dominating the road system of central Anatolia. The battle in fact seems to have taken place
about four km. north of modern Bozyk, in the same valley as Dorylaeum, but about 40 km. to the
west.6
3.9.1 [Hill p. 18] Interea reddita7 civitate et Turcis deductis Constantinopolim, unde imperator magis
magisque gavisus quod civitas reddita sit8 eius9 potestati, iussit maximas elemosinas erogari10 nostris
pauperibus. Denique prima die qua recessimus a civitate,11 venimus ad quemdam pontem,12 ibique
mansimus per duos dies. Tertia autem die, priusquam lux coepisset oriri, surrexerunt nostri; et quia nox
erat non viderunt tenere13 unam viam, sed sunt divisi per duo agmina, et venerunt14 divisi per duos
dies.15 In uno agmine fuit vir Boamundus, et Rotbertus Normannus, et prudens Tancredus, et alii plures.
In alio fuit comes Sancti Egidii, et dux Godefridus, et Podiensis episcopus, et Hugo Magnus, comesque
Flandrensis, et alii plures.
3.9.2 Tertia vero die irruerunt Turci vehementer super Boamundum, et eos qui cum ipso erant.
Continuo16 Turci coeperunt stridere17 et garrire18 ac clamare, excelsa voce dicentes diabolicum sonum
nescio quomodo19 in sua lingua. Sapiens vir Boamundus videns innumerabiles Turcos procul, stridentes
et clamantes demoniaca voce, protinus iussit omnes milites descendere,20 et tentoria celeriter

ebdomas (ML) = hebdomas, ados, f. seven-day period; (ML) week.

Nicaea fell on June 19, 1097; the siege had begun on May 14, Ascension Day; see 2.8.1 above.
3
stola, ae, f. robe; i.e. the famous robe of a martyr: see Rev. 7:9: Post haec vidi turbam magnam, quam dinumerare nemo poterat ex
omnibus gentibus, et tribubus, et populis, et linguis: stantes ante thronum, et in conspectu Agni amicti stolis albis, et palmae in manibus eorum.
Also Rev. 10.11: Et datae sunt illis singulae stolae albae, etc.
4
presumably genitive singular, with martyrii
5
secula seculorum (ML) = saecula saeculorum (CL); literally for the ages of the ages, i.e. for ever and ever. seculorum is genitive of
intensity (not CL). See Rev. 6.10: et clamabant voce magna dicentes: Usquequo Domine (sanctus, et verus), non iudicas, et non vindicas
sanguinem nostrum de iis qui habitant in terra?
6
See France 170-175; idem 175-185 for a detailed discussion of the battle
7
captured.
8
CL would pluperfect subjunctive, in secondary sequence. Here rede seems to have its CL meaning or return.
9
CL would be suo.
10
rog (1) pay out, disburse.
11
On June 26; see France 169
12
The bridge was at a place called Lefke, about 25 km. east of Nicaea, over what is now called the Gksu river.
13
so as to keep to; the infinitive of result is ML.
14
they went along; in CL veni means come rather than go.
15
It is not in fact clear whether the division of the army was accidental (as our author suggests) or intentional; see France 169-170
16
continu, adv. forthwith, immediately.
17
strd, strdere, strd shriek; Smail 76 notes that westerners often commented on the Turkish battle cries.
18
garri, garrre, garv chatter.
19
nescio quo modo in some (strange) way or other; OLD nescio 7c
20
from their horses, apparently
2

extendere.1 Priusquam tentoria fuissent2 extensa, rursus dixit omnibus militibus: Seniores et
fortissimi milites Christi, ecce modo3 bellum angustum est undique [Hill p. 19] circa nos. Igitur omnes
milites eant viriliter obviam illis, et pedites prudenter et citius extendant tentoria.4
3.9.3 Postquam vero hoc totum factum est, Turci undique iam erant circumcingentes nos,5
dimicando6 et iaculando, ac spiculando,7 et mirabiliter longe lateque sagittando. Nos itaque
quamquam nequivimus resistere illis, neque sufferre pondus tantorum8 hostium, tamen pertulimus illuc
unanimiter gradum.9 Feminae quoque nostrae in illa die fuerunt nobis in10 maximo refugio, quae
afferebant ad bibendum aquam nostris preliatoribus, et fortiter semper confortabant illos, pugnantes et
defendentes. Vir itaque sapiens Boamundus protinus mandavit aliis, scilicet comiti de Sancto Egidio, et
duci Godefrido, et Hugoni Magno, atque Podiensi episcopo, aliisque omnibus Christi militibus, quo
festinent11 et ad bellum citius approximent, dicens: Et si hodie luctari12 volunt13, viriliter veniant.
Dux itaque Godefridus audax et fortis, ac Hugo Magnus simul venerunt prius cum suis exercitibus;
episcopus quoque Podiensis prosequutus14 est illos, una15 cum suo exercitu, et comes de Sancto Egidio
iuxta illos cum magna gente.
3.9.4 Mirabantur ergo nostri valde unde esset exorta tanta multitudo Turcorum, et Arabum et
Saracenorum,16 et aliorum quos enumerare ignoro; quia pene omnes montes et colles et valles et omnia
plana loca, intus et extra,17 undique erant cooperta de illa excommunicata18 generatione. Factus est
itaque sermo secretus inter nos laudantes19 et consulentes20 atque dicentes: Estote omnimodo21 [Hill
p. 20] unanimes in fide Christi et Sanctae Crucis victoria, quia hodie omnes divites,22 si Deo placet,
effecti eritis."
3.9.5 Continuo23 fuerunt ordinatae nostrorum acies.24 In sinistra parte fuit vir sapiens Boamundus, et
Rotbertus Nortmannus, et prudens Tancredus, ac Robertus de Ansa et Richardus de Principatu. 25

1
tentoria extendere (ML) = castra ponere (CL). The Franks were placing their pack animals and non-combatants into a hollow square for
defence; presumably they were not literally pitching their tents.
2
CL would be essent.
3
modo, adv. here (and frequently) now.
4
i.e. The knights would attack on horseback; the footsoldiers would take care of the baggage, and fight to defend it. In the event, the knights
wered driven back to the camp and fought there until saved by the rest of the army.
5
On the Turkish tactic of surrounding an enemy see Smail 79; also 9.29.3 below.
6
dmic (1) fight, struggle.
7
throwing javelins (Hill). [but how is that different from iaculando?]
8
CL would be tot.
9
gradum perferro here means step forward (ML only?), i.e. advance (on horseback?); note that our author appears to have taken part in this
attack.
10
for, i.e. they acted as the best refuge; CL would use a dative of purpose (AG 382), with no preposition.
11
CL would be imperfect subjunctive, in secondary sequence.
12
luctor (1) contend, struggle.
13
We would expect vultis ... viliter veniatis, but Boamund is portrayed speaking to his allies in the third person plural.
14
prosquutus (ML) = prosecutus (CL).
15
n, adv. together; regularly combined with cum in CL (OLD 1)
16
Our author regularly refers to Saraceni, sometimes along with Turci and Arabi. He presumably means non-Turkish and non-Arabian muslims
of the Near East; see on 5.13.2.
17
i Perhaps because the land was flat within the valleys and outside them?
18
accursed (ML, Hill).
19
sc. deum.
20
[sc. deum as with laudantes? or are they talking among themselves? Dass has God was praised and counsel given.
21
in every way.
22
Hill takes this in the literal, not spiritual, sense: This is an interesting example of the way in which the crusaders combined genuine devotion
with an eye to mundane advantage.
23
continu, adv. forthwith, immediately.
24
acis, aci, f. here battle-line (OLD 6b). France 181 comments that this is the tidiness of hindsight, and that the Franks cannot have had
time to get organized.
25
According to Hill our author fought on the left with these leaders.

Episcopus vero Podiensis venit per alteram montanam,1 undique circumcingens2 incredulos3 Turcos.
In sinistra quoque parte equitavit fortissimus miles Raimundus comes de Sancto Egidio. In dextera vero
parte fuit dux Godefridus, et acerrimus miles Flandrensis comes, et Hugo Magnus, et alii plures, quorum
nomina ignoro.
3.9.6. Statim autem venientibus militibus nostris, Turci et Arabes, et Saraceni et Agulani4 omnesque
barbarae nationes dederunt velociter fugam, per compendia5 montium et per plana loca. Erat autem
numerus Turcorum, Persarum, Publicanorum,6 Saracenorum, Agulanorum, aliorumque paganorum
trecenta sexaginta milia, extra Arabes, quorum numerum nemo scit nisi solus Deus. Fugerunt vero nimis
velociter ad sua tentoria, ibique eos diu morari non licuit. Iterum vero arripuerunt fugam, nosque illos
persecuti sumus occidentes, tota una die. Et accepimus spolia multa, aurum, argentum, equos et asinos,
camelos, oves, et boves et plurima alia quae ignoramus.7
3.9.7 Et nisi Dominus fuisset nobiscum in bello, et aliam cito nobis misisset aciem,8 nullus nostrorum
[Hill p. 21] evasisset, quia ab hora tertia usque in horam nonam perduravit haec pugna.9 Sed
omnipotens Deus pius et misericors, qui non permisit suos milites perire, nec in manibus inimicorum
incidere, festine10 nobis adiutorium misit. Sed fuerunt illic mortui duo ex nostris milites honorabiles,
scilicet Gosfredus de Monte Scabioso,11 et Willelmus Marchisi filius,12 frater Tancredi, aliique milites
et pedites quorum nomina ignoro.
3.9.8 Quis unquam tam sapiens aut doctus audebit describere prudentiam militiamque et fortitudinem
Turcorum? Qui putabant13 terrere gentem Francorum minis suarum sagittarum, sicut terruerunt Arabes,
Saracenos, et Hermenios,14 Suranios15 et Grecos. Sed, si Deo placet, nunquam tantum valebunt,
quantum nostri.16 Verumtamen dicunt se esse de Francorum generatione,17 et quia18 nullus homo
naturaliter debet esse miles nisi Franci et illi. Veritatem dicam quam nemo audebit prohibere. 19 Certe si
in fide Christi et Christianitate sancta semper firmi fuissent, et unum Deum in trinitate confiteri
voluissent Deique Filium natum de Virgine matre, passum, et resurrexisse a mortuis et in caelum
ascendisse suis cernentibus discipulis, consolationemque20 Sancti Spiritus perfecte misisse,21 et eum in
caelo et in terra regnantem recta mente et fide credidissent, ipsis potentiores vel fortiores vel bellorum
ingeniosissimos nullus invenire potuisset.22 Et tamen, gratia Dei, victi sunt a nostris. Hoc bellum est
factum, primo die Iulii.

France 181 idenfities this hill as one of the glacial drumlins to be found at the site of the battle; see 181 and Fig. 6d
ML frequently uses the present participle for action subsequent to that of the main verb.
3
incrdulus, a, um disbelieving; here in a religious sense.
4
Hill suggests these may be Albanians of the Caucasus (Aghovanians); Jamison thought they were Arabs ( ' ), i.e. descendants of Hagar
(see Genesis 16 and 21). Dass explains them as Arabs from Sicily and North Africa.
5
compendium, i, n. in the plural can mean short cut; here pass.
6
Paulicians, as before. Paulicians believed that Jesus was not properly the son of God but had been adopted by him, but Dass suggests that
our author uses the term for heretics in general
7
[I take it this is the royal we: the author here says, as he does elsewhere, that he doesnt have a complete list.
8
i.e. the Franks summoned by Bohemond in 3.9.3.
9
I.e. the battle lasted from 8:00 AM to around 2:00 PM. Our author is apparently using the Roman method of counting the hours of the day,
starting at dawn.
10
in haste.
11
Godfrey of Monte Scaglioso, or possily Humphrey of Monte Scaglioso; see Hill p. 8.
12
William son of the Marquis.
13
were expecting; in CL put (1) means think.
14
Armenians.
15
Syrians.
16
Here our author breaks into his historical narrative with a comment about the present and future.
17
[Is there any evidence for this? It seems an odd thing for the Turks to say.]
18
that (ML).
19
to deny (ML).
20
conslti, nis, f. consolation (CL), here probably comfort.
21
The language here approximates that of the Nicene Creed.
22
Brhier notes that this is the oldest evidence for the mutual respect of Franks and Turks.

Explicit liber III. Incipit IV.

Liber IV.
The Franks head towards Antioch. July-October, 1097. The exact route they took is uncertain, but it
seems clear that they went south and east, instead of following the pilgrim route east and then south.
This was apparently to encourage the Christian inhabitants, especially Armenians, to revolt from Turkish
domination.1
4.10.1 [Hill p. 22] Postquam vero Turci, inimici Dei et sanctae Christianitatis, omnino fuerunt devicti,
per quatuor dies et noctes fugientes huc et illuc, contigit2 ut Solimanus3 dux illorum, filius Solimani
veteris,4 fugeret de Nicea. Qui invenit decem milia Arabum, qui dixerunt ei: O infelix et infelicior
omnibus gentilibus,5 cur tremefactus fugis? Quibus Solimanus lacrimabiliter respondit: Quoniam6
olim cum habuissem7 omnes Francos devictos, eosque putarem iam in captivitate dum (ligatos8
paulatim9 voluissem ligare adinvicem),10 tunc respiciens retro, vidi tam innumerabilem gentem eorum,
ut si vos aut aliquis illic adesset, putaret quod omnes montes et colles vallesque et omnia plana loca plena
essent illorum multitudine. Nos igitur illos cernentes, statim coepimus capere subitaneum11 iter,
timentes tam mirabiliter, ut vix evaserimus de illorum manibus, unde12 adhuc13 in nimio terrore sumus.
Et si michi14 et verbis meis velletis credere, auferretis15 vos hinc, quia si et ipsi potuerint vos
solummodo16 scire,17 unus ex vobis vix18 amplius19 evadet vivens. At illi audientes talia, retrorsum
verterunt dorsa, et se expanderunt per universam Romaniam.
4.10.2 Tunc veniebamus nos persequentes iniquissimos Turcos, cotidie fugientes ante nos. At illi
venientes ad cuncta castra sive urbes, fingentes et deludentes habitatores terrarum illarum, dicebant:
Nos devicimus Christianos omnes, et superavimus [Hill p. 23] illos, ita ut nullus eorum iam unquam
audeat erigere20 se ante nos; tantum21 permittite nos intus intrare. Qui intrantes spoliabant ecclesias et
domos et alia omnia, et ducebant equos secum et asinos et mulos, aurum et argentum et ea quae reperire

For the possible route, dates, and strategic thinking, see France 185-196
conting, contingere, contig, contactum can be impersonal it happens that and take ut + subj. (OLD 8c)
3
Suleiman, the sultan of Rum. Modern scholars usually refer to him as Kilij Arslan.
4
Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, founder of the Sultinate of Rum
5
than all (other) foreigners; gentilis, gentile only rarely means foreigner in CL, but the meaning is frequent in LL and ML, especially the
Vulgate, where it is means gentiles (i.e. non-Jews, or pagans). Notice that our author makes no effort to give Kilij Arslan vocabularly
appropriate for a Musli
6
quoniam in ML can be used like quotation marks; omit in translation.
7
i.e. when he thought he had them; unless habeo here means regard, look on, treat (as) (OLD 24)
8
in fact (Hill)
9
paul(l)tim, adv gradually or bit by bit (OLD ab); here perhaps for a while, with voluissem
10
with one another, in pairs. According to Hill the Author deliberately makes all his Muslim characters speak in slightly bizarre fashion.
Dass suggests this may be in imitation of the florid formality of eastern courtly speech.
11
subitneus, a, um sudden.
12
wherefore, and so; unde, rel. adv., can be used to connect sentences (OLD 7b)
13
besides that; adhuc (ML) = praeterea (CL).
14
michi (ML) = mihi (CL).
15
Present contrary to fact condition, AG 517
16
only.
17
= si et ipsi potuerint solummodo scire vos (hic esse)
18
barely one of you.
19
amplius, adv., here perhaps anymore, for long (OLD 5b).
20
rig, rigere, rex, rectum here rouse, excite, stimulate (OLD 7)
21
tantum, , n. used as an adverb, only, just, merely (OLD 8)
2

poterant. Adhuc quoque1 filios2 Christianorum secum tollebant, et ardebant ac devastabant omnia
convenientia sive utilia, fugientes et paventes valde ante faciem nostram.
4.10.3 Nos itaque persequebamur eos per deserta3 et inaquosam et inhabitabilem terram,4 ex qua vix
vivi evasimus vel exivimus. Fames vero5 et sitis undique coartabant6 nos, nihilque penitus7 nobis
erat ad edendum, nisi forte vellentes8 et fricantes9 spicas10 manibus nostris, tali cibo quam miserrime
vivebamus. Illic fuit mortua maxima pars nostrorum equorum,11 eo quod12 multi ex nostris militibus
remanserunt pedites; et pro penuria equorum, erant nobis boves loco caballorum,13 et pro nimia
necessitate succedebant14 nobis capri15 et multones16 ac canes ad portandum.
4.10.4 Interea coepimus intrare in terram optimam, plenam corporalibus alimentis et deliciis
omnibusque bonis; ac deinceps appropinquavimus Yconio.17 Habitatores vero terrae illius suadebant et
ammonebant nos, nobiscum ferre utres18 plenos aqua, quia illic19 in itinere diei unius est maxima
penuria aquae. Nos vero ita fecimus, donec pervenimus ad quoddam flumen,20 ibique hospitati sumus
per duos dies. Coeperunt autem cursores21 nostri ante ire, donec pervenerunt ad Erachiam,22 in qua erat
Turcorum nimia congregatio, exspectans et insidians, quomodo posset23 Christi milites nocere. Quos
Turcos Dei omnipotentis [Hill p. 24] milites invenientes audacter invaserunt. Superati itaque sunt inimici
nostri in illa die, tamque celeriter fugiebant quam sagitta fugit, emissa ictu valido cordae 24 et arcus.25
Nostri igitur intraverunt statim in civitatem, ibique mansimus per quatuor dies.
4.10.5 Illic divisit se ab aliis Tancredus Marchisi filius, et Balduinus comes frater ducis Godefridi,
simulque intraverunt vallem de Botrenthrot.26 Divisit quoque se Tancredus, et venit Tharsum27 cum
suis militibus. Exierunt denique Turci de urbe, et venerunt obviam eis, atque in unum congregati

still further.
Dass observes that this is an early reference to the Turkish practice of abducting Christian boys and raising them to be soldiers, such as the
Janissaries of a later era
3
dsertus, a, um uninhabited, wilderness (OLD 1)
4
Rizzo identifies this as the Deserto salato i.e. Salt Desert.
5
vr in our text sometimes means and rather than but; see OLD 6
6
coart (1) constrict in ML means afflict, oppress.
7
penitus, adv. completely, utterly (OLD 5); it is used much as we use absolutely.
8
vell, vellere, vell or vuls, vulsum pull up, pick (of plants).
9
fric (1) rub.
10
spca, ae, f. an ear of grain. Here presumably wild plants, such as cactuses and aloes (Dass). Wolf notes that the language reflects that of
Luke 6.1: Factum est autem in sabbato secundo, primo, cum transiret per sata [crops], vellebant discipuli eius spicas, et manducabant
confricantes manibus.
11
Either of the horses belonging to our troops (nostri), or of our horses (noster, nostra, nostrum); the second reading seems preferable, since
the author immediately goes on to talk about multi ex nostris militibus
12
eo quod here = with the result that (ML).
13
caballus, , m. riding-horse or pack-horse; here probably the former is meant; knights typically travelled with horses for travel as well as
their war-horses.
14
succd, succdere, sucess, sucessum here take the place of (as a replacement; see OLD 4)
15
caper, capr, m. goat.
16
sheep (ML); CL is ovis, ovis m./f.
17
Iconium, modern Konya.
18
uter, utris, m. leather bag.
19
llc, adv. there.
20
The aramba-Su, according to Dass.
21
scouts; in CL cursor, ris, m. means runner.
22
Heraclea Cybistra, modern Ereli (Province of Konya), 149 km. East of Konya.
23
the subject is Turcorum nimia congregatio.
24
corda (ML) = chorda (CL), here bowstring.
25
arcus, arcs, m. bow (for shooting arrows). [Are there classical precedents for the arrow simile? Notice that our author gives more details in
his simile than we might expect.]
26
Identified as modern Bozantra, in ancient Cilicia, but Bozantra is not in Google Maps.
27
Tarsus, the most important city in Cilicia.
2

properaverunt ad bellum contra Christianos. Appropinquantibus itaque nostris et pugnantibus, dederunt

inimici nostri fugam,1 revertentes in urbem celeri gressu.
4.10.6 Tancredus vero miles Christi pervenit laxatis loris,2 et castrametatus est3 ante portam urbis.
Ex alia igitur parte venit vir inclitus comes Balduinus cum suo exercitu, postulans Tancredum,
quatinus4 eum amicissime in societatem5 civitatis dignaretur suscipere.6 Cui ait Tancredus: Te
omnimodo in hac societate denego. Nocte itaque superveniente, omnes Turci tremefacti fugam una 7
arripuerunt. Exierunt denique8 habitatores civitatis sub illa9 noctis obscuritate, clamantes excelsa
voce: Currite invictissimi Franci currite, quia Turci expergefacti 10 vestro11 timore omnes pariter
recedunt.12
4.10.7 Orta autem die, venerunt maiores civitatis, et reddiderunt sponte civitatem, dicentes illis qui
super hoc13 litigabant14 adinvicem15: Sinite16 modo17 seniores sinite, quia volumus et petimus
dominari18 et regnare super nos illum qui heri tam viriliter pugnavit cum Turcis. Balduinus itaque
mirificus comes altercabatur et litigabat cum Tancredo [Hill p. 25] dicens: Intremus simul et spoliemus
civitatem, et qui plus potuerit habere, habeat, et qui poterit capere, capiat. Cui Tancredus fortissimus
dixit: Absit hoc a me. Ego namque Christianos nolo expoliare. Homines huius civitatis elegerunt me
dominum super se, meque habere desiderant. Tandem nequivit vir fortis Tancredus diu luctari 19 cum
Balduino comite, quia illi magnus erat exercitus; tamen20 volens nolensque21 dimisit22 eam, et viriliter
recessit cum suo exercitu; fueruntque ei23 statim traditae duae optimae ciuitates, videlicet Athena24 et
Manustra,25 et plurima castra.
4.11.1 Maior vero exercitus, scilicet Raimundus comes de Sancto Egidio, et doctissimus Boamundus,
duxque Godefridus, et alii plures, in Hermeniorum intraverunt terram,26 sitientes atque aestuantes
Turcorum sanguinem. Tandem pervenerunt ad quoddam castrum, quod tam forte erat, ut nichil 27 ei

fugam dare and similar expressions are CL, though mostly poetic (see OLD fuga 7; Verg. Aen. 7.24); the normal CL idiom would be dederunt
(terga) fugae or dederunt (terga) in fugam; see OLD do 18d.
2
lrum, , n. here reins (OLD 3b). laxatis loris means at full gallop, at full speed (ML).
3
and encamped.
4
quatinus (ML) = ut (CL). In CL quatenus (quatinus) means how far? to what extent?; in ML it is often used instead of ut in purpose clauses
and clauses of volition.
5
societs, tis, f. partnership.
6
i.e. Baldwin was asking to join in seizing the city.
7
as one, together.
8
dnique finally, at length in CL can = next in ML
9
ille, illa, illud in ML can be used like a definite article; they become the definite articles in Romance languages (ille > Italian il, Spanish el,
French le; illa > la)
10
expergfaci, -facere, -fc, -factum stir up.
11
CL would be vestri, objective genitive (AG 347-8)
12
note that the present of recedunt is real, not a historical present
13
this business, this affair, i.e. the dispute between Trancred and Baldwin in the preceeding paragraph
14
ltig (1) quarrel (OLD 2).
15
with one another, among themselves.
16
sin, sinere, sv (si), situm here let a thing pass, never mind! (OLD 2).
17
modo, adv. just or now. In CL it usually means now in a vague sense, as in now let me tell you a story; in ML it can mean at this
time.
18
dominor (1) rule.
19
luctor (1) contend, struggle.
20
tamen (ML) = itaque (CL).
21
i.e willy-nilly.
22
dmitt, -mittere, -ms, -missum, here leave (OLD 4).
23
i.e. to Tancred
24
Adana.
25
Ancient Mopsuestia, modern Mamistra; Rizzo suggests Ceyhan.
26
SE Asia Minor and N. Syria had been controlled by Armenians between 1069 and 1085
27
nichil (ML) = nihil (CL).

possent facere. Erat autem ibi homo quidam nomine Symeon,1 qui in illa ortus fuit regione, quique
hanc petiit2 terram, quo eam de3 manibus defenderet inimicorum Turcorum, cui sponte illi4 dederunt
terram, quique remansit ibi cum sua gente. Nos denique exeuntes inde pervenimus feliciter, 5 usque
Cesaream Cappadociae.6
4.11.2 A Cappadocia autem egressi, venimus ad quamdam civitatem pulcherrimam et nimis 7
uberrimam,8 quam paululum ante nostrum adventum obsederant Turci per tres ebdomadas, sed non
superaverant. Mox illuc advenientibus nobis, continuo tradidit9 se in manu10 nostra, cum magna
laetitia. Hanc igitur petiit quidam miles, cui nomen Petrus de Alpibus,11 ab [Hill p. 26] omnibus
senioribus, quatinus12 eam defenderet in fidelitate Dei, et Sancti Sepulchri, et seniorum, atque
imperatoris. Cui cum nimio amore gratis13 concesserunt14 eam.
4.11.3 Sequenti nocte audivit Boamundus quod Turci, qui fuerant in obsessione civitatis, frequenter15
precederent nos. Mox preparavit se solummodo16 cum militibus, quatinus17 illos undique18
expugnaret, sed eos invenire non potuit.
4.11.4 Deinde venimus ad quamdam urbem nomine Coxon,19 in qua erat maxima ubertas omnium
bonorum quae nobis erant necessaria. Christiani igitur videlicet alumni20 urbis illius reddiderunt se
statim, nosque fuimus ibi optime per tres dies, et illic maxime sunt recuperati nostri. Audiens itaque
Raimundus comes quod Turci qui erant in custodia21 Antiochiae discessissent, in suo invenit consilio22,
quod23 mitteret illuc aliquos ex suis militibus, qui eam24 diligenter custodirent.25 Tandem elegit illos
quos legare volebat, videlicet Petrum de Castellione vicecomitem,26 Willelmum de Monte Pislerio,27
Petrum de Roasa,28 Petrum Raimundum de Pul,29 cum quingentis30 militibus.
4.11.5 Venerunt itaque in vallem prope Antiochiam ad quoddam castrum Publicanorum,31 illicque
audierunt Turcos esse in civitatem eamque fortiter defendere preparabant. Petrus de Roasa divisit se ibi

Dass suggests that he was an Armenian prince.

CL would have a pluperfect.
3
CL would be a.
4
i.e. Raimundus etc.
5
flciter, adv. successfully, with good results (OLD 2).
6
Modern Kayseri.
7
In ML nimis can modify a superlative, and means simply very.
8
Hill idenfities this as Plastencia; France 191 argues that is must have been Comana, in Cappadocia, near modern ar, in Adana Province.
9
sc. illa civitas.
10
CL would be in manum.
11
Peter dAups, who had previoiusly served under Robert Guiscard and Alexius Comnenus.
12
quatinus (ML) = ut (CL).
13
gratia, ae, f. favor; the ablative plural, usually in form gratis, can mean for no reward but thanks, for nothing (OLD 8).
14
the subject is omnes seniores
15
frequenter, adv. in large numbers.
16
slummodo, adv. only, alone; i.e. Bohemond wanted to attack the Turks independently of the other leaders.
17
quatinus (ML) = ut (CL).
18
undique in CL would mean from all sides, but Hill translates wherever they were.
19
Ancient Cocussus, modern Gueuk-su / Gksun.
20
alumnus, , m. here son or child (OLD 2), i.e. inhabitant; nom. plural, with Christiani. The inhabitants were mostly Armenians.
21
in charge of, i.e. in the garrison of.
22
i.e. he decided, after consulting with his advisors.
23
quod (ML) can = ut (CL).
24
i.e. Antiochiam.
25
CL would be (e.g.) caperent; presumably the capture of the city without a garrison is taken for granted.
26
Peter, the seneschal of Castillon-sur-Dordogne (Gironde).
27
William of Montpellier.
28
Peter of Roaix, though Dass suggests Roa
29
Peter Raymond of Hautpoul.
30
quingent, ae, a five hundred.
31
Paulicians, a (heretical) sect of dualists associated with Armenia; in CL publicani are public contractors, including tax-collectors.
2

ab aliis, et proxima nocte transivit prope Antiochiam, intravitque vallem de Rugia1; et invenit Turcos et
Saracenos, et preliatus est cum eis, et occidit multos ex eis, et alios persecutus 2 est valde. Videntes
hoc3 Hermenii habitatores terrae illius, illum fortiter superasse paganos, continuo [Hill p. 27]
reddiderunt se. Ipse vero statim cepit Rusam4 civitatem, et plurima castra.
4.11.6 Nos autem qui remansimus, exeuntes inde, intravimus in diabolicam montanam,5 quae tam erat
alta et angusta, ut nullus nostrorum auderet per semitam,6 quae in monte patebat, ante alium preire.7
Illic precipitabant se equi, et unus saumarius8 precipitabat9 alium. Milites ergo stabant undique
tristes, feriebant se manibus pre10 nimia tristitia et dolore, dubitantes quid facerent de semetipsis11 et de
suis armis, vendentes suos clipeos12 et loricas13 optimas cum galeis,14 solummodo propter15 tres aut
quinque denarios, vel prout quisque poterat habere.16 Qui autem vendere nequibant, gratis a se
iactabant, et ibant.
4.11.7 Exeuntes igitur de exsecrata montana, pervenimus ad civitatem quae vocatur Marasim. 17
Cultores18 vero illius civitatis exierunt obviam nobis letantes, et deferentes maximum mercatum, illicque
habuimus omnem copiam, expectando19 donec veniret domnus Boamundus. Venerunt itaque nostri
milites in vallem, in qua regalis civitas Antiochia sita est, quae est caput totius Syriae, quamque dominus
Iesus Christus tradidit beato Petro apostolorum principi,20 quatinus21 eam ad cultum sanctae fidei
revocaret;22 qui vivit et regnat cum Deo Patre in unitate Spiritus Sancti Deus, per omnia secula
seculorum. Amen.
[Explicit liber IV. Incipit liber V.]
LIBER V
After a quick victory at the Iron Bridge, about 20 km. E of Antioch, the Franks arrive at the gates of
the city (21 October 1097). Thanks to the terrain they were able to blockade only three of the city gates,
and after a while the Turks began harassing the Franks.

Identified by Hill and France as The Riha valley / valley of Ruj, east of Antioch (modern anliurfa); Dass identifies as Al-Ruj.
i.e. he put them to flight.
3
hoc is redundant, introducing the indirect statement: seeing this ... that he ....
4
Hill identifies this tentatively as Ruweha; Dass suggests Al-Arus / Allaruz or Qastun
5
An unidentified mountain in the Anti-Taurus range
6
smita, ae, f. path, track.
7
preire (ML) = praeire (CL).
8
beast of burden; see Niermeyer sv. sagmarius.
9
praecipit (1) cause to fall headlong.
10
pre (ML) = prae (CL), which in ML can mean because of.
11
semetipsis (ML) = sese (CL).
12
clipeus, , m. shield.
13
lrca, ae, f. corselet, cuirass; in CL they can be of leather as well as sheet-metal; the crusaders typically wore coats of chain-mail, not breastplates
14
galea, ae, f. helmet.
15
for the price of (ML).
16
any price they could get.
17
Marash, modern Kahramanmara
18
the peasants.
19
CL would be expectantes; see above [qv.] on the ML use of the gerund in the ablative singular
20
Christian tradition held that St. Peter was the first bishop of Antioch and founder of the rich Christian tradition in that city; he is associated
with Antioch in Acts 11:26; Gal. 2:11-21.
21
quatinus (ML) = ut (CL).
22
revocaret here = vocaret, unless our author is misremembering Acts.
1
2

5.12.1 [Hill p. 28] Cum coepissemus1 appropinquare ad Pontem Farreum,2 cursores nostri, qui
semper solebant nos precedere, invenerunt Turcos innumerabiles congregatos obviam eis 3, qui dare
adiutorium Antiochiae festinabant. Irruentes igitur nostri uno corde et mente super illos, superaverunt
Turcos. Consternati sunt barbari, dederuntque fugam, et multi mortui sunt ex eis in ipso certamine.
Nostri igitur superantes illos Dei gratia, acceperunt spolia multa, equos, camelos, mulos, asinos,
honustos4 frumento et vino. Venientes denique nostri, castrametati sunt super ripam fluminis. Protinus
vir sapiens Boamundus cum quatuor milibus militum venit ante portam civitatis,5 vigilare6 si forte
aliquis nocte latenter exiret aut intraret civitatem.
5.12.2 Crastina vero die pervenerunt usque ad Antiochiam media die, in quarta feria quae est XII
kalendas Novembris,7 et obsedimus8 mirabiliter tres portas civitatis,9 quoniam in alia parte deerat
nobis locus obsidendi, quia alta et nimis angusta montana10 nos coartabat. Tantum autem timebant nos
undique11 inimici nostri Turci, qui erant intus in urbe, ut nemo eorum auderet offendere12 aliquem ex
nostris, fere per spatium dierum quindecim. Mox hospitantes13 nos circa Antiochiam, repperimus illic
omnem abundantiam, videlicet vineas14 undique plenas, foveas15 plenas frumento, arbores refertas
pomis, et alia multa bona corporibus utilia.
5.12.3 [Hill p. 29] Hermenii et Suriani, qui erant intus in urbe, exeuntes et ostendentes se fugere, cotidie
erant nobiscum, sed eorum uxores in civitate. Illi16 vero ingeniose investigabant nostrum esse17
nostramque qualitatem, referebantque omnia his qui erant in urbe inclusi. Postquam vero Turci fuerunt
edocti de nostra essentia, coeperunt paulatim de urbe exire, nostros peregrinos undique coangustare, 18
non solum ex una parte, sed undique erant latentes obviam nobis19 ad mare et ad montanam.
5.12.4 Erat autem non longe castrum, cui nomen Aregh,20 ubi erant congregati multi Turci fortissimi,
qui frequenter conturbabant nostros. Audientes itaque nostri seniores talia, nimis doluerunt, miseruntque
ex militibus suis qui21 diligenter explorarent locum, ubi erant Turci. Reperto igitur loco ubi latebant,
nostri milites, qui quaerebant22 illos, obviant23 eis. At nostris paulatim retrogredientibus ubi24 sciebant
Boamundum esse cum suo exercitu, statim fuerunt illic mortui duo ex nostris. Hoc audiens Boamundus

12
cum coepissmemus appropinquare = CL cum appropinquaremus. coepi in ML loses much of its sense of begin and becomes an auxiliary
verb for expressing past tense.
2
Orontes Bridge or Iron Bridge; the River known to the Greeks and Romans was now named the Far, which some authors seem to have
misunderstood as a reference to iron; thus one manuscript cited by Hill has Pons Ferreus.
3
CL would be sibi.
4
onustus, a, um laden with; honustus is archaic Latin but also ML
5
The St. Paul Gate, the northern gate of Antioch guarding the road to the Iron Bridge.
6
vigil (1) here be watchful or alert (OLD 4); infinitive used to express purpose (common in ML).
7
Wednesday, October 21.
8
The subject has shifted from 3rd person plural to 1st person plural.
9
The St. Paul Gate (N. of Antioch), the Dog Gate and the Gate of the Duke (W. of Antioch)
10
Mount Silpius.
11
undique, adv. here in all respects (OLD 4), i.e. completely.
12
offend offendere, offend, offensum strike (OLD 1), i.e. (ML) attack.
13
hospitor (1) put up as a guest or lodger; deponent verbs regularly have present active participles, AG 190a
14
vnea, ae, f. vines in a vineyard (OLD 1), i.e. vineyard.
15
fovea, ae, f. pit.
16
Illi picks up eorum.
17
our existence, i.e. our nature; use of the infinitive as a substantive modified by a possessive adjective is CL, but colloquial.
18
to attack (Hill); in CL coangustare means to make narrow; confine in a small space.
19
wherever they could lay ambush for us (Hill).
20
Also referred to as Harem or Harim. It was about 25 km. east of Antioch and is said to have guarded a bridge over the Orontes (but see France
Fig. 4).
21
the antecedent is as understood eos. i.e miserunt ... eos qui ... explorarent. Note that qui ... explorarent is a relative clause of purpose.
22
quaer, quaerere, quaes(i) or quaesv, quaestum here search for, hunt for (OLD 1).
23
obvi (1) act contrary to, go against (+ dat.) (CL); here attack.
24
to the place where.

surrexit cum suis, ut fortissimus Christi athleta, et barbari irruerunt contra illos,1 eo quod nostri erant
pauci; tamen simul iuncti inierunt bellum.2 Mortui sunt vero multi ex nostris inimicis, et capti alii ducti
sunt ante portam urbis, ibique decollabantur, ut3 magis tristes fierent qui erant in urbe.
5.12.5 Exibant quidem alii de civitate, et ascendebant in quamdam portam, et sagittabant nos, ita ut
sagittae eorum caderent in domini Boamundi plateam4; et una mulier occubuit5 ictu sagittae.
5.13.1 [Hill p. 30] Congregati sunt itaque omnes maiores nostri, et ordinaverunt concilium, dicentes:
Faciamus castrum in vertice montis Maregart,6 quo securi atque tuti possimus esse a Turcorum
formidine. Facto itaque castro atque munito, omnes maiores illud invicem custodiebant. Iamiam
coeperant frumentum et omnia nutrimenta corporum nimis esse cara ante Natale Domini. Foras 7
penitus non audebamus exire, nichilque penitus in terra Christianorum invenire poteramus ad edendum.
In Saracenorum namque terram nemo intrare audebat nisi cum magna gente. Ad ultimum8 statuerunt
nostri seniores concilium,9 ordinando10 qualiter regerent11 tantas12 gentes. Invenerunt in consilio, ut
una pars nostri iret diligenter attrahere stipendium,13 et ubique14 custodire exercitum15; alia quoque16
pars fiducialiter remaneret custodire hostem.17 Boamundus denique dixit: Seniores et prudentissimi
milites, si vultis et bonum vobis videtur, ego ero cum Flandrensi comite, iturus cum eo.
5.13.2 Celebratis itaque gloriosissimae solempnitatibus Nativitatis, in die lunae, secunda scilicet
feria,18 egressi sunt illi, et alii plus quam viginti milia militum et peditum,19 ac sani et incolumes
intraverunt terram Saracenorum.20 Congregati quippe erant multi Turci et Arabes et Saraceni, ab
Hierusalem et Damasco et Aleph,21 et ab aliis regionibus, qui veniebant fortitudinem Antiochiae dare.
Audientes itaque isti Christianorum gentem conductam esse in illorum22 terram, illico preparaverunt se
ad bellum contra Christianos; [Hill p. 31] atque summo diluculo23 venerunt in locum24 ubi gens nostra
erat in unum.
5.13.3 Diviseruntque se barbari et fecerunt duas acies, unam ante et aliam retro, cupientes ex omni parte
circumcingere nos. Egregius itaque comes Flandrensis undique25 regimine26 fidei signoque crucis

i.e. Bohemond and his men.

they joined battle in good order (Hill).
3
CL would use quo with a comparative.
4
platae, ae, f. street; here camp (Hill).
5
occumb, occumbere, occubu meet ones death, fall.
6
The Franks named this mountain Malregard i.e. Dirty Look Hill. It overlooked the St. Paul Gate, and putting a fort there could help
prevent attacks out of that gate against the Franks.
7
fors, adv. outside.
8
finally (OLD ultimum 5b).
9
either they organized a meeting or they came up with a plan.
10
CL would be ordinantes
11
reg, regere, rex, rectum here direct the activities of (OLD 7), i.e. take care of, provide for.
12
CL would be tot.
13
stpendium, (i), n. wages, salary, but here (ML) supplies.
14
ubique, adv. here everywhere (OLD 2)
15
and to protect the flanks of our forces (Hill).
16
but; quoque (ML) here = vero (CL).
17
host (ML). hostis in the Gesta can mean both enemy (CL, masculine), and host (ML, apparently feminine); thus hostis in our text often
means the Frankish army, particularly the army along with its camp-followers.
18
i.e. Monday; 28 December, 1097.
19
France is certain that this number is impossibly high
20
Here we perhaps get a hint at what the author means by Saracen; i.e. non-Turkish and non-Arabian muslims in the region
21
Aleppo.
22
CL would be suam.
23
at daybreak: the author uses this formula nine more times.
24
al-Bara.
25
totally (ML), as at 1.4.4
26
regimen, inis, f. control (CL) but guardianship in ML (Niemeyer 7).
2

(quam fideliter cotidie baiulabat) armatus, occurrit illis, una cum Boamundo.1 Irrueruntque2 nostri
unanimiter super illos. Qui statim arripuerunt fugam, et festinanter verterunt retro scapulas 3, ac mortui
sunt ex illis plurimi, nostrique coeperunt4 equos eorum et alia spolia. Alii vero, qui vivi remanserant,
velociter fugerunt, et in iram perditionis5 abierunt. Nos autem revertentes cum magno tripudio,6
laudavimus et magnificavimus trinum et unum Deum, qui vivit et regnat nunc et in aevum. Amen.
Explicit liber V. Incipit liber VI.
LIBER VI
6.14.1 [Hill p. 32] Turci denique, inimici Dei et sanctae christianitatis, qui erant intus in custodia
civitatis Antiochiae, audientes dominum Boamundum et Flandrensem comitem in obsessione non esse,
exierunt de civitate, et audacter veniebant preliari nobiscum, insidiantes 7 undique in qua parte
obsidio8 esset languidior, scientes prudentissimos milites foris9 esse; inveneruntque quod10 in una11
martis die12 possent obsistere nobis et ledere.13 Venerunt vero iniquissimi barbari caute, et irruerunt
vehementer super nos,14 et incautos occiderunt multos ex nostris militibus et peditibus. Episcopus
quoque Podiensis in illa amara die perdidit senescalcum15 suum, conducentem et regentem eius
vexillum.16 Et nisi esset flumen quod erat inter nos et illos, sepius17 invasissent nos, atque maximam
lesionem18 fecissent in nostram gentem.
6.14.2 Egrediebatur tunc vir prudens Boamundus cum suo exercitu de terra Saracenorum, venitque in
Tancredi montanam,19 cogitans an forte ibi valeret invenire aliquid quod potuisset20 deferri21. Nam
totam terram in expendio miserant22; alii quippe invenerant, alii vero vacui redierant. Tunc vir sapiens
Boamundus increpavit eos23 dicens: O infelix et miserrima gens, O vilissima omnium Christianorum,
cur tam celeriter vultis abire? Sinite,24 modo25 sinite, usquequo26 erimus congregati in unum, et [Hill

France 239 suggests that together with Boamund is meant figuratively, and that the Flemish and Norman contingents fought separately
irru, irruere, irru here charge (OLD 2)
3
scapulae, rum, f. pl. shoulder (OLD); here back.
4
coeperunt (ML) = ceperunt (CL).
5
cp. Romans 9:22: Quod si Deus volens ostendere iram, et notam facere potentiam suam, sustinuit in multa patientia vasa irae, apta in
interitum, etc.
6
tripudium, (i), n. a ritual dance in triple time; here perhaps a dance of triumph (ML).
7
insidior (1) here be on the lookout for (OLD 5), here governing an indirect question introduced by qua parte.
8
obsidi, nis, f. siege.
9
outside; foris (ML) = foras (CL); i.e. away from Antioch.
10
that; indirect statement with a verb of perception using quod + indicative (OLD quod 5)
11
in ML unus, a, um can almost = the indefinite article (cf. French un, une etc.)
12
on a Tuesday; 29 December, 1097.
13
to harm; ledere (ML) = laedere (CL).
14
CL would be in nos.
15
his seneschal, i.e. his chief steward.
16
vexillum, , n. banner.
17
sepius (ML) = saepius (CL).
18
lesi (ML) = laesi, nis, f. harm, hurt (CL).
19
This was south-west of Antioch; we learn at 8.19.1 that Tancred was to command a fort there (La Mahomerie?).
20
CL would be posset.
21
to carry off (as plunder).
22
For our men had pillaged all the land (Hill); Bruce Venarde explains the phrase as, literally, they put the whole land into loss. expendium
is not a CL word; in ML it means expense, outlay or dole (Niemeyer). For the precise identity of our men see next note.
23
Hill understands these men as Franks escaping from the defeat described in 6.14.1, though there is no reference there to retreating or deserting.
They might possibly be other Franks, not in Bohemonds army, who were simply wandering in search of plunder, and thus the subject of totam
terram in expendio miserant. But it seems most natural to take them, with Brhier, as Bohemonds own troops: he had led them onto the
mountain to look for plunder, and when they did that (nam) some were successful and some (proabably most) were not (alii quippe invenerant,
alii vero vacui redierant). In the process, we infer, they scattered, and were therefore berated by Bohemond. Afterwards he returned to his camp
(ad suam hostem) leading those same men (cum suis), most of whom were empty-handed (plus vacuis quam honustis).
24
stop!; see on 4.10.5
25
modo, adv. just, only; regularly used in command or requests (OLD 1b)
26
until (ML).
2

p. 33] nolite errare sicut oves non habentes pastorem.1 Si autem inimici nostri invenerint vos errantes,
occident vos, quia die noctuque vigilant, ut vos sine ductore segregatos sive solos inveniant; vosque
cotidie occidere et in captivitatem ducere laborant. Cumque finis esset dictis, rediit ad suam hostem, 2
cum suis3 plus4 vacuis quam honustis.5
6.14.3 Videntes autem Hermenii et Surani quod nostri penitus vacui rediissent, consiliati in unum
abibant per montaneas6 et prescita loca,7 subtiliter8 inquirentes et ementes frumentum et corporea
alimenta, quae ad hostem deferebant in qua erat fames immensa; et vendebant onus unius asini octo
purpuratis,9 qui appreciabantur10 centum viginti solidis11 denariorum. Ibi quidem sunt mortui multi ex
nostris, non habentes pretium unde tam carum12 emere potuissent.
6.15.1 Willelmus igitur Carpentarius13 et Petrus Heremita, pro14 immensa infelicitate ac miseria ipsa,
latenter recesserunt.15 Quos Tancredus persequens apprehendit, secumque reduxit cum dedecore16; qui
dextram17 et fidem illi dederunt, quia18 libenter ad hostem redirent et satisfactionem senioribus facerent.
Tota denique nocte Willelmus, uti mala res,19 in tentorio domini Boamundi iacuit. Crastina vero die
summo diluculo, veniens erubescendo20 ante Boamundi presentiam stetit. Quem alloquens Boamundus
dixit: O infelix, et infamia totius Franciae, dedecus21 et scelus Galliarum, O nequissime omnium quos
terra suffert, cur tam turpiter fugisti? Forsitan ob hoc, quod voluisti tradere hos milites et hostem Christi,
sicut [Hill p. 34] tradidisti alios in Hispania.22 Qui omnino tacuit, et nullus sermo ex eius ore processit.
Adunaverunt sese omnes fere Francigenae,23 rogaveruntque humiliter ne deterius ei facere24
permitteret.25 Annuit ille sereno vultu, et ait: Hoc pro vestri amore libenter consentiam, si mihi toto
corde et mente iuraverit quod nunquam recedet ab Hierosolimitano itinere, sive bono sive malo; et
Tancredus neque per se neque per suos aliquid contrarii26 ei consentiet fieri. Qui,27 auditis his verbis,
voluntarie concessit. Ipse28 vero protinus dimisit eum29. Postmodum30 vero Carpentarius, maxima
captus turpitudine, non diu morans furtim recessit.

cp. Mt. 9:36. [check this]

to his camp; see on 5.13.1
3
i.e. with his own men.
4
plus ... quam (ML) = potius ... quam (CL).
5
honustus, a, um (ML) = onustus, a, um (CL) laden.
6
montanea (ML) = mons, montis, m. (CL).
7
i.e. paths they already knew.
8
carefully.
9
Purples, translating the Greek hyperperoi, or nomismata, gold pieces valued at 1/72 of a pound.
10
were valued at (+ ablative of price AG 416-417).
11
solidi, i.e. shillings.
12
crus, a, um costly; here a neuter substantive (ML).
13
He was Viscount of Melun (near Paris); his nickname was due to his enormous physical strength in battle; later authors have some colorful
stories.
14
pro + abl. (ML) = propter + acc. (CL).
15
recd, recdere, recess, recessum here withdraw (OLD 7); i.e. they tried to leave the camp.
16
ddecus, oris, n. disgrace.
17
dextra can = dextra manus.
18
quia (ML) = ut (CL).
19
like a piece of rubbish (Hill).
20
erubescendo (ML) = erubescens (CL), blushing for shame.
21
ddecus, oris, n. disgrace.
22
He had deserted during a campaign against the Moors in Spain.
23
Francigenae are Franks from the northern provinces of France; Williams fellow Frenchmen plead of his behalf.
24
facere in CL would here be fieri
25
the subject is Bohemond; ei refers to William.
26
anything against his interests; contrarii is a partitive genitive, AG 346.3.
27
Tancred.
28
Bohemond.
29
William the Carpenter.
30
postmodum afterwards, later.
2

6.15.2 Hanc paupertatem et miseriam pro nostris delictis1 concessit nos habere Deus. In tota
namque2 hoste non valebat aliquis invenire mille milites, qui equos haberent optimos.
6.16.1 Interea inimicus Tetigus,3 audiens quod exercitus Turcorum venissent4 super nos, ait se
timuisse, arbitransque nos omnes perisse, atque in manibus5 inimicorum incidisse, fingens omnia falsa,
dixit: Seniores et viri prudentissimi, videte quia nos sumus hic in maxima necessitate, et ex nulla parte
nobis adiutorium succedit. Ecce modo6 sinite me in Romaniae patriam7 reverti, et ego absque8 ulla
dubitatione faciam huc multas naves venire per mare, onustas frumento, vino, hordeo,9 carne, farina et
caseis,10 omnibusque bonis quae sunt nobis necessaria. Faciam et equos conduci ad vendendum, et [Hill
p. 35] mercatum per terram in fidelitate imperatoris11 huc advenire faciam. Ecce haec omnia vobis
fideliter iurabo, et attendam.12 Adhuc13 quoque et domestici mei et papilio14 meus sunt in campo, unde
et firmiter credite, quia quantocius15 redibo.16
6.16.2 Sic itaque fecit finem dictis. Fuit ille inimicus, omnia sua dimisit17 in campo,18 et in periurio
manet et manebit. Itaque tali modo inerat nobis maxima necessitas, quia Turci undique prestringebant
nos, ita ut nullus nostrorum auderet iam exire extra tentoria. Nam illi constringebant nos ex una parte, et
fames cruciabat ex alia. Succursus19 vero et adiutorium nobis deerat; gens minuta20 et pauperrima
fugiebat Cyprum, Romaniam, et in montaneas.21 Ad mare utique22 non audebamus ire, propter timorem
pessimorum Turcorum; nusquam23 erat nobis via patefacta.
6.17.1 Itaque audiens dominus Boamundus innumerabilem gentem Turcorum venientem24 super nos,25
caute venit ad alios, dicens: Seniores et prudentissimi milites, quid facturi erimus? Nos namque tanti 26
non sumus, ut in duabus partibus pugnare valeamus. Sed scitis quid faciemus?27 Faciamus ex nobis
duas partes. Pars peditum remaneat iugiter28 custodire papiliones, et quibit29 nimis obsistere his qui in

dlictum, , n. offense, fault.

this explains pauperitatem et miseriam.
3
Tatikios, the representative of Emperor Alexius.
4
venissent presumably plural despite the singular subject (exercitus) in a constructio ad sensum (synesis), see AG 280a. Or exercitus could be
plural
5
CL would be in mans.
6
here just, only.
7
Her Romania (Rum) reflects the way a Byzantine Greek like Tetigus would refer to the Byzantine Empire.
8
absque, prep. + abl. here apart from, without (OLD 2).
9
hordeum, , n. barley.
10
cseus, , m. cheese.
11
under the emperors safe-conduct (Hill).
12
attend, attendere, attend, attentum here give ones attention to (OLD 8), i.e. supervise.
13
adhc, adv. here perhaps still. Hill translates meanwhile.
14
tent, pavilion (as at 2.5.2).
15
as quickly as possible.
16
CL would be present subjunctive, in primary sequence.
17
left; see on 4.10.5.
18
in camp; for this ML meaning of campus see Niemeyer 7, who says it is 13th century; the more common ML meaning is battlefield.
19
help, support (Niemeyer)
20
the rank and file (Hill).
21
CL would be fugiebat ad Cyprum, etc.
22
utque, adv. without doubt, absolutely.
23
nusquam, adv. nowhere.
24
sc. esse, depending on audiens in a ML form of indirect statement: audiens gentem venientem esse; CL would be audiens gentem venire
25
CL would be in nos.
26
CL would be tot.
27
The indicative in an indirect question is rare in CL.
28
igiter continually, continously (CL) = In a body (Hill).
29
quibit (ML) = quivit (CL) < que, qure, quv or qui, be able. CL would have the present tense.
1
2

civitate sunt. Alia vero pars militum nobiscum veniat obviam inimicis nostris, qui hic hospitati sunt
prope nos, in castello Areg1 ultra pontem Farreum.
6.17.2 Sero autem facto, exiit e tentoriis vir prudens Boamundus cum aliis prudentissimis militibus,
ivitque iacere2 [Hill p. 36] inter flumen et lacum.3 Summo diluculo iussit protinus exploratores exire,
et videre quot sunt4 Turcorum turmae,5 et ubi sint, aut certe quid agant.6 Exierunt illi, coeperuntque
subtiliter inquirere, ubi essent acies Turcorum reconditae. Viderunt tandem Turcos innumerabiles
segregatos7 venire ex parte fluminis divisos per duas acies; maxima vero virtus8 illorum veniebat
retro.9 Reversi sunt namque10 celeriter speculatores, dicentes: Ecce, ecce veniunt! Igitur estote 11
omnes parati, quia iam prope12 nos sunt. Dixitque vir sapiens Boamundus aliis: Seniores et
invictissimi milites, ordinate adinvicem13 bellum. Responderuntque illi: Tu sapiens et prudens, tu
magnus et magnificus, tu fortis et victor, tu bellorum arbiter et certaminum iudex, hoc totum fac; hoc
totum super14 te sit. Omne bonum quod tibi videtur,15 nobis et tibi operare et fac.16
6.17.3 Tunc Boamundus iussit, ut unusquisque principum per se17 dirigeret aciem suam ordinatim.18
Feceruntque ita; et ordinatae sunt sex acies.19 Quinque20 vero ex eis21 ierunt adunatim22 invadere
illos. Boamundus itaque paulatim gradiebatur retro23 cum sua acie. Iunctis igitur prospere nostris, unus
comminus24 percutiebat alium25. Clamor vero resonabat ad celum26. Omnes preliabantur insimul.27
Imbres telorum obnubilabant aerem.28 Postquam venit maxima virtus illorum quae erat retro, acriter
invasit nostros, ita ut nostri paululum iam cederent retro. Quod ut vidit vir doctissimus Boamundus,
ingemuit.
6.17.4 Tunc precepit29 suo conostabili,30 scilicet Rotberto filio Girardi,31 dicens: Vade32 quam
citius33 potes, [Hill p. 37] ut vir fortis, et esto acer in2 adiutorium Dei Sanctique Sepulchri. Et revera3

Earlier spelled Aregh.

to take a position, lie in wait (ML); in CL iacre means to lie (i.e to be lying down); be inactive (OLD 9).
3
i.e. between the Orontes River and the Lake of Antioch
4
WCL would be sint, in an indirect question (AG 574), the next two indirect questions do use the subjunctive (ubi sint ... quid agant).
5
turma, ae, f. squadron (of cavalry).
6
CL would be imperfect subjunctive, in secondary sequence.
7
i.e. in the two groups about to mentioned.
8
virts, virttis, f. here strength, i.e. largest part.
9
This was a third, much bigger group.
10
on the other hand, but (ML; Niemeyer)
11
estte is the 2nd person plural future imperative of sum (CL).
12
prope prep. + acc. near (CL).
13
with one another, among yourselves. by turns (Hill).
14
super (ML) = penes (CL), prep. + acc., under the control of.
15
omne bonum quod tibi videtur = omne quod tibi videtur bonum
16
see to it that we and you both do it; the et before fac seems to be merely an intensive.
17
per se (ML) = ipse (CL).
18
ordintim, adv. in orderly formation.
19
i.e. the Franks were to fight in six separate units
20
sc. acies.
21
CL would be quinque eorum
22
joined together.
23
retr, adv. behind (OLD 2)
24
comminus, adv. in hand-to-hand fighting, at close quarters.
25
another (of the enemy).
26
celum (ML) = caelum (CL).
27
insimul, adv. together (OLD).
28
r, eris, m. (f.) air, lower air; in CL the accusative singular is usually aera (a Greek accusative), but aerem does also appear. The motif is
familiar from Herodotus 7.226 and elsewhere. On the volume of Turkish arrows (fired from horseback) see Smail 81. Russo cites DAngelo,
Storiofrafi p. 95.
29
precepit (ML) = praecepit (CL).
30
to his constable.
31
Robert Fitz-Gerard. He was Count of Buonalbergo and cousin of Bohemond.
32
vd, vdere go.
2

scias quia hoc bellum carnale non est4 sed spirituale. Esto igitur fortissimus athleta Christi. Vade in
pace; Dominus sit tecum ubique. Fuit itaque ille,5 undique signo crucis munitus, qualiter leo
perpessus6 famem per tres aut quatuor dies, qui exiens a suis cavernis, rugiens7 ac sitiens sanguinem
pecudum, sicut improvide8 ruit inter agmina gregum, dilanians oves fugientes huc et illuc; ita agebat
iste inter agmina Turcorum. Tam vehementer instabat illis, ut linguae vexilli9 volitarent super
Turcorum capita.
6.17.5 Videntes autem aliae acies quod vexillum Boamundi tam honeste esset ante alios delatum,
ilico10 redierunt retrorsum, nostrique unanimiter invaserunt Turcos; qui omnes stupefacti arripuerunt
fugam. Nostri itaque persecuti sunt illos et detruncaverunt11 usque ad pontem Farreum. Reversi sunt
autem Turci festinanter in castrum suum,12 acceperuntque13 omnia quae ibi reperire potuerunt,
totumque castrum spoliaverunt, miseruntque ignem et fugerunt. Hermenii et Surani scientes Turcos
omnino perdidisse bellum, exierunt et excubaverunt14 per arta loca, et occiderunt et apprehenderunt
multos ex eis.
6.17.6 Superati sunt itaque, Deo annuente, in illo die inimici nostri. Satis vero recuperati15 sunt nostri
de equis et de aliis multis quae erant illis valde necessaria. Et centum capita mortuorum detulerunt ante
portam civitatis, ubi legati16 ammirati17 Babyloniae18 castrametati fuerant,19 qui mittebantur20 [Hill p.
[Hill p. 38] senioribus.21 Illi qui remanserant in tentoriis, tota die preliati sunt22 cum illis qui erant in
civitate, ante tres portas civitatis.23 Factum est hoc bellum in die martis ante caput ieiunii24, quinto idus
Februarii,25 favente domino nostro Iesu Christo, qui cum Patre et Spiritu Sancto vivit et regnat Deus,
per immortalia secula seculorum, Amen.
Explicit liber VI. Incipit liber VII.
LIBER VII

33

as quickly as possible; CL would use quam + superlative.

for (the purpose of providing); ML often uses in + acc. to express purpose.
3
truly; see OLD rs 6b.
4
CL would be present subjunctive, in primary sequence.
5
i.e. Bohemond.
6
perpetior, perpet, perpessus suffer.
7
rgi, rgre roar.
8
unexpectedly; in CL improvide means carelessly.
9
the points of his banner (Hill); Bohemond came very close to the Turks.
10
lic, adv. at once, thereupon (OLD 2)
11
dtrunc (1) cut to pieces, behead (CL); slaughter (ML).
12
castrum here is camp, not fort.
13
i.e. the Franks.
14
excub (1) keep guard, keep watch (CL); set up ambushes (ML).
15
reciper (recuper) (1), recover. Here a deponent verb recuperor (ML).
16
lgtus, , m. ambassador.
17
of the emir.
18
i.e. Cairo. The Fatimids of Cairo, who were Arabs and Shiites, were bitter opponents of the orthodox Sunni dynasty ruling in Baghdad
(which was under the influence of the Saljuquid Turks), and were trying ally with the Franks against the coalition of orthodox Muslims and
Turks. (Hill)
19
CL would be erant.
20
translate as though pluperfect.
21
sc. nostris.
22
translate as pluperfect.
23
i.e the Bridge Gate, St. Pauls Gate, and St. Georges Gate; there were two other gates which the Franks were unable to blockade.
24
i.e. Shrove Tuesday, the Tuesday of Holy Week.
25
Shrove Tuesday, 9 February.
2

7.18.1 [Hill p. 39] Reversi sunt nostri agente Deo triumphantes, et gaudentes de triumpho quem in die
illo habuerunt devictis inimicis, qui sunt per omnia1 superati2 semper, fugientes huc et illuc, vagantes
et errantes, alii in Corrozanam, alii vero in Saracenorum introierunt terram.3 Videntes autem nostri
maiores quod male tractarent4 et constringerent nos inimici nostri qui erant in civitate, die ac nocte
vigilantes et insidiantes5 qua parte nos ledere6 possent, congregati in unum dixerunt: Priusquam
perdamus gentem nostram, faciamus castrum ad machumariam7 quae est ante urbis portam, ubi pons
est, ibique forsitan poterimus nostros constringere inimicos. Consenserunt omnes, et laudaverunt quod
bonum esset ad faciendum. Comes de Sancto Egidio primus dixit: Estote mihi in adiutorium ad
faciendum castrum, et ego muniam ac servabo.
7.18.2 Respondit Boamundus: Si vos vultis et alii, ibo vobiscum ad portum Sancti Simeonis8
diligenter conducere illos qui illic sunt homines,9 ut peragant hoc opus; alii qui sunt remansuri muniant
se undique ad defendendum. Comes igitur et Boamundus perrexerunt ad Sancti Simeonis portum. Nos
vero, qui remansimus, congregati in unum, castrum incipiebamus, dum Turci preparaverunt se ilico,10 et
exierunt extra civitatem obviam [Hill p. 40] nobis ad prelium. Sic itaque irruerunt super nos, et miserunt
nostros in fugam, occideruntque plures ex nostris, unde tristes valde fuimus.
7.18.3 Crastina autem die videntes Turci quod maiores nostri deessent et quod preterita die ivissent ad
portum, preparaverunt se, et ierunt obviam illis venientibus e portu. Tunc videntes comitem et
Boamundum venientes et conducentes illam gentem, mox coeperunt stridere et garrire ac clamare
vehementissimo clamore, circumcingendo undique nostros, iaculando, sagittando, vulnerando, et
crudeliter detruncando. Nam tam acriter invaserunt nostros ut illi inirent fugam per proximam
montaneam, et ubi via eundi patebat. Qui potuit celeri se gressu expedire, evasit vivus: qui vero fugere
nequivit, mortem suscepit. Fueruntque in illa die martyrizati ex nostris militibus seu peditibus plus quam
mille, qui, ut credimus, in caelum ascenderunt, et candidati stolam martyrii receperunt.
7.18.4 Itaque11 Boamundus viam quam tenuerant non tenuit,12 sed celerius cum paucis militibus ad nos
venit, qui eramus in unum congregati. Tunc nos accensi occisione nostrorum, Christi nomine invocato et
Sancti Sepulchri confidentes itinere, iuncti simul pervenimus contra eos ad bellum, eosque invasimus uno
corde et animo. Stabant vero, inimici Dei et nostri,13 undique iam stupefacti et vehementer perterriti,
putantes nostros se devincere et occidere,14 sicut fecerant gentem comitis et Boamundi. Sed Deus
omnipotens hoc illis non permisit. Milites igitur veri Dei, undique signo crucis armati, irruerunt acriter
[Hill p. 41] super illos et fortiter invaserunt. Illi autem celeriter fugerunt, per medium angusti pontis, ad
illorum introitum.15
7.18.5 Illi qui vivi nequiverunt transire pontem pre16 nimia multitudine gentium et caballorum, ibi
receperunt sempiternum interitum cum diabolo et angelis eius. Nos itaque illos superavimus, impellentes

completely.
= qui per omnia superati sunt.
3
[The land of the Saracens is presumably Arabia.]
4
the subject is inimici nostri etc.
5
insidior (1) here be on the lookout for (OLD 5), here governing an indirect question introduced by qua parte where.
6
ledere (ML) = laedere (CL).
7
at the mosque.
8
At the mouth of the Orontes River, about 14 miles from Antioch.
9
Men were available from Genoese and English ships in the harbor.
10
lic, adv. there, on the spot (OLD 1) or at once, thereupon (OLD 2).
11
And so: itaque can be used to resuma a story after a digression; OLD 2.
12
i.e. he went by a different route.
13
Objective genitive: the Turks were the enemies of God and also of us.
14
CL would devicturos et occisuros esse.
15
to their entryway, i.e. to the gate by which they entered the city.
16
pre (ML) = prae (CL).
2

in flumen et deicientes. Vnda vero rapidi fluminis undique videbatur fluere rubea Turcorum sanguine.
Et si forte aliquis eorum voluisset reptare1 super pontis columnas2, aut natando ad terram moliretur3
exire, vulneratus est4 a nostris, undique stantibus super ripam fluminis. Rumor quoque et clamor
nostrorum et illorum resonabat ad caelum. Pluviae telorum et sagittarum tegebant polum,5 et claritatem
diei. Mulieres Christianae urbis veniebant ad muri fenestras, spectantes misera fata Turcorum, et occulte
plaudebant manibus. Hermenii et Surani iussu maiorum Turcorum, inviti seu spontanei sagittas iaciebant
foras ad nos.
7.18.6 Mortui sunt etiam in anima et corpore duodecim ammiralii6 de Turcorum agmine in prelio illo,
et alii prudentissimorum et fortiorum militum, qui melius7 civitatem pugnando defendebant; numerus
quorum fuit mille et quingenti.8 Alii, qui remanserant vivi, iam amplius non audebant clamitare, vel
garrire, die neque nocte, sicut ante solebant. Omnes itaque nos vel illos solummodo separavit nox,
noxque divisit9 utrosque in preliando, iaculando, spiculando, sagittando. Sic superati sunt inimici nostri
virtute Dei et Sancti Sepulchri, et ulterius10 non valuerunt talem virtutem habere, neque in voce, neque
in opere, sicuti prius. Nos itaque valde fuimus refecti in illa die multis rebus quae satis erant nobis
necessariae, et de equis.
7.18.7 [Hill p. 42] Crastina vero die summo diluculo exierunt alii Turci de civitate, et colligerunt omnia
cadavera foetentia11 Turcorum mortuorum, quae reperire potuerunt super ripam fluminis, exceptis illis
quae in alveo12 latebant eiusdem fluminis; et sepelierunt13 ad machumariam14 quae est ultra pontem
ante portam urbis; simulque15 illis consepelierunt pallia16, bisanteos aureos,17 arcus, sagittas, et alia
plurima instrumenta, quae nominare nequimus.18 Audientes itaque nostri quod humassent mortuos suos
Turci, omnes sese preparaverunt, et venerunt festinantes ad diabolicum atrium,19 et iusserunt desepeliri
et frangi tumbas eorum, et trahi eos extra sepulchra. Et eiecerunt omnia cadavera eorum in quandam
foveam20, et deportaverunt cesa21 capita ad tentoria nostra quatinus22 perfecte sciretur eorum numerus,
excepto quod23 oneraverant quatuor equos, de nuntiis ammirali Babiloniae, et miserant ad mare.24
7.18.8 Quod videntes Turci doluerunt nimis, fueruntque tristes usque ad necem.25 Nam cotidie
dolentes, nichil aliud agebant nisi flere et ululare. Tertia vero die26 coepimus simul iuncti cum gaudio

rept (1) crawl, creep.

Presumably the bridge had arches, not columns.
3
mlior, mlr, mltus strive.
4
a mixed condition (CL): an iterative subjunctive in the protasis would typically have the imperfect indicative in the apodosis, AG 518c.
5
polus, , m. the sky (OLD 2).
6
emirs.
7
well, rather well.
8
quingent, ae, a five hundred.
9
dvid, dvidere, divs, dvsum here make to cease (OLD 4).
10
ulterius, adv. here any more (OLD 2b).
11
foete, foetre stink.
12
alveus, , m. channel, river bed (OLD 3).
13
sepeli, sepelre, sepelv or sepeli, sepultum bury (corpses).
14
the mosque.
15
along with; a rare use in CL (OLD 12).
16
pallium, i, n. cloak. [This seems odd: did Muslims normally bury their dead with grave goods?]
17
gold bezants.
18
[Presumably a way of saying things I cant list in detail rather than things that are so strange I dont know the words for them.]
19
i.e. the mosque.
20
fovea, ae, f. pit.
21
cesa (ML) = caesa (CL).
22
quatinus (ML) = ut (CL).
23
except for the fact that; ablative absolute, with the subject supplied by the quod clause (rare in CL).
24
[Presumably the heads were to from there to Egypt, to underscore news of the Frankish victory.]
25
they were sad to death.
26
March 8.
2

magno aedificare castrum supradictum,1 de lapidibus scilicet quos abstraximus de tumulis Turcorum.
Peracto2 itaque castro, mox coepimus ex omni parte coangustare3 inimicos nostros, quorum superbia
ad nichilum iam erat redacta. Nos autem secure ambulabamus huc et illuc, ad portam4 et ad montaneas,
laudantes et glorificantes Dominum Deum nostrum, cui est honor et gloria per omnia seculorum secula.
Amen.
Explicit liber VII. Incipit liber VIII.

LIBER VIII
8.19.1 [Hill p. 43] Iamiam omnes semitae5 pene prohibitae et incisae6 undique erant Turcis,7 nisi ex
illa parte fluminis ubi erat castrum et quoddam monasterium.8 Quod castrum si fuisset a nobis perfecte
munitum, iam nullus eorum auderet extra civitatis portam exire. Conciliaverunt se denique nostri, et una
voce concorditer dixerunt: Eligamus unum ex nobis, qui robuste9 teneat illud castrum, et nostris
inimicis prohibeat montaneas et plana,10 et introitum urbis ac exitum. Tancredus igitur primus protulit
se ante alios dicens: Si scirem11 quid proficui12 mihi attigerit, ego sedule13 cum meis solummodo
hominibus corroborarem castrum, et viam, per quam inimici nostri solent frequentius saevire,14 viriliter
devetabo illis. Qui continuo spoponderunt15 ei quater centum marcas16 argenti.
8.19.2 Non adquievit17 Tancredus; tamen18 perrexit cum suis honestissimis militibus ac
servientibus,19 et extemplo20 abstulit undique vias Turcis, ita ut nulli auderent ex eis, iam timore eius
perterriti, extra urbis portam exire; neque propter herbam neque propter ligna neque propter ulla
necessaria. Remansit vero ibi Tancredus cum suis, coepitque vehementer ubique coangustare civitatem.
Ipsa21 quoque die veniebat maxima pars Hermeniorum et Suranorum secure22 de montaneis, qui
ferebant alimenta Turcis in adiutorium civitatis. Quibus advenit obviam Tancredus et apprehendit eos, et
omnia quae deferebant; videlicet frumentum, vinum, hordeum23, oleum, et alia [Hill p. 44] huiusmodi.

See 7.18.1-2.
perag, peragere, perg, peractum here finish (OLD 5a).
3
to attack (Hill); in CL coangustare means to make narrow; confine in a small space.
4
Brhier read portum, i.e. the road to St. Simeons Port. Hill argues that portam makes sense if you look at the plan of Antioch, for which see
R. Grousset, Histoire des Croisades, 1.69.
5
smita, ae, f. path, track.
6
incd, incdere, incd, incsum here interrupt (OLD 5a), i.e. block.
7
dative of disadvantage.
8
the monastery of St. George, above St. Georges Gate.
9
firmly.
10
plana = plana loca.
11
The condition is framed as present contrary fact condition (imperfect subjunctive in protasis and apodosis), but the reference in fact is to
future time (devotabo illis).
12
what (of) reward; proficuum in ML can mean profit (Du Cange); for the partitive genitive see AG 346.
13
sdul, adv. carefully.
14
saevi, saevre, saevi, saevtum behave ferociously, rage (OLD 1); i.e. the Turks were using this path to attack the Franks.
15
sponde, spondre, spopond, sponsum promise.
16
marks.
17
acquiesc, acquiescere, acqv here rest, relax (OLD 1).
18
CL would be et.
19
serviens, technically a present participle, means sargeants, i.e. footsoldiers or cavalrymen with inferior to knights in weaponry and social
status (see Russo ad loc.)
20
extempl, adv. at once, immediately.
21
CL would be eadem.
22
confidently.
23
hordeum, , n. barley.
2

Sic itaque robuste et prospere deducebat se Tancredus, iamque habebat prohibitas et incisas omnes
semitas Turcis, donec1 Antiochia esset capta.
8.19.3 Omnia quae egimus antequam urbs esset2 capta nequeo enarrare, quia nemo est in his
partibus3 sive clericus sive laicus qui omnino possit scribere vel narrare, sicut res gesta est. Tamen
aliquantulum dicam.4
8.20.1 Erat quidam ammiratus5 de genere Turcorum cui nomen Pirus6, qui maximam amicitiam
receperat cum Boamundo. Hunc sepe Boamundus pulsabat7 nuntiis adinvicem missis, quo eum infra8
civitatem amicissime reciperet; eique christianitatem liberius promittebat, et eum se divitem facturum
cum multo honore mandabat.9 Consensit ille dictis et promissionibus, dicens: Tres turres custodio,
eique10 libenter ipsas promitto, et, quacunque hora voluerit, in eas eum recolligam.11 Erat itaque
Boamundus iam securus12 de introitu civitatis, et gavisus serenaque mente, placido vultu venit ad omnes
seniores eisque iocunda13 verba intulit, dicens: Viri prudentissimi milites, videte quomodo nos omnes
in nimia paupertate et miseria sumus, maiores sive minores; et ignoramus penitus qua parte melius 14
succedat nobis. Igitur si vobis bonum et honestum videtur, eligat se ante alios unus ex nobis, et si aliquo
modo vel ingenio civitatem adquirere vel ingeniare15 potuerit per se16 vel per alios, concordi voce ei
urbem dono17 concedamus. Qui omnino prohibuerunt, et denegaverunt dicentes: Nemini dimittetur
haec civitas, sed omnes aequaliter habebimus illam. Sicut aequalem habuimus laborem, sic inde
aequalem [Hill p. 45] habeamus honorem. Itaque Boamundus, auditis his verbis, paulominus18
subridens protinus recessit.
8.20.2 Non multo post audivimus nuntios de exercitu hostium nostrorum, Turcorum, Publicanorum,19
Agulanorum,20 Azimitarum,21 et aliarum plurimarum nationum; statimque adunaverunt se omnes
maiores nostri simul, tenueruntque concilium, dicentes quoniam22 si Boamundus potuerit adquirere
civitatem aut per se23 aut per alios, nos una libenti corde ultro ei donamus, eo tenore24 ut si imperator
venerit nobis in adiutorium, et omnem conventionem25 nobis (sicut promisit et iuravit) attendere
voluerit, nos ei eam iure reddemus. Sin autem,26 Boamundus eam in suam habeat potestatem.

until (the time that); the author is not claiming that Tancreds actions caused the fall of Antioch.
CL would be indicative.
3
i..e. in Antioch or vicinity (if the passage was written immediately after the capture). See Brhier ad loc.
4
The events of April and May of 1098, including a truce, have been omitted
5
emir.
6
Firuz; it has been suggested that he was an Armenian [which makes no sense to me since I thought the Armenians were Christians]; see Forse,
J. H. Armenians and the First Crusade. Journal of Medieval History 17 (1991).
7
puls (1) here importune with prayers (OLD 7b).
8
CL would be intra.
9
mand (1) here order, command (OLD 6).
10
i.e. to Bohemond.
11
I will meet, I will welcome.
12
scrus, a, um confident (OLD 3).
13
joking; icundus (icundus) ML = iocsus (CL). [I assume this really means tricky, deceitful.] Russo con gioia.
14
i.e. a better situation.
15
or engineer its downfall (Hill); invent (a way to deal with).
16
per se (ML) = ipse (CL).
17
ei ... dono is a double dative.
18
a little less.
19
Paulicians.
20
Agulani; mentioned at 9.3 above; possibly Albanians from the Caucusus.
21
Azymites. Their identity is disputed; According to Hill they are Armenians, and the Greek words means eaters of unleavened bread (in the
service of Holy Communion / Mass), which was one of the points of contention between the Western and Eastern churches in 1054. See
Loutchitkaja.
22
quoniam in ML can be used like quotation marks; omit in translation.
23
per se (ML) = ipse (CL).
24
with this condition, on this understanding.
25
agreement, pact; conventionem ... attendere seems to mean stand by his agreement.
26
Otherwise (ML).
2

8.20.3 Mox itaque Boamundus coepit humiliter amicum suum1 cotidiana deprecari petitione,
promittendo humillima,2 maxima, et dulcia, in hunc modum: Ecce vere tempus modo habemus
idoneum, in quo possumus operari quicquid boni volumus, ergo adiuvet me nunc amicus meus Pirrus.
Qui3 satis4 gavisus de nuntio, ait se illum adiuvare5 omnino, sicut agere deberet. Nocte itaque
veniente proxima,6 misit caute filium suum pignus7 Boamundo, ut8 securior fieret de introitu urbis.
Misit quoque ei verba in hunc modum, ut in crastinum omnem Francorum gentem summoneri9 faciat, et
quasi in Saracenorum terram depredari vadat10 dissimulet, ac deinde celeriter revertatur per dextram
montaneam11: Ego vero, ait, ero intentione12 erecta prestolans13 illa agmina, eaque recipiam in
turres quas in mea habeo potestate ac custodia.
8.20.4 Dein Boamundus iussit celeriter ad se vocari quendam servientem [Hill p. 46] suum, videlicet
Malam Coronam,14 eique precepit ut quasi preco15 commoneret Francorum maximam gentem,
quatinus16 fideliter prepararet se in Saracenorum itura terram. Factumque est ita. Credidit itaque
Boamundus hoc consilium duci Godefrido, et Flandrensi comiti, comiti quoque de Sancto Egidio, atque
Podiensi episcopo, dicens quia17: Dei favente gracia,18 hac nocte tradetur nobis Antiochia.
8.20.5 Ordinata sunt denique haec omnia. Milites tenuerunt plana et pedites montaneam, tota nocte
equitaverunt et ambulaverunt usque prope auroram, ac deinceps coeperunt appropinquare ad turres quas
ille19 vigil20 custodiebat. Confestim descendit Boamundus et precepit omnibus, dicens: Ite securo
animo et felici concordia, et ascendite per scalam in Antiochiam, quam statim habebimus, si Deo placet,
in nostra custodia. Venerunt illi usque ad scalam quae iam erat erecta et fortiter ligata 21 ad civitatis
moenia, et ascenderunt per illam homines fere sexaginta ex nostris; ac divisi sunt per turres quas ille
observabat.
8.20.6 Videns hoc Pirrus, quod tam pauci ascendissent ex nostris, coepit pavere, timens sibi et nostris,
ne in manus Turcorum inciderent, dixitque: Micr Francos echom22 (hoc est: paucos Francos
habemus). Vbi est acerrimus Boamundus? Vbi est ille invictus? Interim descendit quidam serviens
Longobardus23 deorsum24, et cucurrit quantocius ad Boamundum, dicens: Quid hic stas, vir prudens?

i.e. Firuz.
most flattering.
3
i.e. Firuz
4
satis (ML) = multum (CL).
5
CL would be adiuturum esse.
6
JThe night of June 2, 1098.
7
pignus, pigneris or pignoris, n. pledge.
8
CL would use quo with a comparative.
9
to be summoned.
10
vd, vdere go.
11
Hill: Firuz towers were on the SE corner of the city walls, and thus to the right of St. Georges Gate for the Franks who were camped outside
the gate to the South.
12
intenti, nis, f. concentrated attention (OLD 2).
13
praestlor (1), here wait for.
14
i.e. he was Sargeant Bad-Crown. He is not otherwise known, but thought to be a Norman from South Italy.
15
preco (ML) = praeco (CL), herald.
16
quatinus (ML) = ut (CL).
17
quia in ML can be used like quotation marks; omit in translation.
18
gracia (ML) = gratia (CL); ablative.
19
Firuz.
20
i.e. without going to sleep.
21
lig (1) fasten, bind.
22
Firuz was speaking Greek: Mikrous Frangkous echomen.
23
i.e. man from southern Italy.
24
deorsum, adv. down, in a downward direction (OLD 1).
2

Quamobrem huc venisti?1 Ecce nos iam tres turres habemus! Motus est ille2 cum aliis, et omnes
gaudentes pervenerunt usque ad scalam. Videntes itaque illi, qui iam erant in turribus, [Hill p. 47]
coeperunt iocunda voce clamare: Deus vult! Nos vero idem clamabamus. 3
8.20.7 Nunc coeperunt ilico mirabiliter4 ascendere, ascenderunt tamen, et cucurrerunt festinanter in
alias turres. Quos illic inveniebant, morti tradebant, fratrem quoque Pirri occiderunt. Interea forte rupta
est scala, per quam noster erat ascensus,5 unde inter nos orta est immensa angustia et tristitia.
Quamquam autem scala fuisset fracta, tamen quaedam porta erat iuxta nos clausa, in sinistra parte, quae
quibusdam manebat incognita. Nox namque erat, sed tamen palpando6 et inquirendo invenimus eam,
omnesque cucurrimus ad illam, et, ipsa fracta,7 intravimus per eam.
8.20.8 Tunc innumerabilis fragor8 mirabiliter resonabat per totam urbem. Non adquievit Boamundus
his, sed ilico imperavit honorabile vexillum deferri sursum,9 coram10 castello,11 in quodam monte.12
Omnes vero pariter stridebant in civitate. Summo autem diluculo audientes illi qui foris erant in tentoriis
vehementissimum rumorem strepere per civitatem, exierunt festinantes et viderunt vexillum Boamundi
sursum in monte, celerique cursu properantes, venerunt omnes, et per portas intraverunt in urbem; et
interfecerunt Turcos et Saracenos quos ibi reppererunt, extra illos qui fugerant sursum in castrum.13
8.20.9 Alii vero Turcorum per portas exierunt, et fugientes vivi evaserunt. Cassianus14 vero dominus
illorum timens valde gentem Francorum dedit se omnimodo fugae, cum aliis multis qui erant cum eo; et
fugiendo pervenit in Tancredi terram non longe a civitate. Fatigati vero [Hill p. 48] erant equi eorum,
miseruntque se in quoddam casale,15 et mersi sunt in unam domum. Cognoverunt ergo eum habitatores
illius montaneae,16 scilicet Surani, et Hermenii; et confestim apprehenderunt eum, truncaveruntque
caput illius, et tulerunt ante Boamundi presentiam, ut inde mererentur libertatem accipere. 17 Balteum18
quoque eius et vaginam19 appretiaverunt20 sexaginta bizanteis.
8.20.10 Haec omnia gesta sunt tertia die intrante mense Iunio, quinta feria, III nonas Iunii.21 Omnes
namque plateae22 civitatis iam undique erant plenae cadaveribus mortuorum, ita ut nemo posset sufferre
ibi esse, prae23 nimiis foetoribus.24 Nullus vero poterat ire per semitam civitatis, nisi super cadavera
mortuorum.

Another rhetorical question, i.e. remember what is at stake here!

i.e. Bohemond.
3
I.e. we said Deus vult! too.
4
in amazing numbers.
5
ascensus, s, m. ascent.
6
palp (1) stroke, caress; here presumably pat, feel.
7
ablative absolute; in CL the subject (ipsa) should not be connected with the rest of the sentence (ad illam ... per eam).
8
fragor, ris, m. commotion (OLD 3).
9
sursum, adv. up; in CL normally in an upwards direction.
10
cram before (prep. + abl., OLD 3); here next to.
11
the citadel, still held by the Turks.
12
i.e. one of the hills next to the citadel.
13
i.e. the castellum, the citadel.
14
Yaghi Siyan, governor of Antioch for Milikshah, the Seljuk sultan. Russo refers us to Encyclopedia of Islam, 1, 517.
15
village.
16
of that mountain; montanea (n. pl.) (ML) = mons (CL)
17
as the price of their freedom (Hill); they were not slaves or captives, so presumably this means so that the Franks would spare them.
18
balteum, , n. baldric, i.e. an over the shoulder sword belt; it was the symbol of knighthood.
19
vgna, ae, f. sheath, scabbard.
20
were worth; cp. CL pretium, (i), n.
21
Thursday, June 3.
22
platea, ae, f. street.
23
prae + abl. (ML) = propter + acc. (CL).
24
foetor, ris, m. stench.
2

Explicit liber VIII. Incipit liber IX.

LIBER IX
9.21.1 [Hill p. 49] Curbaram1 princeps militiae soldani2 Persiaedum adhuc3 esset Corrozanum,4
quantocius Cassianus, ammiralius Antiochiae, legationem ei misit, quo sibi succurreret in tempore
oportuno, quoniam gens fortissima Francorum eum5 impeditum6 graviter obsidebat7 in Antiochia, et
si adiutorium ei8 impenderet,9 urbem Antiochenam illi traderet, aut eum maximo munere ditaret.
cumque iam habuisset10 maximum exercitum Turcorum, ex longo collectum tempore, et licentiam
Christianos occidendi accepisset a Calipha,11 illorum apostolico,12 ilico inchoavit iter longae viae
Antiochiae. Hierosolimitanus ammiralius13 in adiutorium cum suo exercitu venit. Rex Damasci14 illuc
venit, cum maxima gente. Idem vero Curbaram congregavit innumeras gentes paganorum, 15 videlicet
Turcos, Arabas, Saracenos, Publicanos, Azimitas, Curtos,16 Persas, Agulanos, et alias multas gentes
innumerabiles. Et Agulani fuerunt numero tria milia; qui neque lanceas neque sagittas neque ulla arma
timebant, quia omnes erant undique cooperti ferro et equi eorum, ipsique nolebant in bellum ferre arma
nisi solummodo gladios.
9.21.2 [Hill p. 50] Isti omnes venerunt in17 obsidionem Antiochiae, ad dispergendum Francorum
collegium.18 Et cum appropinquassent urbi, venit obviam illis Sensadolus19 filius Cassiani20 ammiralii
Antiochiae, et continuo cucurrit ad Curbaram lacrimabiliter rogans eum et dicens: Invictissime princeps,
te supplex precor, quatinus21 modo mihi succurras, quoniam Franci undique obsident me in Antiocheno
oppido, urbemque in suo tenent imperio; nosque alienare22 a regione Romaniae23 sive24 Syriae,
adhuc25 autem et Corrozani,26 cupiunt. Omnia patravere27 quae voluerunt, patrem occidere28 meum:
nichil aliud superest nisi ut me et te et omnes alios ex genere nostro interficiant. Ego namque iamdudum
tuum exspecto29 auxilium, ut mihi succurras in hoc periculo.

Karbuqa / Kerbogah (Cuburam is indeclinable). He was Amir of Mosul, and led the first serious response to the Crusader invasion. The
grammar of what follows is irregular. I have punctuated to indicate an anacolouthon.
2
the Sultan; i.e. Barkyaruq, son of Malikshah.
3
adhc adv. here still (OLD 3b).
4
Khorasan.
5
CL would be se.
6
impedi, impedre, impedv or impedi, impedtum impede, obstruct.
7
CL would be subjunctive, in implied indirect discourse.
8
CL would be sibi.
9
impend, impendere, impend, impensum pay out, spend (CL), i.e. give, bring, send.
10
sc. Curburam.
11
the Abbassid khalif of Baghdad.
12
the Pope.
13
The Emir of Jerusalem, Sukman-ibn-Ortuq.
14
Duqaq.
15
some of the people mentioned are in fact Christian heretics.
16
Kurds.
17
for (purpose).
18
the gathering, the collection.
19
Shems-ed-Daula.
20
Yaghi Siyan.
21
quatinus (ML) = ut (CL).
22
alin (1) transfer (CL); here expell (ML).
23
Rum. The genitive of equivalence is rare in CL.
24
CL would be et.
25
and besides that; adhuc (ML) = praeterea (CL).
26
and even from Khorasan.
27
patr (1) accomplish; third person plural, = patrvrunt.
28
occdere = occdrunt.
29
remember that exspecto means wait for, await.

9.21.3 Cui ait ille: Si vis ut ex toto corde in tuo sim proficuo1 tibique fideliter in hoc succurram
periculo,2 illud oppidum3 in meam trade manum; et tunc videbis qualiter in tuo ero proficuo, idque4
faciam custodire meos homines. Ait illi Sensadolus: Si potes5 omnes Francos occidere, michique
capita eorum tradere, tibi dabo oppidum tibique faciam hominium,6 et in tua fidelitate custodiam illud
oppidum. Cui Curbaram: Non ita inquit erit; sed continuo in meam manum committe castrum. 7
Tandem volens sive nolens commisit illi castrum.
9.21.4 Tertia vero die postquam intravimus civitatem, eorum precursores ante urbem precurrerunt.
Exercitus autem illorum ad pontem Farreum castrametatus est; et expugaverunt turrim, et occiderunt
omnes quos illic invenerunt; et nemo evasit vivus nisi dominus illorum, [Hill p. 51] quem invenimus
ligatum in vinculis ferreis, facto maiore bello.8 Crastina vero die, moto exercitu, paganorum
appropinquaverunt9 urbi, et castrametati sunt inter duo flumina,10 steteruntque ibi per duos dies.
Recepto itaque castro,11 Curbaram convocavit unum ammiralium ex suis, quem sciebat veracem, mitem
et pacificum, et ait illi: Volo ut intres in fidelitatem meam custodire12 hoc castrum, quoniam ex
longissimo tempore scio te fidelissimum, ideoque precor te ut summa cautela hoc serves oppidum. Cui
ait ammiralius: Tibi unquam de tali nollem obedire officio13. Sed tamen hoc faciam, illo tenore, ut si
Franci eiecerint14 vos15 de mortali prelio et vicerint, eis continuo tradam hoc castrum. Dixitque illi
Curbaram: Tam honestum et prudentem te cognosco, ut omne quicquid boni vis agere ego consentiam.
9.21.5 Reversus est itaque Curbaram ad suum exercitum; et protinus Turci deludentes16 Francorum
collegium, detulerunt ante conspectum Curbaram17 quemdam vilissimum ensem18 rubigine19 tectum, et
deterrimum arcum ligneum, et lanceam nimis inutilem, quae abstulerant nuper pauperibus peregrinis;
dixeruntque: Ecce arma, quae attulerunt Franci obviam nobis ad pugnam. Tunc Curbaram coepit
surridere, palam dicens omnibus: Haec sunt arma bellica et nitida20, quae attulerunt Christiani super21
nos in Asiam, quibus putant nos et confidunt expellere ultra confinia Corrozanae, et delere omnia nostra
ultra Amazonia flumina,22 qui propulerunt omnes parentes nostros a Romania et Antiochia urbe regia,
[Hill p. 52] quae est honorabile caput totius Syriae?23

support, assistance; dative of purpose.

[I would take take succurram here as present subjective, parallel to ut in tuo sim proficuo. Hill translates as a future: If you want my sincere
help, I will faithfully give you assistance in this peril.
3
the citadel.
4
id = oppidum.
5
CL would be poteris.
6
homage.
7
i.e. the citadel.
8
when we had fought the Great Battle (Hill); i.e. they rescued the leader from captivity after the battle about to be described. Note that CL
would avoid ending a sentence with an ablative absolute.
9
The subject is the enemy; in CL the subject of the main verb should not closely associated so closely with the subject of the ablative
absolute.
10
the Orontes and the Qara-su.
11
i.e. once the citadel was turned over to him.
12
Infinitive of purpose (ML) with intres in fidelitatem.
13
de tali ... obedire officio means obey an order of this kind. officium (ML) = mandatum (CL).
14
drive you back (Hill).
15
perhaps Plural of Reverence (not CL); or the speaker has switched from the first person singular (tibi) to you (and your soldiers).
16
mocking.
17
here Cubaram (indeclinable) is genitive.
18
ensis, ensis, m. sword.
19
rbg, inis, f. (also rbg), rust.
20
nitidus, a, um shining, bright.
21
super + acc. (ML) = contra + acc. (CL).
22
The Amazons lived, supposedly, somewhere in the steppes of central Asia. Kerbogah speaks like an heir of Greco-Roman mythological
traditions.
23
The reference is to a successful Byzantine campaign of the 10th century.

9.21.6 Mox convocavit suum notarium,1 et ait: Scribe cito plures cartas2 quae in Corrozania sint
legendae; videlicet Caliphae nostro apostolico, ac nostri regi domino Soldano3 militi fortissimo, atque
omnibus prudentissimis Corrozanae militibus, salus et immensus honor. Satis sint leti4 et gavisi
iocunda concordia, et satisfaciant ventribus, imperent et sermocinent 5 per universam regionem illam, ut
omnino dent sese ad petulantiam6 et luxuriam7, multosque filios patrare congaudeant8, qui contra
Christianos fortiter pugnare prevaleant9; et libenter suscipiant haec tria arma, quae olim abstulimus a
Francorum turma,10 et discant modo quae arma attulerunt super nos11 gens Francigena. Adhuc
quoque12 sciant omnes quoniam13 ego cunctos Francos intus in Antiochia conclusos habeo, et castrum
in mea libera teneo voluntate, illi vero deorsum14 sunt in civitate. Habeo etiam omnes illos iam in mea
manu, eosque faciam aut capitalem subire sententiam, aut deduci in Corrozanam in captivitatem nimiam,
eo quod minantur nos suis armis propulsare et expellere ab omnibus finibus nostris; ceu15 eiecerunt
omnes parentes nostros a Romania siue Syria. Amodo16 iuro vobis per Machomet et per omnia deorum
nomina,17 quoniam ante vestram non ero rediturus presentiam, donec regalem urbem Antiochiam et
omnem Suriam sive18 Romaniam atque Bulgariam usque in Apuliam19 adquisiero20 mea forti dextera,
ad deorum [Hill p. 53] honorem et vestrum, et omnium qui sunt ex genere Turcorum. Sic fecit finem
dictis.
9.22.1 Mater vero eiusdem Curbaram quae erat in Aleph21 civitate, denuo22 venit ad eum, dixitque illi
lacrimabiliter: Fili, suntne vera quae audio? Cui ait ille: Quae? Et dixit illa: Audivi quia bellum vis
committere cum Francorum gente. Ait ille: Verum omnino scias. Dixit illa: Contestor 23 te, fili, per
omnium deorum nomina, et per tuam magnam bonitatem, ne bellum cum Francis committas, quoniam tu
es miles invictus, et te e campo24 ab aliquo victore fugientem quisquam minime25 invenit. Diffamata est
tua militia26 ubique, omnesque prudentes milites, audito tuo nomine, contremiscunt. Satis scimus, fili,
quoniam tu es bellipotens et fortis, nullaque gens Christianorum vel paganorum ante tuum conspectum
aliquam virtutem habere potuit; sed fugiebant solummodo audito tuo nomine, sicut oves ante leonis
furorem fugiunt, ideoque obsecro te, karissime fili, ut meis adquiescas consiliis, et ne unquam in tuo
hesites27 animo, aut in tuo inveniatur28 consilio, ut bellum velis incipere cum Christianorum gente.

scribe.
letters.
3
Sultan.
4
leti (ML) = laeti (CL). Perfect passive participle + sum (ML) = imperfect (CL).
5
sermcinor (1) chat, converse (CL), i.e tell, proclaim (ML).
6
petulantia, ae, f. here wantonness, sexual indulgence (OLD c).
7
luxuria, ae, f. indulgence, extravagance (CL), here lust (ML).
8
congaudeant (ML) = gaudeant (CL).
9
praevaleant (ML) = valeant (CL).
10
turma, ae, f. squadron (of cavalry).
11
CL would be in nos.
12
still further.
13
quoniam + indicative or subjunctive can express indirect statement in ML.
14
deorsum, adv. here down below (OLD 2).
15
as (Hill).
16
Henceforth.
17
The Author always assumes that the Muslims are polytheists (Hill).
18
CL would be et.
19
The Author, a follower of Bohemond, had probably been born and bred in southern Italy. Hence he makes the conquest of Apulia the
supreme vaunt of the Muslim leader (Hill).
20
acqur, acqurere, acqus(v), acqustum acquire.
21
Aleppo.
22
dnu, adv. here in turn, then again (OLD 4).
23
contestor (1) call to witness (CL), beseech (ML).
24
battlefield.
25
CL would be non.
26
military talent.
27
let it never be fixed in your mind.
28
impersonal; the subject is ut bellum velis incipere etc.
2

9.22.2 Tum Curbaram, materna audiens monita, feroci respondit sermone: Quid est hoc, mater, quod
mihi refers? Puto quod insanis1, aut furiis es plena. Enimvero mecum habeo plures ammiralios, quam
Christiani sint,2 sive maiores sive minores. Respondit ei mater sua: O dulcissime fili, Christiani
nequeunt vobiscum bellare, scio namque quod non valent vobis pugnam inferre, sed deus eorum pro ipsis
cotidie pugnat, eosque die noctuque sua protectione defendit, et vigilat super eos sicut pastor vigilat
super gregem suam; [Hill p. 54] et non permittit eos laedi nec conturbari ab ulla gente, et quicumque
volunt eis obsistere, idem eorum deus conturbat illos, sicut ait ipse per os David prophetae: Dissipa
gentes quae bella volunt.3 Et alibi: Effunde iram tuam in gentes quae te non noverunt, et in regna
quae nomen tuum non invocaverunt.4
9.22.3 Antequam vero preparati sint ad incipiendum bellum, eorum deus omnipotens et bellipotens
simul cum sanctis5 suis omnes inimicos iam habet devictos; quanto magis modo faciet circa vos qui eius
estis inimici, et qui preparastis vos eis obsistere tota virtute?6 Hoc autem, karissime, in rei veritate
scias, quoniam7 isti Christiani filii Christi vocati sunt8; et, prophetarum ore,9 filii adoptionis et
promissionis,10 et, secundum apostolum,11 heredes Christi sunt,12 quibus Christus hereditates
repromissas iam donavit, dicendo per prophetas: A solis ortu usque ad occasum erunt termini vestri, et
nemo stabit contra vos.13
9.22.4 Et quis potest his dictis contradicere vel obstare? Certe si hoc bellum contra illos incoeperis,
maximum tibi erit dampnum14 ac dedecus,15 et multos fideles tuos milites perdes, et universa spolia
quae apud te habes amittes, et nimio pavore fugiendo everteris. Tu autem in hoc bello non morieris
modo, sed tamen in hoc anno,16 quoniam ipse deus non statim iudicat offendentem se, exerta ira,17 sed,
quando vult, punit eum manifesta vindicta, ideoque timeo ne te iudicet poenali [Hill p. 55] tristitia. Non
morieris, inquam, modo, verumtamen perditurus es inpresentiarum18 habita19.
9.22.5 Curbaram denique valde dolens intimis visceribus, auditis maternis sermonibus, respondit:
Mater karissima, quaeso te, quis dixit tibi ista de gente Christiana, quod deus eorum tantum eos amet, et
quod ipse pugnandi virtutem in se20 retinet21 maximam, et quod illi Christiani vincent nos in
Antiochena prelia,22 et quod ipsi capturi sunt nostra spolia, nosque persecuturi magna victoria; et quod
in hoc anno moriturus sum morte subitanea?23 Tunc respondit ei mater sua dolens: Fili karissime,

insni, insnre, insnu or insni, insnitum be out of ones mind; CL would be present subjunctive (rarely), or acc. + inf.
than there are Christians; in CL quam after a comparative takes the indicative.
3
Psalm 67:31.
4
Psalm 78:6.
5
saints.
6
with all your might (Hall).
7
that.
8
Hall notes that this is not theologically correct; Christians are called the children of God; some MSS make the correction.
9
by the mouth of the prophets (Hall); [Im not sure what this is a reference to]
10
A loose rendering of Romans 9:8 and Galatians 4:5.
11
St. Paul.
12
Cf. Romans 8:17.
13
Loosely quoting Deuteronomy 11:24-25 or Joshua 1:4-5.
14
dampnum (ML) = damnum (CL), loss, damage.
15
ddecus, oris, n. disgrace.
16
but yet in this very year (Hill). [But Karbuqa did not die until October 1101 at the earliest; if this passage was written in the summer of
1098, after the Battle of Antioch (so Hill), would we not expect nec tamen in hoc anno? The whole point is that death should not come quickly.]
17
when his wrath is roused (Hill); [exerta (ML) = exorta (CL).]
18
at the moment; with habita.
19
the things that you have; CL does not use the perfect passive participle as though it were a present passive.
20
within himself.
21
CL would be present subjunctive (rarely), or acc. + inf.
22
prelia (ML) = proelia (CL).
23
subitneus, a, um sudden.
2

ecce sunt plus quam centum annorum tempora,1 de quibus inventum est in nostra pagina2 et in
gentilium voluminibus, quoniam gens Christiana super nos foret ventura, et nos ubique victura, ac super
paganos regnatura; et nostra gens illis ubique erit subdita. Sed ignoro, utrum modo an in futuro3 sint
haec eventura. Ego utique4 misera sum te secuta ab Aleph urbe pulcherrima, in qua speculando atque
ingeniose rimando5 respexi in caelorum astra, et sagaciter scrutata sum planetas, et duodecim signa,
sive6 sortes7 innumeras. In eis omnibus repperi quoniam gens Christiana nos ubique est devictura,
ideoque de te valde timeo nimis maesta, ne ex te remaneam8 orbata.9
9.22.6 Dixit illi Curbaram: Mater karissima, dic michi omnia, quae in corde meo sunt incredula.10
Quae ait: Hoc, karissime, libenter faciam, si sciero ea quae tibi sunt incognita. Cui ille dixit: Non 11
sunt igitur Boamundus et Tancredus Francorum dii, et non eos liberant [Hill p. 56] de12 inimicis suis? et
quod13 ipsi manducant14 in uno quoque prandio duo milia vaccas et quatuor milia porcos? Respondit
mater: Fili karissime, Boamundus et Tancredus mortales sunt sicut alii omnes, sed deus eorum valde
diligit eos prae15 omnibus aliis, et virtutem preliandi16 dat eis prae ceteris. Nam deus illorumest
Omnipotens nomen eius, qui fecit caelum et terram et fundavit maria et omnia quae in eis sunt; 17 cuius
sedes in caelo parata in aeternum, cuius potestas ubique est metuenda. Ait filius: Si 18 ita est causa,
cum eis preliari non desinam. Itaque audiens mater eius quod nullo modo adquiesceret consiliis suis,
maestissima recessit retrorsum in Aleph, deferens secum cuncta spolia quae conducere potuit.
9.23.1 Tertia vero die armavit se Curbaram et maxima pars Turcorum cum eo, veneruntque ad civitatem
ex illa parte in qua erat castrum. Nos autem putantes19 resistere posse illis, paravimus bellum contra
eos. Sed tam magna fuit virtus illorum, quod20 nequivimus illis resistere, sicque coacti intravimus in
civitatem, quibus fuit tam mirabiliter arta21 et angusta porta, ut illic fuerint multi mortui oppressione
aliorum. Interea alii pugnabant extra urbem, alii intus, in quinta feria,22 per totum diem usque ad
vesperam.
9.23.2 Inter haec Willelmus de Grentamenilg,23 et Albricus24 frater eius, et Wido Trursellus25, et
Lambertus Pauper,26 isti omnes timore perterriti de hesterno bello quod duraverat usque ad vesperam,
nocte latenter demissi sunt per murum, fugientes [Hill p. 57] pedibus contra27 mare, ita ut neque in

i.e. it was more than a hundred years ago.

i.e. the Koran; pgina, ae, f. is here a piece of writing, pages (OLD 1c).
3
sc. tempore.
4
utque, adv. without doubt, absolutely.
5
rmor (1) examine, explore.
6
CL would be et.
7
sors, sortis, f. here fortune (OLD 8).
8
CL would be sim.
9
orb (1) deprive, make childless.
10
Karbuqua wants more details; the things he doesnt believe (incredula) are things he doesnt understand.
11
CL would be nonne.
12
CL would be ab.
13
sc. non est.
14
mandc (1) eat.
15
more than.
16
preliandi (ML) = proeliandi (CL).
17
Exodus 20.11.
18
CL would be etsi, even if.
19
expecting; in CL put (1) means think.
20
quod (ML) can = ut (CL).
21
artus, a, um tight, narrow.
22
i.e. Thursday.
23
William of Grandesnil (near Lisieux).
24
Aubr.
25
Guy Trousseau, Lord of Monthry, near Paris.
26
Lambert the Poor, Count of Clermont, near Lige.
27
contra + acc. (ML) = ad + acc. (CL).

manibus neque in pedibus remaneret aliquid nisi solummodo ossa.1 Multique alii fugerunt cum illis,
quos nescio. Venientes igitur ad naves qui erant ad Portum Sancti Symeonis, dixerunt nautis: Quid hic
miseri statis? Omnes nostri mortui sunt, et nos mortem vix evasimus, quia exercitus Turcorum undique
obsident alios in urbe. At illi audientes talia, stabant stupefacti, ac timore perterriti cucurrerunt ad naves
et miserunt se in mare. Deinde supervenientes Turci quos invenerunt occiderunt, et naves quae in alveo
fluminis remanserant, combusserunt igni et apprehenderunt spolia eorum.
9.23.3 Nos denique qui remansimus nequivimus sufferre pondus armorum illorum, fecimusque murum
inter nos et illos, quem custodiebamus diu noctuque. Interea tanta oppressione fuimus oppressi, ut equos
et asinos nostros manducaremus.
9.24.1 Quodam vero die, stantibus nostris maioribus sursum ante castellum tristibus ac dolentibus, venit
quidam sacerdos2 ante eos et dixit: Seniores, si vobis placet, audite rem quamdam, quam in visione
vidi. Cum nocte una3 iacerem in ecclesia Sanctae Mariae matris Domini nostri Iesu Christi, apparuit
mihi Salvator mundi cum sua genitrice et beato Petro apostolorum principe; stetitque ante me et dixit
mihi: Agnoscis me? Cui respondi: Non. His dictis, ecce apparuit integra crux in capita eius. Iterum
ergo interrogavit me Dominus dicens: Agnoscis me? Cui dixi: Te alio modo non [Hill p. 58] agnosco,
nisi quia crucem in capite tui4 cerno sicut Salvatoris nostri. Qui dixit: Ego sum. Statim cecidi ad
pedes eius, rogans humiliter ut subveniret nobis in oppressione illa quae super nos erat. Respondit
Dominus: Bene adiuvi vos, et amodo5 adiuvabo. Ego permisi vos habere Niceam civitatem, et omnia
devincere bella, et conduxi vos huc usque,6 et condolui vestrae miseriae quam passi fuistis in obsidione
Antiochiae. Ecce in auxilio oportuno,7 misi vos sanos et incolumes in civitatem, et ecce: multam
pravamque dilectionem8 operantes,9 cum Christianis et pravis paganis mulieribus, unde immensus
foetor ascendit in caelum.
9.24.2 Tunc alma Virgo et beatus Petrus ceciderunt ad pedes eius, rogantes eum et deprecantes, ut
suum in hac tribulatione adiuvaret populum. Dixitque beatus Petrus: Domine, per tot tempora tenuit
paganorum gens domum meam, in qua multa et ineffabilia mala fecerunt. Modo vero expulsis inimicis
inde, Domine, letantur10 angeli in caelis. Dixitque mihi Dominus: Vade ergo et dic populo meo, ut
revertatur ad me, et ego revertar ad illum, et infra quinque dies mittam ei magnum adiutorium; et cotidie
decantet responsorium Congregati sunt,11 totum cum versu.12 Seniores, si hoc non creditis esse verum,
sinite modo me in hanc scandere turrim, mittamque me deorsum; si vero fuero incolumis, credatis hoc
esse verum, sin autem ullam lesionem13 fuero passus, decollate me, aut in ignem proicite me.

I.e. they were worn down to the bone.

His name was Stephen; see Raymond dAgiles, Historia Francorum. (PL vol. 155, 612).
3
Either with nocte, approaching an indefinite article, or together with (sc. cum sociis).
4
in capiti tui (ML) = in capiti tuo (CL).
5
henceforth.
6
this far.
7
providing timely assistance.
8
enjoyment (?); or selection.
9
sc. vos.
10
letantur (ML) = laetantur (CL).
11
[Hill refers to Psalm 47:5: quoniam ecce reges congregati sunt convenerunt in unum (= Psalm 48.4, For, lo, the kings were assembled, they
passed by together.) But the language appears in medieval breviaries for the 2nd sunday in October, associated with 2nd Maccabees:
Congregati sunt inimici nostri et gloriantur in virtute sua contere fortitudinem illorum domine et disperge illos ut cognoscant quia non est
alius qui pugnet pro nobis nisi tu deus noster. This of course seems much more appropriate to the situation. The same language gets adopted in
Renaissance motets, associated at least some of the time with sieges. Note the motet by Clment Janequen: Congregati sunt, motet quatre
voix in "Liber cantus triginta novem motetos", J. de Buglhat, Ferrara 1538: performance: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Puk8OI0BnUE.]
12
Hill: together with the doxology, i.e. Gloria Patri et Filio etc. [So also Brhier. But see previous note. I would have thought this just meant
that were supposed to sing the whole thing, as it appears in the breviaries]
13
lesionem (ML) = laesionem (CL).
2

9.24.3 Tunc Podiensis episcopus iussit ut adferentur evangelia et crux, quatinus1 iuraret ille si hoc
esset verum. [Hill p. 59] Consiliati sunt omnes maiores nostri in illa hora, ut iurarent omnes
sacramentum quod nullus illorum fugeret neque pro2 morte neque pro vita,3 quamdiu vivi essent.
Primus dicitur iurasse Boamundus, deinde comes Sancti Egidii, et Rotbertus Nortmannus, ac dux
Godefridus, et comes Flandrensis. Tancredus vero iuravit ac promisit tali modo, quia quamdiu secum
quadraginta milites haberet, non solum ex illo bello sed etiam ab Hierosolimitano itinere non esset
recessurus. Nimis autem exsultavit Christiana congregatio, hoc audiens sacramentum.
9.25.1 Erat autem ibi quidam peregrinus de nostro exercitu cui nomen Petrus,4 cui antequam civitatem
intraremus5 apparuit sanctus Andreas apostolus dicens: Quid agis, bone vir? Cui ille respondit: Tu
quis es? Dixit ei apostolus: Ego sum Andreas apostolus. Agnoscas, fili, quia dum6 villam7
intraveris, vadens ad ecclesiam beati Petri ibi invenies lanceam salvatoris nostri Iesu Christi, ex qua in
crucis pendens patibulo8 vulneratus fuit. Haec omnia dicens apostolus, continuo recessit.
9.25.2 Ipse autem timens revelare consilium apostoli, noluit indicare nostris peregrinis. Estimabat 9
autem se visum10 videre. Et dixit ad eum:11 Domine quis hoc crediderit? In illa vero hora accepit
eum sanctus Andreas, et portavit eum usque ad locum ubi lancea erat recondita in terra.
9.25.3 Iterum cum essemus ita ut superius12 diximus, venit sanctus Andreas rursus dicens ei: Quare
non abstulisti [Hill p. 60] lanceam de terra, ut ego tibi precepi? Scias revera, quia quicunque hanc
lanceam portaverit in bello, nunquam ab hoste superabitur. Petrus vero continuo revelavit mysterium
apostoli hominibus nostris. Populus autem non credebat, sed prohibebat dicens: Quomodo possumus
hoc credere? Omnino enim erant paventes, et protinus mori putabant. Accessit itaque ille, et iuravit hoc
totum veracissimum esse; quoniam ei sanctus Andreas bis in visione apparuerat,13 eique dixerat: Surge,
vade, et dic populo Dei ne timeat, sed firmiter toto corde credat in unum verum Deum; eruntque ubique
victuri, et infra quinque dies mandabit eis Dominus talem rem, unde laeti et gavisi manebunt; et si certare
voluerint, mox ut14 exierint unanimiter ad bellum, omnes inimici eorum vincentur, et nemo stabit contra
illos. Audientes itaque quod inimici eorum15 ab eis omnino essent vincendi, protinus coeperunt sese
vivificare, et confortabant se adinvicem dicentes: Expergiscimini,16 et estote ubique fortes ac
prudentes, quoniam in proximo17 erit nobis Deus in adiutorium, et erit maximum refugium populo suo,
quem respicit in merore18 manentem.
9.26.1 Turci denique qui erant seorsum19 in castello, undique tam mirabiliter coangustabant nos, ut
quadam die incluserint tres milites ex nostris in turrim quae erat ante castellum. Exierant namque

quatinus (ML) = ut (CL).

because of.
3
these are really the same thing.
4
Peter, called Bartholemew.
5
CL would be indicative.
6
dum (ML) = cum (CL).
7
the city.
8
patibulum, , n. gibbet.
9
estimabat (ML) = aestimabat (CL).
10
i.e. a dream or a hallicination.
11
i.e. St. Andrew.
12
superius, adv. at an earlier stage in the narrative, above (OLD b). See esp. 9.23.3 above.
13
CL would be subjunctive, in implied indirect discourse.
14
as soon as; mox ut is not CL.
15
CL would be sui.
16
expergiscor, expergisc, experrectus wake up, rouse oneself.
17
soon.
18
merore (ML) = maerore (CL).
19
seorsum, adv. separately.
2

gentiles et irruerant super illos tam acriter, ut nequirent sufferre pondus eorum. Duo ex militibus
exierunt de turri vulnerati, et tertius per totum diem viriliter defendebat se de Turcorum [Hill p. 61]
invasione, tam prudenter ut in ipsa1 die duos Turcos straverit super aditum muri, caesis2 hastis.3
Nam tres hastae detruncatae sunt illi,4 illa die, in manibus suis. Illi5 vero acceperunt capitalem
sententiam. Erat nomen illi Hugo Insanus,6 de exercitu Gosfredi de Monte Scabioso.7
9.26.2 Videns autem vir venerabilis Boamundus quia nullatenus posset conducere gentes sursum in
castellum ad bellumnam qui erant inclusi in domibus timebant, alii fame alii timore Turcorumiratus
est valde iussitque confestim mitti ignem per urbem, in illa parte in qua erat Cassiani 8 palatium. Quod
videntes illi qui erant in civitate, dereliquerunt domos et omnia quae habebant, fugiebantque alii in
castellum, alii ad portam comitis Sancti Egidii, alii ad portam ducis Godefridi, unusquisque ad suam
gentem. Tunc nimia tempestas venti subito surrexit, ita ut nemo posset se regere rectum.9 Boamundus
itaque vir sapiens contristatus est valde, timens pro ecclesia sancti Petri et sanctae Mariae aliisque
ecclesiis. Haec ira10 duravit ab hora tertia usque in mediam noctem, fueruntque crematae fere duo milia
ecclesiarum et domorum. Veniente autem media nocte, statim omnis feritas 11 ignis cecidit.12
9.26.3 Itaque Turci habitantes in castello, intra urbem bellabant nobiscum die noctuque, et nichil aliud
disseparabat nos nisi arma.13 Videntes hoc nostri, quod non possent diu haec pati, quoniam qui habebat
panem non licebat ei manducare, et qui habebat aquam non licebat bibere, [Hill p. 62] fecerunt murum
inter nos et ipsos14 petra15 et calce,16 et edificaverunt castellum et machinas, ut securi essent. Pars
autem Turcorum remansit in castello agendo nobiscum bellum, alia vero pars hospitata erat, prope
castellum, in una valle.
9.26.4 Nocte quippe superveniente, ignis de caelo apparuit ab occidente veniens, et appropinquans
cecidit intra Turcorum exercitus. Vnde mirati sunt et nostri et Turci. Mane autem facto, tremefacti Turci
fugerunt omnes pariter pro17 ignis timore, ante domini Boamundi portam, illicque hospitati sunt.18 Pars
vero quae erat in castello, agebat bellum cum nostris die noctuque, sagittando, vulnerando, occidendo.
Alia autem pars undique obsedit civitatem, ita ut nullus nostrorum civitatem auderet exire aut intrare, nisi
nocte et occulte. Ita vero eramus obsessi19 et oppressi ab illis, quorum numerus fuit innumerabilis. Isti
autem prophani et inimici Dei ita tenebant nos inclusos in urbe Antiochiae,20 ut multi mortui fuerint
fame, quoniam parvus panis vendebatur uno bisantio. De vino non loquar. Equinas namque carnes aut
asininas manducabant, et vendebant. Vendebant quoque gallinam quindecim solidis, ovum duobus

CL would be eadem.
caed, caedere, cecid, caesum strike i.e. use up, destroy (OLD 6)
3
hasta, ae, f.
4
hasta, ae, f. spear, lance.
5
the two Turks.
6
Hugh the Beserk.
7
Godfrey or Humphrey of Monte Scaglioso.
8
Yaghi Siyan.
9
could steer his course aright (Hill).
10
this danger (Hill).
11
ferits, tis, f. ferocity.
12
cad, cadere, cecid, csum fall; here subside (cp. OLD 8).
13
[I assume this just means that they were in close contact, but that neither side could prevail.]
14
CL would be se.
15
petra, ae, f. rock.
16
calx, calcis, f. (m.), limestone, quicklime, i.e. mortar.
17
because of (+ abl.); this ML use is common in the GF.
18
i.e. they made camp.
19
perfect passive participle + eram (ML) = pluperfect (CL).
20
The genitive of equivalence, rare in CL.
2

solidis, unam nucem1 uno denario; omnia enim valde erant cara. Folia2 fici et vitis et cardui3
omniumque arborum coquebant et manducabant, tantam famem immensam habebant. Alii coria 4
caballorum et camelorum et asinorum atque boum seu bufalorum sicca decoquebant, et manducabant.
Istas et multas anxietates ac angustias quas nominare nequeo passi sumus pro5 Christi nomine et Sancti
Sepulchri via deliberanda.6 Tales quoque tribulationes [Hill p. 63] et fames ac timores passi sumus per
viginti sex dies.
9.27.1 Imprudens7 itaque Stephanus Carnotensis comes8 quem omnes nostri maiores elegerant ut
esset ductor nostrorum, maxima finxit se deprimi9 infirmitate10 priusquam Antiochia esset capta,
turpiterque recessit in aliud castrum, quod vocatur Alexandreta.11 Nos itaque cotidie prestolabamur12
eum quatinus13 subveniret nobis in adiutorio qui eramus inclusi in urbe, salutifero carentes auxilio. At
ille postquam audivit gentem Turcorum circumcingentem et obsidentem nos, latenter ascendit super
proximam montaneam quae stabat prope Antiochiam viditque innumerabilia tentoria, vehementique
captus timore recessit, fugitque festinanter cum suo exercitu. Veniens autem in suum castrum,
exspoliavit illud,14 et celeri cursu retro vertit iter.
9.27.2 Postquam vero venit obviam imperatori ad Philomenam,15 seorsum16 vocavit eum secreto
dicens: Scias revera quoniam capta est Antiochia, et17 castrum18 minime19 captum est; nostrique
omnes gravi oppressione obsessi sunt et, ut puto, a Turcis modo interfecti sunt. Revertere ergo retro
quam citius potes, ne et ipsi inveniant te et hanc gentem quam tecum ducis. Tunc imperator timore
perterritus, clam vocavit Widonem20 fratrem Boamundi et quosdem alios, et ait illis: Seniores, quid
faciemus? Ecce omnes nostri districta21 obsessione impediti sunt, et forsitan in hac hora [Hill p. 64]
omnes a Turcorum manibus mortui sunt, aut in captivitatem ducti, sicut iste infelix comes turpiter fugiens
narrat. Si vultis, revertamur retro celeri cursu, ne et nos moriamur repentina morte, quemadmodum et illi
mortui sunt.
9.27.3 Cum Wido, miles honestissimus, talia audisset, cum omnibus statim coepit plorare, atque
vehementissimo ululatu plangere; unaque voce omnes dicebant: O Deus verus, trinus et unus, 22
quamobrem haec fieri permisisti? Cur populum sequentem te in manibus inimicorum incidere permisisti,
et viam tui itineris tuique Sepulchri liberare volentes tam cito dimisisti?23 Certe si verum est hoc
verbum quod ab istis nequissimis audivimus, nos et alii Christiani derelinquemus te; nec te amplius

nux, nucis, f. nut. (Hill: walnut).

folium, (i), n. leaf.
3
carduus, , m. thistle.
4
corium, (i), n. hide; flesh (Hill).
5
for; here with nomine and via deliberanda.
6
delibero (ML) = libero (CL). deliberanda is a gerundive modifiying via.
7
that coward (Hill).
8
Stephen, count of Chartres.
9
dprim, dprimere, dpress, dpressum be weighed down (CL would probably use opprim).
10
infirmits, tis, f. here sickness, ill-health.
11
Alexandretta.
12
here wait for means send for, ask.
13
quatinus (ML) = ut (CL).
14
he took all his goods (Hill).
15
Philomelium, near Iconium (Konieh). Alexius was coming to relieve Antioch (Alexiad 11.6).
16
seorsum, adv. separately.
17
CL would be sed.
18
the citadel.
19
CL would be non.
20
Guy, the half-brother of Bohemond, who was serving as a Byzantine mercenary.
21
distring, distringere, distinx, districtum put opposing strains on; here districtus seems to mean intense.
22
Use of the nominative instead of vocative is poetic in CL.
23
dmitt, dmittere, dms, dmissum here dismiss from ones attention, disregard (OLD 1c), i.e. forsake.
2

rememorabimur, et unus ex nobis non audebit ulterius invocare nomen tuum. Et fuit hic sermo valde
mestissimus1 in tota militia, ita ut nullus illorum sive episcopus sive abbas, seu clericus seu laicus,
auderet invocare Christi nomen per plures dies.
9.27.4 Nemo namque poterat consolari Widonem plorantem et ferientem se manibus suosque
frangentem digitos2 et dicentem: Heu mihi,3 domine mi Boamunde, honor et decus totius mundi,
quem omnis mundus timebat et amabat! Heu mihi tristis!4 Non merui dolens5 tuam videre
honestissimam speciem,6 qui nullam rem magis videre desiderabam. Quis mihi det ut ego moriar pro te,
dulcissime amice et domine? Cur ego ex utero matris meae exiens, non statim mortuus fui? Cur ad hanc
lugubrem diem perveni? Cur non demersus fui in mare? Cur non ex equo cecidi fracto collo, ut
recepissem repentinum interitum? [Hill p. 65] Vtinam tecum recepissem felix martyrium, ut cernerem te
gloriosissimum suscepisse finem! Cumque omnes cucurrissent ad eum quatinus7 consolarentur eum,
ut iam finem daret planctui, in se reversus8 ait: Forsitan creditis huic semicano9 imprudenti militi.
Vnquam10 vere non audivi loqui11 de militia12 aliqua, quam idem13 fecisset. Sed turpiter et inhoneste
recedit, sicut nequissimus et infelix, et quicquid miser nuntiat, sciatis falsum esse.
9.27.5 Interea iussit imperator suis hominibus dicens: Ite et conducite omnes homines istius terrae in
Bulgariam,14 et explorate et devastate universa loca, ut cum venerint Turci, nichil possint hic reperire.
Voluissent noluissent nostri reversi sunt retrorsum, dolentes amarissime usque ad mortem; fueruntque
mortui multi ex peregrinis languentes15 nec valentes fortiter militiam sequi; remanebantque morientes in
via. Omnes vero alii reversi sunt Constantinopolim.
9.28.1 Nos igitur16 auditis sermonibus illius17 qui nobis Christi revelationem retulit per verba apostoli,
statim festinantes pervenimus ad locum in sancti Petri ecclesia, quem ille demonstraverat. Et foderunt ibi
tredecim homines a mane usque ad vesperam, sicque homo ille invenit lanceam sicut indicaverat. Et
acceperunt illam cum magno gaudio et timore, fuitque orta immensa laetitia in tota urbe.
9.28.2 Ab illa hora accepimus inter nos consilium belli. Porro18 statuerunt omnes maiores nostri [Hill
p. [Hill p. 66] concilium, quatinus19 nuntium mitterent ad inimicos Christi Turcos, qui per aliquem
interpretem interrogaret eos, securo eloquio dicens, quamobrem superbissime in Christianorum
introissent terram, et cur castrametati sint, et quare Christi servos occidant et conquassent. 20 Cumque
iam finis esset dictis, invenerunt quosdam viros, Petrum scilicet Heremitam et Herluinum,21 illisque

mestissimus (ML) = maestissimus (CL).

i.e he was wringing his hands.
3
Dative of exclamation (ML) = accusative of exclamation (CL).
4
in ML an adjective can be used without grammatical agreement; cf. the nominative of exclamation.
5
sadly, alas.
6
specis, (), f. sight; appearance; here face.
7
quatinus (ML) = ut (CL).
8
returning to himself, i.e. pulling himself together.
9
smicnus, a, um gray, grizzled.
10
unquam ... non (ML) = numquam (CL).
11
non audivi loqui (ML) = non audivi eum loqui (CL).
12
deed of military valor. Perhaps a translation of a word such as the French chevalerie, deed of chivalry. Morris, C. The Use of the
Anonymous Gesta Francorum as Narrative History. Reading Medieval Studies 19 (1993): 5571, at 63.
13
CL would be is.
14
i.e. the European part of the Byzantine empire.
15
langue, langure be sick, be ill.
16
CL would be interea.
17
i.e. Peter Bartholemew, 9.25.1.
18
porr next, furthermore (CL), here forthwith (Hill).
19
quatinus (ML) = ut (CL).
20
conquass (1) shatter.
21
Herluin.
2

dixerunt haec omnia: Ite ad execratum Turcorum exercitum, et diligenter narrate eis haec omnia,
interrogantes eos, cur audacter et superbissime introierint terram Christianorum et nostram.
9.28.3 His dictis, recesserunt nuntii, veneruntque ad prophanum collegium, dicentes omnia missa verba
Curbaram1 et aliis, ita: Satis multumque mirantur nostri maiores et seniores, quamobrem temere2 ac
superbissime in Christianorum introistis terram et illorum. Putamus forsitan et credimus, quia ideo huc
venistis, quoniam per omnia3 vultis effici Christiani; aut propterea igitur huc venistis, ut per omnia
Christianos afficiatis?4 Rogant vos igitur omnes pariter nostri maiores, ut velociter recedatis a terra Dei
et Christianorum, quam beatus Petrus apostolus iam dudum predicando5 ad Christi culturam convertit.
At illi permittunt adhuc vobiscum deduci omnia vestra, scilicet equos et mulos, et asinos et camelos; oves
quoque et boves, et omnia alia ornamenta6 permittunt vobiscum quocumque volueritis ferre.
9.28.4 Tunc Curbaram, princeps militiae Soldani Persidis, cum omnibus aliis, pleni7 superbia feroci
responderunt sermone: Deum vestrum et vestram christianitatem nec [Hill p. 67] optamus nec volumus,
vosque cum illis omnino respuimus.8 Huc usque iam venimus eo, quod valde miramur quamobrem
seniores ac maiores, quos memoratis, cur terram quam abstulimus effeminatis gentibus 9 illi vocant esse
suam. Vultis namque scire quid vobis dicimus? Revertimini ergo quantocius,10 et dicite vestris
senioribus, quia si per omnia cupiunt11 effici Turci, et deum vestrum, quem vos inclini12 colitis,
abnegare volunt et leges vestras spernere, nos illis hanc et satis plus dabimus de terra, et civitates et
castella, adhuc autem quod nemo vestrorum13 remanebit pedes, sed erunt omnes milites14 sicut et nos
sumus; et habebimus semper eos in summa amicitia. Sin autem,15 sciant se per omnia capitalem
subire16 sententiam, aut deducti in vinculis Corrozanam in captivitate perpetua servient nobis nostrisque
infantibus per sempiterna tempora.
9.28.5 Nuntii vero nostri velociter reversi sunt retrorsum, referentes omnia quae respondisset eis gens
crudelissima. Fertur Herluinus utramque scisse linguam, fuitque interpres Petro Heremitae. Interea
exercitus noster, in utraque tremefactus parte,17 ignorabat quid faceret.18 Ex una enim parte
coangustabat eos cruciabilis fames, in alia constringebat timor Turcorum.
9.29.1 Tandem triduanis expletis ieiuniis,19 et processionibus celebratis ab una ecclesia in aliam, de
peccatis suis confessi sunt et absoluti, fideliterque corpori et sanguini Christi communicaverunt, datisque
elemosinis, fecerunt [Hill p. 68] celebrari missas.20 Deinde stabilitae sunt sex acies, ex eis intra
civitatem. In prima vero acie, in primo videlicet capite,21 fuit Hugo Magnus, cum Francigenis et

Karbuqua, here dative.

temere, adv. recklessly.
3
in any way possible
4
affici, afficere, affc, affectum here harm (OLD 5).
5
by preaching.
6
possessions.
7
pleni is nominative plural, in agreement with Curbaram ... cum omnibus aliis. Presumably a constructio ad sensum.
8
respu, respuere reject.
9
The Byzantines, presumably.
10
as quickly as possible.
11
CL would be cupient.
12
on bended knee [presumably a ML second declension adjective; CL has inclnis, e with bowed head.
13
vestrorum (ML) = vestrum (CL).
14
i.e. knights.
15
otherwise.
16
CL would be subituros esse.
17
in utraque ... parte is explained in the next sentence.
18
the subject is exercitus noster.
19
iinium, (i)i, n. fast, abstinence from food.
20
missa, ae, f. mass, Holy Communion. They established that masses should be celebrated in the future.
21
in the vanguard.
2

Flandrensi comite. In secunda, dux Godefridus cum suo exercitu. In tertia vero fuit Rotbertus
Nortmannus cum suis militibus. In quarta fuit Podiensis episcopus, portans secum lanceam Salvatoris
cum sua gente, et cum exercitu Raimundi comitis Sancti Egidii; qui1 remansit sursum custodire
castellum, pro timore Turcorum, ne descenderent2 in civitatem. In quinta acie fuit Tancredus, cum sua
gente. In sexta fuit Boamundus, cum sua militia. Episcopi nostri et presbyteri3 et clerici ac monachi,4
sacris vestibus induti, nobiscum exierunt cum crucibus, orantes et deprecantes Dominum, ut nos salvos
faceret et custodiret,5 et ab omnibus malis eriperet. Alii6 stabant super murum portae, tenentes sacras
cruces in manibus suis, signando7 et benedicendo nos. Ita nos, ordinati et signo crucis protecti,
exivimus per portam quae est ante machomariam.8
9.29.2 Postquam Curbaram vidit Francorum acies tam pulchre ordinatas exire unam post aliam, dixit:
Sinite eos exire, ut9 melius eos habeamus in potestate nostra. Postquam vero fuerunt foris de urbe,
viditque Curbaram ingentem Francorum gentem, valde timuit. Mox mandavit suo ammiralio, qui omnia
habebat in custodia,10 ut si ille videret ignem accensum in capite hostis,11 protinus [Hill p. 69]
preconari12 faceret13 omnem exercitum redire, sciens Turcos amisisse14 bellum.
9.29.3 Continuo Curbaram coepit paulatim redire retro, contra montaneam; nostrique paulatim
persequebantur illos. Denique divisi sunt Turci; una pars ivit contra mare, et alii steterunt illic,
putantes15 nostros16 includere inter se. Videntes hoc, nostri fecerunt similiter. Illic fuit ordinata acies
septena,17 ex acie ducis Godefridi et comitis Nortmanniae, et caput illius fuit comes Rainaldus. Hanc
miserunt obviam Turcis, qui veniebant a mari. Turci autem preliati sunt cum illis, et sagittando multos
occiderunt ex nostris. Aliae autem turmae18 ordinatae sunt a flumine usque ad montaneam, quod distat
per duo miliaria.19 Coeperunt vero turmae ex utraque parte exire, nostrosque undique circumcingere,
iaculando, sagittando, vulnerando.
9.29.4 Exibant quoque de montaneis innumerabiles exercitus, habentes equos albos, quorum vexilla
omnia erant alba. Videntes itaque nostri hunc exercitum, ignorabant penitus quid hoc esset et qui essent;
donec cognoverunt esse adiutorium Christi, cuius ductores fuerunt sancti Georgius, Mercurius et
Demetrius.20 Hec21 verba credenda sunt, quia plures ex nostris viderunt.
9.29.5 Turci autem qui stabant in parte maris, videntes quod non possent sufferre amplius, miserunt
ignem in herbam, ut videntes, illi qui erant in tentoriis fugerent.22 [Hill p. 70] At illi cognoscentes illud

i.e. Raymond.
a negative purpose clause.
3
priests.
4
monachus, , m. monk.
5
indirect command.
6
presumably other clergymen.
7
i.e. making the sign of the cross.
8
the mosque; this was the gate leading to the bridge over the Orontes.
9
CL would use quo with a comparative.
10
who had charge of the host (Hill).
11
the army.
12
to proclaim; cp. CL praec, nis, m. herald, auctioneer.
13
in ML cause to do something = to do it (the superfluous use of facio).
14
amitto, amittere, ams, amissum here lose (OLD 8).
15
expecting; in CL put (1) means think.
16
nostros is the object of includere.
17
a seventh; in CL septn, ae, a is usually plural, and means seven apiece or (in singular) seven-fold.
18
i.e. Turkish troops; turmae should mean that they were cavalry.
19
mlirium, (i), n. milestone.
20
Saints George, Mercurius and Demetrius, all soldier-saints.
21
hec (ML) = haec (CL).
22
This was the plan described in 9.29.2.
2

signum, arripuerunt omnia honorabilia spolia,1 et fugerunt. Nostri vero paulatim militabant ubi maxima
virtus eorum erat, scilicet ad tentoria illorum. Dux Godefridus, et Flandrensis comes, et Hugo Magnus,
equitabant iuxta aquam, ubi virtus illorum2 erat. Isti primitus,3 signo crucis muniti, unanimiter
invaserunt illos. Videntes hoc, aliae acies simili modo invaserunt illos. Exclamaverunt autem Persae et
Turci. Nos itaque, invocantes Deum vivum et verum, equitavimus contra illos; et in nomine Iesu Christi
et Sancti Sepulchri incepimus bellum, et, Deo iuvante, devicimus eos.
9.29.6 Turci vero tremefacti arripuerunt fugam, nostrique illos persequebantur iuxta tentoria. Itaque
milites Christi magis amabant4 persequi illos quam ulla spolia quaerere. Et persecuti sunt eos usque ad
pontem Farreum, ac deinde usque ad castellum Tancredi. Illi5 vero dimiserunt6 ibi papiliones suos, et
aurum, et argentum, multaque ornamenta; oves quoque et boves, equos et mulos, camelos et asinos,
frumentum et vinum, farinam et alia multa quae nobis erant necessaria.
9.29.7 Hermenii et Surani qui habitabant in illis partibus, audientes nos superasse Turcos, cucurrerunt
ad montaneam obviantes illis; et quantos comprehenderunt, ex illis7 interfecerunt. Nos autem
revertentes ad civitatem cum magno gaudio, laudavimus et benediximus Deum, qui victoriam dedit
populo suo.
9.29.8 Ammiralius itaque, qui castellum custodiebat, videns Curbaram et omnes alios fugientes e campo
ante Francorum exercitum, magis timuit. Statim vero cum [Hill p. 71] magna festinatione petebat
Francorum vexilla.8 Comes igitur Sancti Egidii, qui illic astabat ante castellum, iussit ei9 portari suum
vexillum. Ille10 autem accepit illud, et diligenter misit in turrim. Statim dixerunt Longobardi, qui illic
stabant: Hoc vexillum non est Boamundi. Interrogavit ille et dixit: Cuius est? Qui dixerunt: Sancti
Egidii comitis. Accessit ille,11 et apprehenso vexillo, reddidit comiti.
9.29.9. Ipsa12 vero hora venit vir venerabilis Boamundus, deditque illi suum vexillum. Ille autem illud
accepit cum magno gaudio; et iniit pactum cum domino Boamundo, ut pagani qui vellent 13
Christianitatem recipere essent cum eo, et qui vellent abire, sanos et absque 14 ulla laesione abire
permitteret.15 Consensit ille quicquid ei ammiralius postulavit, et continuo misit suos servientes in
castellum. Non post multos dies baptizatus est ammiralius, cum illis qui Christum recognoscere
maluerunt. Illos vero, qui suas voluerunt tenere leges, fecit dominus Boamundus conduci in
Saracenorum terram.
Hoc bellum16 factum est in IIII kalendas Iulii,17 vigilia apostolorum Petri et Pauli; regnante domino
nostro Iesu Christo, cui est honor et gloria in sempiterna secula. Amen.

valuable possessions.
i.e. the Turks.
3
prmitus, adv. first.
4
they liked, they wanted; here with infinitive.
5
The Turks.
6
dmitt, dmittere, dms, dmissum here give up, leave (OLD 9).
7
sc. tantos.
8
He asked for the Frankish banners as a sign that he had surrendered.
9
i.e. to the amir.
10
i.e. the amir.
11
the amir.
12
ablative absolute; in CL the subject should not be connected with the rest of the sentence.
13
relative clause of characteristic.
14
absque, prep. + abl. here apart from, without (OLD 2).
15
subjunctive in indirect command.
16
bellum, , n. can be battle (OLD 3).
17
28 June. The feast of Peter and Paul is 29 June.
2

Explicit liber IX. Incipit liber X.

LIBER X
10.30.1 [Hill p. 72] Et cum iam essent omnes inimici nostri (Deo trino et uno summoque dignas
referimus grates) per omnia devicti huc illucque fugientes, alii semivivi, alii vulnerati, in vallibus et in
nemoribus1 et in arvis2 et in viis deficiebant mortui. Populus vero Christi, victores scilicet peregrini,
reversi sunt gaudentes felici triumpho,3 devictis hostibus, in civitatem. Statim omnes nostri seniores,
videlicet dux Godefridus, comes Sancti Egidii Raimundus, Boamundus, et comes Nortmanniae,
comesque Flandrensis, et alii omnes miserunt nobilissimum militem Hugonem Magnum imperatori
Constantinopolim,4 ut ad recipiendam civitatem veniret, et conventiones, quas erga5 illos habebat,
expleret. Ivit,6 nec postea rediit.
10.30.2 Postquam vero haec omnia facta sunt, congregati omnes nostri maiores ordinaverunt concilium,
quemadmodum hunc7 feliciter valerent conducere8 et regere populum, donec peragerent iter Sancti
Sepulchri, pro quo hucusque9 multa erant passi pericula. Inventum est in concilio, quia nondum
auderent intrare in paganorum terram, eo quod valde in aestivo tempore est arida et inaquosa; ideoque
acceperunt terminum attendendum10 ad kalendas Novembris.11 Denique divisi sunt seniores, et
unusquisque profectus est in terram suam,12 donec esset prope terminus eundi.13 Feceruntque principes
preconari14 per urbem universam, ut si forte aliquis egens illic adesset et auro argentoque careret,
conventione [Hill p. 73] facta cum illis, remanere si vellet, ab eis15 cum gaudio retentus esset.
10.30.3 Erat autem ibi quidam miles de exercitu comitis Sancti Egidii, cui nomen Raimundus Piletus.16
Hic plurimos retinuit17 homines, milites ac pedites. Egressus est ille cum collecto exercitu ut viriliter
introiit in Saracenorum terram, et profectus est ultra duas civitates et pervenit ad quoddam castrum cui
nomen Talamania.18 Habitatores castri, scilicet Suriani, confestim sua sponte se tradiderunt ei. Cumque
omnes essent ibi fere per octo dies, nuntii venerunt ad eum dicentes quoniam19 hic20 prope nos est
castrum Saracenorum multitudine plenum. Ad hoc castrum ilico ierunt Christi milites peregrini, et
undique invaserunt illud, quod continuo ab illis captum est, Christi adiutorio. Apprehenderunt igitur
omnes illius loci colonos,21 et qui christianitatem recipere noluerunt, occiderunt; qui vero Christum
recognoscere maluerunt, vivos conservaverunt.
10.30.4 Reversi sunt itaque, hoc peracto, nostri Franci cum magno gaudio ad prius castrum. Tertia vero
die exierunt et venerunt ad quamdam urbem cui nomen Marra,22 quae illic erat prope illos. Erant autem

nemus, oris, n. grove.

arvum, , n. plowed field.
3
ablative of manner (AG 412).
4
Accusative of motion toward; for the form of the accusative see AG 82 sv. Paris, Paridis.
5
erga, prep. + acc. for, with regard to, towards.
6
sc. Hugo.
7
with populum.
8
guide.
9
hcusque, adv. here this far, to this extent (CL); here to this point.
10
they agreed to wait till the first of November attendendum is a gerundive in the neuter singular (CL), agreeing with terminum.
11
that they would therefore wait until the beginning of November (Hill).
12
presumably this means something like base of operations.
13
gerund.
14
And the princes proclaimed; (the ML superfluous use of facio).
15
i.e. by the principes.
16
Raymond Pilet, from Limousin. We infer that our author accompanied him on the expedition about to be described.
17
retine, retinre, retinu, retentum here just have (cp. OLD 10).
18
Tell-Mannas.
19
quoniam in ML can be used like quotation marks; omit in translation.
20
hc, adv. here.
21
colnus, , m. farmer.
22
Maarat.
2

ibi multi Turci congregati, et Saraceni ab Aleph1 civitate, et ab omnibus urbibus et castris quae circa
illam sunt. Exierunt ergo barbari contra illos ad bellum, nostrique aestimantes2 luctari3 cum illis
preliando, coegerunt eos in fugam; et tamen reversi, per totum diem invadebant nostros adinvicem, 4 et
usque ad vesperam perduravit illa invasio. Aestus namque erat immensus. Nequibant iam nostri sufferre
tantam sitim, quoniam nullatenus ibi ad bibendum invenire aquam [Hill p. 74] poterant; voluerunt
tamen5 ad illorum castrum secure redire. Pro illorum enim peccatis,6 Suriani et minuta gens7 nimio
pavore correpti, mox coeperunt viam carpere8 retrorsum. Vt autem Turci viderunt illos retrocedentes,
statim coeperunt illos persequi, et victoria illis ministrabat vires.9 Multi namque10 ex ipsis11
reddiderunt animas Deo, cuius amore12 illic congregati fuerant.13 Haec occisio14 facta est quinto die in
mense Iulio. Reversi sunt autem Franci illi qui remanserant in suum castrum; et fuit ibi Raimundus cum
sua gente per plures dies.
10.30.5 Alii vero qui in Antiochia remanserant steterunt in ea cum gaudio et laetitia magna, quorum
rector et pastor extitit Podiensis episcopus. Qui, nutu15 Dei, gravi aegritudine captus est; et, ut Dei
voluntas fuit, migravit ab hoc saeculo, et in pace requiescens obdormivit in Domino, in solempnitate
scilicet sancti Petri quae dicitur Ad Vincula.16 Vnde magna angustia et tribulatio immensusque dolor
fuit in tota Christi militia, quia ille erat sustentamentum pauperum, consilium17 divitum, ipseque
ordinabat clericos, predicabat et summonebat18 milites, dicens quia19: Nemo ex vobis salvari potest
nisi honorificet pauperes et reficiat, vosque non potestis salvari sine illis, ipsique vivere nequeunt sine
vobis. Oportet igitur ut ipsi cotidiana supplicatione pro vestris orent delictis20 Deum, quem in multis
cotidie offenditis. Vnde vos rogo ut pro Dei amore eos diligatis, et in quantum21 potestis, eos
sustentetis.
10.31.1 Non post multum vero temporis venit vir venerabilis Raimundus comes de Sancto Egidio, et
intravit in Saracenorum terram, et pervenit ad quamdam urbem quae vocatur Albara, 22 quam invasit una
[Hill p. 75] cum suo exercitu, eamque continuo cepit; et occidit omnes Saracenos et Saracenas, maiores
et minores,23 quos ibi repperit. Quam postquam suo continuit imperio ad Christi revocavit fidem;
quaesivitque consilium a suis sapientissimis viris, ut episcopum in hac urbe devotissime preordinari
faceret, qui illam ad Christi cultum fideliter revocaret,24 et, de domo diabolica,25 templum Deo vivo et

Aleppo.
expecting; aestim (1) in CL means estimate, assess.
3
luctor (1) contend, struggle.
4
adinvicem here means by turns (ML).
5
CL would be igitur.
6
for their sins (Hill).
7
poor people.
8
carp, carpere, carps, carptum pluck; here press along (a road, a journey); mostly a poetic usage (OLD 8).
9
and victory increased their strength (Hill).
10
then; in CL namque means certainly or for.
11
i.e. the Franks.
12
Ablative of cause (AG 404).
13
CL would be erant.
14
occsi, nis, f. slaughter.
15
ntus, s, m. nod; here a persons nod as the symbol of absolute power (OLD 2b).
16
On the Feast of St. Peters Chains, August 1, 1098.
17
consilium, (i), n. advice, council, i.e. councilor.
18
and he used to give warnings to
19
quia in ML can be used like quotation marks; omit in translation.
20
dlictum, , n. misdeed, offence.
21
in so far as; CL would be quantum (OLD B) or quatenus.
22
al-Bara.
23
I.e. both high-born and low-born (though we might expect old and young).
24
subjunctive in a relative clause of purpose.
25
i.e. (changing it) from (being) a home of the devil, i.e. a mosque.

vero et oracula1 sanctorum consecraret. Novissime2 elegerunt quemdam honorabilem ac

sapientissimum virum et duxere3 illum in Antiochiam ad consecrandum. Factumque est ita. Alii autem
qui in Antiochia remanserant, fuerunt ibidem cum gaudio et laetitia.
10.31.2 Appropinquante vero termino,4 videlicet festo5 Omnium Sanctorum, regressi sunt omnes
maiores nostri in unum, in Antiochiam, omnesque simul coeperunt quaerere qualiter Sancti Sepulchri iter
valerent peragere, dicentes, quoniam appropinquaverat eundi 6 terminus, nulla erat hora ad
conturbandum amplius.7
10.31.3 Boamundus autem quaerebat cotidie conventionem,8 quam omnes seniores olim habuerant ei in
reddendam civitatem9; sed comes Sancti Egidii ad nullam conventionem volebat se emollire10 erga11
Boamundum, eo quod timebat se peierare12 erga imperatorem. Tamen sepe fuerunt congregati in
ecclesia sancti Petri, ad faciendum quod iustum erat. Boamundus recitavit suam conventionem, suumque
ostendit compotum.13 Comes Sancti Egidii similiter sua patefecit verba, et iusiurandum quod fecerat
imperatori, per14 consilium Boamundi.15 Episcopi, et dux Godefridus, [Hill p. 76] Flandrensisque
comes, et comes de Nortmannia, aliique seniores divisi sunt ab aliis,16 et intraverunt ubi est cathedra17
sancti Petri, ut ibi iudicium inter utrumque discernerent.18 Postea vero timentes ne Sancti Sepulchri
via19 proturbaretur,20 noluerunt aperte dicere iudicium.
10.31.4 Ait denique comes Sancti Egidii: Priusquam21 via Sancti Sepulchri remaneat,22 si Boamundus
nobiscum venire voluerit, quicquid nostri pares,23 videlicet dux Godefridus et Flandrensis comes et
Rotbertus Nortmannus aliique seniores, laudaverint, ego fideliter consentiam, salva fidelitate
imperatoris. Hoc totum laudavit Boamundus, et promiserunt ambo in manibus episcoporum, quod nullo
modo per se via Sancti Sepulchri deturbaretur. Tunc accepit Boamundus consilium cum suis hominibus,
quomodo muniret castrum de alta montanea24 hominibus et victu. Similiter comes Sancti Egidii accepit
consilium cum suis, quomodo muniret palatium Cassiani ammiralii,25 et turrim quae est super portam
pontis qui est ex parte portus sancti Symeonismuniret, inquam,26 hominibus et victu, qui27 non
deficeret longo tempore.

chapels, shrines; Niemeyer sv oraculum.

eventually.
3
duxere (duxre) = duxrunt.
4
cf. 10.32.2: requievimus cum gaudio et letitia magna in Antiochia, per quinque menses et octo dies.
5
festum, , n. festival.
6
gerund.
7
it was not time for more quarrelling. Hill prints hora conturbandum amplius but ad conturbandum is found in early MSS and is much easier
Latin.
8
quaerebat ... conventionem means was asking for the agreement to be honored; see 8.20.2.
9
i.e. Antioch.
10
molli, mollre, mollu or moli, moltum to soften.
11
erga, prep. + acc. here with regard to, respecting (OLD 3).
12
pier (1) perjure oneself, swear falsely.
13
calculation; compotus (ML) = computum, , n. (LL).
14
in accordance with; CL would be secundum.
15
on Bohemonds advice. See above 2.6.5.
16
ab aliis = ab aliis senioribus.
17
cathedra, ae, f. arm-chair; in CL used especially of a teachers chair, but in LL also a bishops throne. [So there were Thrones of St. Peter
other than the one in the Vatican??]
18
discern, discernere, discrv, discrtum separate, settle, decide (OLD 3).
19
via (ML) = iter (CL).
20
prturb (1) push out of the way; subjunctive in a clause of fearing.
21
CL would be potius quam.
22
Rather than abandon the journey to the Holy Sepulchre (Hill). In CL remane means remain undisturbed.
23
our peers.
24
The citadel of Antioch.
25
the emir Yaghi Siyan.
26
he would fortify it, I say; the author writes with sudden passion.
27
qui introduces a relative clause of purpose, with turrim as antecedent; non deficeret means survive, hold out.
2

10.32.1 Status Urbis.1 Haec urbs Antiochia scilicet valde est pulchra et honorabilis, quia infra2 muros
eius sunt quatuor montaneae maximae et nimis altae. In altiori3 quoque est castellum aedificatum
mirabile, et nimis forte. De deorsum4 est civitas honorabilis et conveniens, omnibusque ornata
honoribus, quoniam multae [Hill p. 77] ecclesiae sunt in ea aedificatae. Tercenta et sexaginta monasteria
in se continet. Sub suo iugo5 continet patriarcha centum quinquaginta tres episcopos.6
10.32.2 Clauditur civitas duobus muris. Maior quoque valde est altus et mirabiliter latus, magnisque
lapidibus7 compositus; in quo sunt ordinatae quater centum et quinquaginta turres. Modisque omnibus
est civitas formosa. Ab oriente, clauditur quatuor magnis montaneis. Ab occidente, secus 8 muros urbis
fluit quoddam flumen, cui nomen Farfar.9 Quae civitas magnae auctoritatis est. Nam eam prius
septuaginta quinque reges constituerunt,10 quorum fuit caput Antiochus rex, a quo dicitur Antiochia.11
Istam civitatem tenuerunt Franci obsessam, per octo menses et unum diem.12 Postea fuerunt intus
inclusi per tres ebdomadas13 a Turcis et ab aliis paganis, quorum numero nunquam fuit maior
congregatio hominum, vel Christianorum vel paganorum. Tamen adiutorio Dei et Sancti Sepulchri
devictis illis a Christianis Dei,14 requievimus cum gaudio et letitia magna in Antiochia, per quinque
menses et octo dies.15
10.33.1 Quibus expletis, mense Novembrio discessit Raimundus comes Sancti Egidii cum suo exercitu ab
Antiochia, venitque per unam civitatem, quae vocatur Rugia,16 et per aliam quae dicitur Albaria.17
Quarto vero die exeunte Novembrio18 pervenit ad Marram civitatem,19 in qua maxima multitudo
Saracenorum et Turcorum et Arabum aliorumque paganorum est congregata, ipseque comes in
crastinum20 invasit eam. Non post multum [Hill p. 78] vero temporis Boamundus cum suo exercitu
secutus est comites,21 et applicitus est22 cum eis in die dominica. Secunda vero feria23 nimis fortiter
invaserunt undique civitatem, et tam acriter tamque fortiter, ut scalae starent erectae ad murum. Sed tam
maxima24 virtus paganorum25 erat, quod illa die nichil eos offendere aut nocere potuerunt.
10.33.2 Videntes autem seniores26 quia nichil agere poterant, et frustra laborabant, facit Raimundus
comes de Sancto Egidio fieri quoddam ligneum castrum forte et altum. Quod castrum ingeniatum27 et

Some editors treat this description of Antioch as an appendix; Hill argues for its inclusion here.
CL would be intra.
3
the comparative in ML can = superlative.
4
Down below; de deorsum (ML) = deorsum (CL).
5
iugum, , n. yoke.
6
Hill suggests that this means simply a very large number; see John 21:11.
7
ablative of source.
8
along side of; secus in CL can rarely be a preposition + acc.
9
the Orontes.
10
According to Brhier, Tudebode (p. 89) gives a list of 75 entirely fictional names.
11
In fact Antioch was founded by Seleucus Nicator, and named for his father Antiochus (300 BCE).
12
21 October 1097 to 3 June 1098 (seven months and fifteen days).
13
5 June to 28 June, 1098.
14
Dei seems superfluous, and is not translated by Hill.
15
28 June to 28 November 1098.
16
Riha.
17
al-Bara.
18
28 November. Novembrio = mense Novembrio.
19
Marra.
20
crastinus, a, um of tomorrow; in crastinum means on the next day (OLD).
21
i.e. Count Raymond and the other counts.
22
applic (1) join.
23
on Monday.
24
in ML tam can modify a superlative and means simply very.
25
quod (ML) can = ut (CL).
26
Nominative absolute (ML).
27
was engineered.

aedificatum erat super quatuor rotas; super quod stabant plures milites, et Eurardus Venator 1 tubam
fortiter sonans. Subter2 vero erant armati milites, qui deduxerunt castrum usque prope urbis murum
iuxta turrim quamdam. Quod videns gens pagana, statim fecerunt instrumentum quo iactabant maximos
lapides super castrum, ita ut pene nostros milites occiderent. Iaciebant quoque grecos ignes 3 super
castrum, putantes illud ardere et devastari.4 Sed Deus omnipotens noluit ut castrum arderet hac vice.5
10.33.3 Supereminebat6 vero omnes muros civitatis. Milites igitur nostri qui erant in superiori
solario,7 videlicet Willelmus de Monte Pislerio8 et alii multi, iactabant immensos lapides super illos
qui stabant in muro urbis, et ita percutiebant eos super9 clipeos, ut clipeus et inimicus caderent deorsum
in civitatem in mortem. Ita faciebant isti, alii vero tenebant in hastis honorabilia signa, 10 et cum11
lanceis et hamis12 ferreis putabant eos trahere ad se, et sic preliati sunt usque ad vesperam. Retro 13
castrum stabant presbyteri, clerici, sacris vestibus induti, orantes et obsecrantes Deum ut suum defenderet
[Hill p. 79] populum, et Christianitatem exaltaret, ac paganismum deponeret.14
10.33.4 In alia vero parte certabant nostri milites cotidie cum illis, erigentes scalas ad murum urbis, sed
virtus paganorum erat tanta, ut nichil proficere nostri possent. Tamen Gulferius de Daturre15 primus
ascendit per scalam in murum, sed statim fuit fracta scala pro multitudine16 aliorum; tamen ascendit ipse
cum aliquantis17 supra murum. Illi autem qui ascenderant, expediebant18 circa illos murum. Alii
quoque invenerunt aliam scalam, erexeruntque eam festinanter ad murum, et ascenderunt per eam multi
milites et pedites, statimque ascenderunt super murum. Saraceni igitur tam robuste invaserunt illos per
murum et per terram, sagittando et spiculando comminus cum19 suis lanceis, ut multi ex nostris timore
perterriti demitterent se per murum. Tamdiu vero illi prudentissimi viri qui remanserant in muro
sufferebant illorum persecutionem, quamdiu20 alii qui subter21 castrum erant foderunt murum urbis.
Videntes vero Saraceni quod nostri fodissent murum, statim timore perterriti inierunt fugam in civitatem.
Hoc totum factum est in die sabbati ad horam vesperi occidente sole, undecima die intrante Decembri. 22
10.33.5 Boamundus igitur fecit per interpretem loqui Saracenis maioribus, ut ipsi cum suis mulieribus et
infantibus aliisque substantiis mitterent se in unum palatium quod est supra portam, ipseque defenderet 23
eos de24 mortali sententia. Intraverunt vero omnes nostri in civitatem, et quicquid boni invenerunt in
domibus et in foveis,25 hoc unusquisque ad suum continebat proprium.26 Facto [Hill p. 80] autem die,

Everard the Huntsman.

subter, adv. underneath.
3
Greek fire. The term was used for any kind of incendiary weapon, as well as the famous Byzantine weapon.
4
CL would be ardituros et devastaturos esse.
5
this time.
6
supermine, superminre project over, be taller than; the subject is the castrum.
7
slrium, (i), n. balcony.
8
William of Montpellier.
9
upon.
10
i.e. there were pennants decorating the spears (so Hill, who says I do not understand the significance of these spears.)
11
by means of; this use of cum + abl. is rare in CL (OLD 11).
12
hmus, , m. hook.
13
behind; retr (normally an adverb) can be a preposition + acc. (OLD 2c).
14
dpn, dpnere, dposu, dpos(i)tum here pull down, demolish (OLD 4).
15
Geoffrey of Lastours (Lastours near Nexon, Haute-Vienne).
16
pro multitudinem (ML) = propter multitudinem (CL).
17
aliquantus, a, um a certain number.
18
expedi, expedre, expedv or expedi, expedtum disengage (OLD 1), i.e. clear (with murum).
19
by means of; this use of cum + abl. is rare in CL (OLD 11).
20
here until (ML).
21
subter, adv. underneath.
22
11 December.
23
indirect statement, introduced by ut, which also introduced an indirect command (mitterent).
24
CL would be a mortali sententia.
25
fovea, ae, f. pit (CL), here cellar.
26
kept for his own.
2

ubicunque reperiebant quemquam illorum sive masculum sive feminam, occidebant. Nullus angulus
civitatis deerat vacuus Saracenorum cadaveribus, vixque poterat aliquis per vias ire civitatis, nisi
calcando1 super Saracenorum cadavera. Boamundus denique illos quos iusserat in palatium intrare
apprehendit, illisque abstulit omnia quae habebant, videlicet aurum, argentum, aliaque ornamenta; alios
vero fecit occidi, alios autem iussit conduci ad vendendum Antiochiae.
10.33.6 Mora autem Francorum fuit in illa urbe per unum mensem et quatuor dies; in qua fuit mortuus
Oriensis episcopus.2 Fuerunt ibi ex nostris qui illic non invenerunt sicuti opus eis erat,3 tantum ex
longa mora, quantum ex districtione famis, quia foris4 nequiverant aliquid invenire ad capiendum, sed
scindebant corpora mortuorum, eo quod in ventribus eorum inveniebant bisanteos reconditos; alii vero
caedebant carnes eorum per frusta,5 et coquebant ad manducandum.
10.34.1 Boamundus autem non potuit apud comitem Sancti Egidii concordari super id quod petebat,6
iratusque reversus est Antiochiam. Comes igitur Raimundus non diu moratus mandavit per suos legatos
Antiochiae,7 duci Godefrido et Flandrensi comiti ac Rotberto Nortmanno et Boamundo, ut ipsi venirent
ad Rugiam civitatem8 loqui cum eo. Veneruntque illuc omnes seniores feceruntque concilium quomodo
honeste possent tenere viam Sancti Sepulchri, pro qua moti sunt et huc usque9 perventum sit.
Nequiverunt concordare Boamundum cum Raimundo, nisi Raimundus comes redderet Antiochiam ei.
Noluit comes ad hoc assentire, pro fiducia quam fecerat imperatori. Comites denique [Hill p. 81] et dux
reversi sunt in Antiochiam una cum Boamundo. Comes vero Raimundus reversus est ad Marram,10 ubi
peregrini erant. Mandavit quoque suis militibus honestare11 palatium, et castellum quod erat supra
portam pontis civitatis.
10.34.2 Videns autem Raimundus quod nullus seniorum voluisset, causa eius, ire in viam Sancti
Sepulchri, exivit nudis pedibus de Marra, decima tertia die intrante Ianuario,12 et pervenit usque
Capharda,13 fuitque ibi per tres dies. Illic adiunxit se comes Normanniae comiti Raimundo. Rex autem
Caesareae14 multotiens15 mandaverat per suos nuntios comiti Marrae et Caphardae quod cum eo pacem
vellet habere, et de suo16 precium17 ei daret; et Christianos peregrinos diligeret, fiduciamque faceret
quia, quantum continet eius18 imperium,19 peregrinis non esset offendiculum20; et mercatum de equis et
de corporalibus alimentis daret gaudenter.

calc (1) trample.

The Bishop of Orange.
3
what they needed.
4
i.e. outside the walls.
5
frustum, , n. scrap of food i.e. slice, hunk.
6
The details are given by Raimond dAguilers, 14, p. 270. The dispute was about when to proceed to Jerusalem.
7
I take Antiochae as locative; Raymond sent his message via legati who were in Antioch (presumably after travelling there). Hill translates as
though Antiochae were dative, instead of accusative as we would expect in CL; in this case duci Godefrido ... Boamundo are datives parallel to
Antiochae: sent messengers to Antioch, asking Duke Godfrey ... and Bohemond to come and hold a conference with him at Riha.
8
Riha.
9
this far.
10
Maarat.
11
honest (1) adorn (OLD 3), here fortify.
12
January 13.
13
Kafartab.
14
i.e. the amir of Shaizar, Ali ibn Munqidh.
15
frequently.
16
from his own resources.
17
precium (ML) = pretium (CL), i.e. indemnity.
18
CL would be suum.
19
sc. eos, = peregrinos, i.e. as long as they were in his territory.
20
the smallest offense.
2

10.34.3 Exierunt autem nostri et venerunt hospitari iuxta Caesaream, super fluvium Farfar.1 Cumque
vidisset rex Caesareae contubernium Francorum tam prope civitatem hospitatum esse, doluit animo, et
iussit illis devetari2 mercatum, nisi discederent a civitatis confinio. Crastina vero die misit cum illis3
duos Turcos suos videlicet nuntios, qui eis monstrarent fluminis vadum,4 eosque conducerent ubi
invenire possent ad capiendum.5 Denique venerunt in vallem quamdam subter quoddam castrum,
ibique depredati sunt plus quam quinque animalium milia, et [Hill p. 82] satis frumenti atque alia bona,
unde valde fuit refecta tota Christi militia. Tamen illud castrum6 reddidit se comiti, eique dedit equos
et aurum purissimum; et iuraverunt sua lege7 quod peregrinis nil exinde fieret mali. Fuimusque ibi per
quinque dies.
10.34.4 Egressi etenim8 inde, pervenimus gaudentes hospitari ad quoddam Arabum castrum. Exivit
igitur dominus castri, et concordatus est cum comite. Exeuntes vero inde, pervenimus ad quamdam
civitatem pulcherrimam et omnibus bonis refertam, in quadam valle sitam, nomine Kephaliam. 9
Habitatores vero illius, audientes Francos venisse, dimiserunt urbem, et ortos10 plenos oleribus11, et
domos plenas alimentis corporalibus, et fugerunt. Tertia die egressi ab illa urbe, transivimus per altam et
immensam montaneam, et intravimus in vallem de Sem;12 in qua erat maxima ubertas omnibus bonis;
fuimusque ibi per dies fere quindecim. Hic prope nos erat quoddam castrum, in quo erat congregata
maxima paganorum multitudo. Quod castrum aggressi sunt nostri, idque fortiter superassent, nisi
Saraceni iactassent foras immensas turmas13 animalium.14 Reversi sunt nostri, deferentes omnia bona
ad sua tentoria.
10.34.5 Summo autem diluculo collegerunt15 nostri suos papiliones, et venerunt obsidere idem16
castrum, ibique putabant extendere tentoria; sed gens pagana omnino dedit sese fugae, ac dimiserunt 17
castrum vacuum. Intrantes autem nostri invenerunt ibi omnem abundantiam frumenti, vini, farinae, olei,
et quicquid eis opus erat. Illic devotissime celebravimus festivitatem purificationis sanctae Mariae, 18
[Hill p. [Hill p. 83] veneruntque illic nuntii de Camela civitate.19 Rex namque illius mandavit comiti
equos, aurum,20 et pactus est cum eo quod21 Christianos nullomodo offenderet, sed eos diligeret et
honoraret. Rex autem Tripolis22 mandavit comiti, quoniam cum eo fideliter pactum iniret et amicitiam
haberet, si ei placeret, misitque illi equos decem et quatuor mulas et aurum. Sed comes ait nullomodo
cum eo pacem se recipere, nisi ille Christianus efficeretur.

The Orontes.
to be prohibited.
3
i.e. with the Franks.
4
vadum, , n. shallow water, ford.
5
that which they could plunder.
6
i.e. the garrison.
7
and swore on the Koran (Hill).
8
and; in CL etenim means and in fact.
9
Kephalia, formerly called Raphania.
10
ortus (ML) = hortus (CL), garden.
11
(h)olus, eris, n. vegetables.
12
Probably al-Boukeia.
13
turma, ae, f. troop, squadron (of cavalry); here herd.
14
I assume this means that the saracens were handing over their animals as plunder, hoping the crusaders would not need to capture the
stronghold.
15
collig, colligere, collg, collectum collect, here pack up.
16
CL would be id.
17
the subject is gens pagana, treated here as if plural.
18
Candlemas, 2 February.
19
Modern Homs, which the Franks called She-Camel, i.e. La Chamelle (the reasons for this are not known). It was governed by Janah alDawla, atabek of Rudwan of Aleppo.
20
the conjunction is omitted.
21
quod (ML) can = ut (CL).
22
Tripoli was independent, ruled by Fakhr al-Mulk ibn Ammar.
2

10.34.6 Exeuntes autem de optima valle, pervenimus ad quoddam castrum quod dicitur Archae,1 in die
lunae scilicet secunda feria mediante Februario;2 circa quod tentoria tetendimus. Quod castrum plenum
erat innumerabili gente [Hill p. 84] paganorum, videlicet Turcorum, Saracenorum, Arabum,
Publicanorum, et mirabiliter munierant castrum illud, et defendebant se fortiter. Tunc exeuntes
quatuordecim ex nostris militibus, ierunt contra Tripolim urbem, quae erat secus3 nos. Isti
quatuordecim invenerunt circa sexaginta Turcos, et alios quosdam; qui habebant ante se collectos
homines, et animalia plus quam mille quingenta. Qui,4 signo crucis muniti, invaserunt eos, et Deo
iuvante mirabiliter superaverunt illos, et occiderunt sex ex illis, apprehenderuntque sex equos.
10.34.7 De exercitu vero Raimundi comitis exierunt Raimundus Piletus,5 et Raimundus vicecomes de
Tentoria,6 veneruntque ante Tortosam civitatem,7 et fortiter aggrediuntur illam. Quae nimis erat
munita multitudine paganorum. Sero autem iam facto,8 secesserunt9 in quemdam angulum, ibique
hospitati sunt10; feceruntque innumerabiles ignes, ita ut11 tota hostis esset ibi. Pagani vero timore
perterriti nocte latenter fugerunt, et dimiserunt civitatem plenam omnibus bonis, quae etiam valde 12
optimum portum secus13 mare in se retinet. Crastina autem die venerunt nostri, ut undique invaderent
illam inveneruntque illam vacuam. Et intrantes habitaverunt in ea usque dum obsessio esset 14 ante
urbem Archae.15 Est prope istam alia urbs, quae dicitur Maraclea.16 Amiralius qui eam regebat pactus
est cum nostris, et misit17 nostros in civitatem, nostraque vexilla.
10.35.1 Dux quoque Godefridus et Boamundus, Flandrensisque comes, venerunt usque ad Lichiam
civitatem.18 Disseparavit enim se Boamundus19 ab eis, et reversus est Antiochiam. Illi vero venerunt,
et obsederunt quandam urbem cui nomen Gibellum.20 Audiens itaque Raimundus comes de Sancto
Egidio quod innumerabilis paganorum gens rueret super nos ad certum bellum, ilico consilium habuit
cum suis ut mandet21 senioribus qui sunt in obsidione Gibelli, quatinus22 eis subvenirent. Quod illi
audientes, statim pacti sunt cum amiralio, facientes pacem cum eo, et acceperunt equos, et aurum;
dimiseruntque urbem, venientes ad nos in adiutorium; sed illi non venerunt ad bellum contra nos. Itaque
comites predicti hospitati sunt ultra flumen, ibique obsederunt castrum illud.23

Arqa, on the coast, north-east of Tripoli.

The second Monday in February.
3
alongside.
4
i.e. the fourteen Frankish knights.
5
Raymond Pilet.
6
Raymond, vicomte of Turenne. According to Hill the title vicecomes is not really translatable; it is a rank lower than that of count, but not
equivalent to the English viscount.
7
Tortosa, a port to the north of Tripoli.
8
i.e. after nightfall.
9
The subject is the Franks.
10
they encamped.
11
as though.
12
in ML valde can modify a superlative and means simply very.
13
alongside.
14
CL would be indicative (the subjunctive with usque dum would suggest design or intention).
15
Arqa.
16
Marakia.
17
misit = admisit.
18
Laodicea, modern Latakia.
19
Note that Bohemond is no longer given the respectful titles and epithets as in the earlier narrative; scholars have inferred that our author is
unhappy about Bohemonds desertion of the march on Jerusalem.
20
Gibel, modern Djibleh.
21
CL would be imperfect subjunctive, in secondary sequence.
22
quatinus (ML) = ut (CL).
23
i.e. Arqa.
2

10.35.2 Non multo post equitaverunt nostri contra Tripolim, inveneruntque extra civitatem Turcos,
Arabes, et Saracenos, [Hill p. 85] quos invaserunt nostri, et miserunt eos in fugam; et occiderunt
maximam partem nobilium urbis. Tanta fuit paganorum occisio, et sanguinis effusio, ut etiam aqua, quae
in civitate fluebat, videretur rubere et fluere in cisternas eorum, unde valde fuerunt tristes alii 1
dolentesque. Iam vero erant tanto timore perterriti, ut nullus eorum auderet exire extra civitatis portam.
10.35.3 Alia vero die equitaverunt nostri ultra de Sem, et invenerunt boves et oves et asinos, multaque
animalia, camelos quoque depredati sunt fere tria milia.2 Obsedimus vero castrum supra dictum3 per
tres menses, minus una die; ibique pascha Domini celebravimus IIII idus Aprilis.4 Naves quippe
nostrae5 venerunt prope nos in quendam portum, quamdiu fuimus in illa obsidione deferentes maximum
mercatum, scilicet frumentum, vinum et carnem et caseum, et ordeum6, et oleum, unde maxima ubertas
fuit in tota expeditione.7 In illa denique obsidione feliciter acceperunt martyrium plures8 ex nostris,
videlicet Anselmus de Riboatmont,9 Willelmus Picardus,10 et alii plures quos ignoro. Rex quoque
Tripolis sepe nuntios mittebat senioribus ut dimitterent castrum, et cum eo concordarentur. Audientes
itaque nostri hoc, scilicet dux Godefridus, et Raimundus comes Sancti Egidii, ac Rotbertus Normannus,
Flandrensisque comes, videntesque novos fructus11 properasse, quia in medio Martio comedebamus
novellas fabas12, medio quoque Aprili frumentum, consiliati sunt nostri, dicentes bonum valde esse
Hierosolimitanum iter explere, cum novis fructibus.
10.36.1 Discessimus igitur a castro, et pervenimus Tripolim in sexta feria, XIIImo die intrante Maio,13
ibique [Hill p. 86] fuimus per tres dies. Tandem concordatus est rex Tripolis cum senioribus, illisque
continuo dissoluit14 plus quam trecentos peregrinos, qui illic capti erant; deditque illis quindecim milia
bisanteos, et quindecim equos magni precii.15 Dedit etiam nobis magnum mercatum equorum,
asinorum, omniumque bonorum, unde nimis ditata est16 omnis Christi militia. Pactus est vero cum illis,
quia si bellum, quod eis amiralius Babiloniae17 parabat, possent devincere, et Hierusalem apprehendere,
ille Christianus efficeretur, terramque ab eis recognosceret.18 Atque tali modo factum est placitum.19
10.36.2 Nos autem discessimus ab urbe20 in secunda feria mensis Maii,21 transivimusque per viam
artam et arduam tota die et nocte et pervenimus ad castrum cui nomen Bethelon; 22 deinde ad urbem quae
dicitur Zebari23 secus24 mare, in qua passi sumus nimiam sitim, et sic defessi pervenimus ad flumen cui

[I dont quite understand the alii: some were tristes, and others were dolentes?]
I have retained the standard text, but 3000 camels seems an impossible amount. Should we punctuate so that they took 3000 animals in all?
i.e. invenerunt boves et oves et asinos, multaque animalia, camelos quoque; depredati s3unt fere tria milia.
3
i.e. Arqa.
4
April 10.
5
The Genoese fleet mentioned above as being at St. Simeons Port near Antioch.
6
hordeum (ordeum), , n. barley.
7
in the whole army.
8
many.
9
Anselm of Ribemont.
10
William the Picard.
11
fructus, s, m. crops (OLD 3), i.e. harvest.
12
faba, ae, f. bean.
13
Friday, May 13.
14
dissolv, dissolvere, dissolu, dissoltum set free (OLD 3).
15
precii (ML) = pretii (CL).
16
dt (1) enrich (CL), here supply.
17
Al-Afdal, the Fatamid commander in Egypt.
18
he would acknowledge that (he held) his land as dependent on them.
19
placitum, , n. here agreement.
20
Tripoli.
21
a Monday in May.
22
Bethelon, modern Batrun.
23
Gibelon, i.e. Byblos.
24
alongside.
2

nomen Braym.1 Deinde transivimus nocte ac die ascensionis Domini2 per montem, in quo est via
nimis angusta, et illic putavimus inimicos insidiantes nobis invenire, sed Deo annuente nullus eorum
audebat properare ante3 nos. Nostri denique milites, precedentes nos,4 liberaverunt ante nos viam
illam, et applicuimus5 ad civitatem iuxta mare, quae dicitur Baruth,6 et inde venimus ad aliam urbem
quae vocatur Sagitta,7 dehinc ad aliam, quae dicitur Sur,8 [Hill p. 87] et de Sur ad Acram civitatem.9
10.36.3 De Acra vero venimus ad castrum cui nomen Cayphas,10 ac deinceps hospitati sumus iuxta
Caesaream,11 ibique celebravimus Pentecosten, tertia die exeunte Maio.12 Denique venimus ad urbem
Ramola,13 quam Saraceni dimiserant vacuam propter metum Francorum. Iuxta quam erat honorabilis
ecclesia in qua requievit preciosissimum sancti Georgii corpus, quia illic a perfidis paganis pro Christi
nomine feliciter martyrium suscepit.14 Ibi consiliati sunt nostri maiores, ut illic eligerent episcopum,15
qui hanc custodiret et erigeret ecclesiam.16 Cui17 suas dederunt decimas,18 et auro argentoque
ditaverunt, et equis ac animalibus aliis, quo devote et honeste viveret, cum illis qui cum eo essent.
10.37.1 Remansit19 ipse illic cum gaudio, nos autem letantes et exultantes, usque ad civitatem
Hierusalem pervenimus feria tertia, VIII idus Iunii,20 eamque mirabiliter obsedimus. Rotbertus namque
Normannus eam obsedit a septentrione,21 iuxta sancti Stephani prothomartyris ecclesiam,22 ubi
lapidatus est pro nomine Christi. Iuxta Rotbertum, Flandrensis comes.23 Ab occidente vero obsedit eam
dux Godefridus et Tancredus. A meridie obsedit eam comes Sancti Egidii, scilicet in monte Sion,
circa24 ecclesiam sanctae Mariae matris Domini, ubi Dominus cum suis cenavit discipulis.25
10.37.2 Tertia vero die ex nostris,26 scilicet Raimundus Piletus27 et Raimundus de Taurina28 et alii
plures, causa preliandi, [Hill p. 88] sequestraverunt se ab exercitu, inveneruntque bis centum Arabes, et

The Nahr Ibrahim.

Ascension Day, 19 May 1099.
3
ante (ML) = prope (CL).
4
According to Hill, some scholars take this to mean that our author had lost his horse and was no longer a proper knight (miles), but she takes it
to mean simply that Raymond sent out some of his own knights in the vanguard. See also Morris, C. The Use of the Anonymous Gesta
Francorum as Narrative History. Reading Medieval Studies 19 (1993): 5571, 68.
5
we arrived; applic (1) in CL can be used of ships and travellers by ship to mean arrive at, i.e. put in at or land at (OLD 2).
6
i.e. Beirut.
7
Ancient Sidon, modern Saida.
8
Tyre.
9
Acre.
10
Haifa.
11
i.e. Caesarea Maritima.
12
Whitsunday, 30 May.
13
Ramleh.
14
St. George was supposedly martyred at Nicomedia under Diocletian. The church discussed was at Lydda. It had been built by the time of
Justinian, but had just been destroyed by the Saracens. See Edward Robinson and Eli Smith, Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and
Arabia Petraea. Volume 3, 52-53. This association of the crusaders with St. George accounts for much of his later popularity.
15
Robert of Rouen.
16
i.e. qui hanc ecclesiam erigeret et custodiret.
17
CL will often use a relative pronoun as a connective; see AG 308f. Translate, perhaps, And they gave them (literally to whom they
gave).
18
tithes.
19
i.e. Robert of Rouen, the new bishop.
20
Tuesday, June 6.
21
the north; the singular form is ML; in CL septentrins, um, m. pl. refers to the seven stars of the Big Dipper, and thus to the north.
22
The Church of (St.) Stephen the Protomartyr, outside the Damascus Gate. It was dedicated in 439 and rebuilt in the 19th century. For the
stoning of Stephen see Acts 7:54-60 [which doesnt give a location]. Protomartyr means first martyr, not a predecessor of the martyrs.
23
sc. obsedit eam.
24
circa (ML) = prope (CL).
25
i.e. the Church of St. Mary of Zion. It was in ruins at the time, but rebuilt by the crusaders. It was orginally associated with Pentecost, but
came to be associated with the Last Supper in the 5th century.
26
ex nostris = aliqui ex nostris.
27
Raymond Pilet.
28
Raymond of Turenne.
2

preliati sunt Christi milites contra illos incredulos; et Deo adiuvante fortiter illos superaverunt, et
occiderunt multos ex eis, et apprehenderunt triginta equos. Secunda vero veniente feria, 1 aggredimur
fortissime civitatem, tam mirabiliter, ut si scalae fuissent paratae, in nostra fuisset civitas manu. Tamen
minorem stravimus2 murum, et unam scalam ereximus ad maiorem murum. Super quam ascendebant
nostri milites, et comminus percutiebant Saracenos suis ensibus et lanceis, et defensores civitatis.
Fueruntque mortui multi ex nostris, sed plures ex illis.
In illa autem obsidione panes ad emendum invenire non poteramus fere per spatium dierum decem, donec
venit nuntius nostrarum navium.3 Et in nimia pressura sitis detenti fuimus, ita ut, per nimium terrorem
et pavorem, per sex milia4 nostros potaremus5 equos, et alia animalia. Syloa6 namque7 fons, qui
est ad radicem montis Syon, sustinebat nos; sed tamen cara8 vendebatur aqua inter nos.
10.37.3 Postquam enim9 venit nuntius nostrarum navium, acceperunt inter se nostri seniores consilium,
quemadmodum mitterent milites qui fideliter custodirent homines et naves in portu Iaphie.10 Summo
autem diluculo, exierunt centum milites de exercitu Raimundi, comitis Sancti Egidii, Raimundus Piletus
et Achardus de Mommellou,11 et Willelmus de Sabra,12 et ibant cum fiducia13 ad portum. Diviserunt
denique se triginta milites ex nostris ab aliis, et invenerunt septingentos Arabes et Turcos14 ac Saracenos
de exercitu ammiravisi.15 Quos [Hill p. 89] invaserunt fortiter Christi milites, sed tam magna fuit virtus
illorum super nostros16, ut undique circumcingerent illos. Et occiderunt Achardum de Mommellou, et
pauperes homines pedites.17
10.37.4 Cum autem tenerent nostros iam inclusos, qui omnes putabant mori, venit aliis18 quidam nuntius,
dicens Raimundo Pileto: Quid hic astas19 cum his militibus? Ecce omnes nostri in nimia districtione
Arabum et Turcorum ac Saracenorum sunt; et forsitan in hac hora omnes mortui sunt. Succurrite ergo
illis, succurrite! Audientes nostri haec, statim cucurrerunt celeri cursu, et festinanter pervenerunt usque
ad illos preliando. Paganorum vero gens videns Christi milites, divisit se; et fecerunt duo agmina. Nostri
autem, invocato Christi nomine, tam acriter invaserunt illos incredulos,20 ut quisque miles prosterneret
suum.21 Videntes vero illi quod non possent stare ante22 Francorum fortitudinem, timore nimio
perterriti, verterunt scapulas retro. Quos nostri persequentes fere per spatia quatuor milium, occiderunt
multos ex eis, unumque retinuerunt vivum, qui nova23 eis per ordinem24 diceret; retinuerunt quoque
centum et tres equos.

On Monday, 13 June 1099.

stern, sternere, strv, strtum here level, knock down, lay flat (OLD 6).
3
A Genoese fleet (Hill). [Not the same one weve been talking about all this time?]
4
after taking them to a place six miles away.
5
we watered.
6
Siloam; this spring was local, but intermittent.
7
namque here = et.
8
nominative, with aqua.
9
and or but; in CL enim means because, for.
10
Jaffa.
11
Achard of Montmerle.
12
William of Sabran.
13
confidently.
14
Hill says it is unlikely that there were Turks in the Egyptian army, and that the word here means simply enemies [I would have thought it
more likely that our author was simply wrong about the ethnicity of his enemies].
15
of the emir; the more usual word is admiralius.
16
CL would be maior quam (virtus) nostrorum.
17
in ML nouns can be used as adjectives.
18
from the others [?].
19
ast, astre, astit stand waiting (OLD 2).
20
increduls = paganos.
21
i.e. hostem suum.
22
CL would be contra.
23
information.
24
as he was commanded to do [?]
2

10.37.5 In eadem1 obsidione, tanta oppressione sitis fuimus gravati, ut sueremus2 coria boum et
bufalorum, in quibus deferebamus aquas fere per spatium sex miliariorum. Ex illis quippe vasculis
foetida utebamur aqua;3 et quantum4 ex olida5 aqua et ordeaceo6 pane in nimia districtione et
afflictione eramus cotidie. Saraceni namque in cunctis fontibus et aquis latentes, insidiabantur nostris,
eosque ubique occidebant et dilaniabant,7 animalia quoque secum in suas cavernas et speluncas
deducebant.
10.38.1 Tunc seniores nostri ordinaverunt8 quomodo [Hill p. 90] ingeniare9 possent civitatem, ut, ad
adorandum10 nostri Salvatoris intrarent Sepulchrum. Feceruntque duo lignea castra, et alia plura
machinamenta.11 Dux Godefridus suum fecit castrum cum machinis, et Raimundus comes similiter;
quibus12 de longinquis terris attrahebant ligna. Saraceni igitur videntes nostros facientes has machinas,
mirabiliter muniebant civitatem, et turres nocte accrescebant. Videntes autem nostri seniores ex qua
parte esset civitas magis languida,13 illuc in quadam nocte sabbati14 deportaverunt nostram machinam15
et ligneum castrum in orientalem partem.16 Summo autem diluculo erexerunt ea,17 et aptaverunt et
ornaverunt castrum in prima et secunda ac tertia feria.18 Comes namque Sancti Egidii, a meridiana
plaga19 reficiebat suam machinam. Interea in tanta pressura sitis fuimus districti, ut unus homo non
posset pro uno denario20 ad sufficientiam habere aquam, aut exstinguere sitim suam.
10.38.2 Nocte vero ac die in quarta et quinta feria21 mirabiliter aggredimur civitatem, ex omni parte; sed
antequam invaderemus eam, ordinaverunt episcopi et sacerdotes predicando 22 et commonendo omnes, ut
processionem Deo in circuitu Hierusalem23 celebrarent, et orationes ac elemosinas et ieiunia fideliter
facerent.24 Sexta vero feria25 summo mane26 undique aggredimur urbem, et nichil ei nocere potuimus,
eramusque omnes stupefacti ac in nimio pavore. Appropinquante autem hora scilicet in qua Dominus
noster Iesus Christus dignatus est27 pro nobis sufferre patibulum28 crucis,29 nostri milites fortiter

CL would be ea.
su, suere, su, stum sew up.
3
tor, t, sus employ, use takes the ablative (CL).
4
quantum ... et (ML) = et ... et (CL).
5
olidus, a, um stinking.
6
hordeceus (ordecus), a, um of barley.
7
dlani (1) tear to pieces.
8
ordin (1) can mean arrange (OLD 3b); here it apparently means discuss (ML), and governs and indirect question introduced by quomodo
(how).
9
invent (a way to capture; attack with seige-engines (Hill)
10
adorandum agrees with Sepulchrum
11
Such as battering-rams, catapults and ballistas (Hill); also ladders and special protective shields, see Rogers, R. Latin Siege Warfare in the
Twelfth Century. Oxford, 1992.
12
for which (dative of purpose, AG 382); the antecedent is suum ... castrum and the second siege-tower implied by similiter.
13
languidus, a, um weak.
14
9 July 1099.
15
[Hill translates simply a machine, but surely the implication is that the author was directly involved: our machine.]
16
Actually the eastern part of the northern wall
17
this seems to refer to the machinae and the castra.
18
i.e. on Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday.
19
plaga, ae, f. an open expanse, tract (OLD 1), here side.
20
ablative of price; rare in CL with pro.
21
i.e. on Wednesday and Thursday, 13-14 July 1099.
22
predicando (ML) = praedicando (CL).
23
Here genitive; Hebrew names are not usually declined in Latin.
24
The procession in fact took place earlier, on July 8.
25
i.e. on Friday, July 15.3
26
First thing in the morning.
27
dignor (1) deign.
28
patibulum, , n. gibbet.
29
i.e. third hour (Mark 15:25), i.e. between 9 and 12 AM.

pugnabant in castello,1 videlicet dux Godefridus, et comes Eustachius2 frater eius. Tunc ascendit
quidam [Hill p. 91] miles ex nostris, Laetholdus3 nomine, super murum urbis. Mox vero ut4 ascendit,
omnes defensores civitatis fugerunt per muros et per civitatem, nostrique subsecuti persequebantur eos
occidendo et detruncando5 usque ad Templum Salomonis.6 Ibique talis occisio fuit, ut nostri in
sanguine illorum7 pedes usque ad cavillas8 mitterent.
10.38.3 At Raimundus comes a meridie conduxit suum exercitum et castellum9 usque prope murum, sed
inter castellum et murum erat quaedam fovea nimis profunda. Tunc consiliati sunt nostri ut implerent
foveam, feceruntque preconari, ut si aliquis in illam foveam portasset tres petras, unum haberet denarium.
Perduravit vero haec impletio per tres dies et noctes.10 Tandem, plena fovea, conduxerunt castellum
iuxta murum. Illi autem qui intus erant mirabiliter preliabantur cum nostris, igne et lapidibus. Audiens
itaque comes quod Franci11 essent in urbe, suis dixit hominibus: Quid tardatis? Ecce omnes
Francigenae12 iam sunt in urbe.
10.38.4 Amiralius itaque qui erat in Turri David,13 reddidit14 se comiti,15 eique aperuit portam ubi
peregrini persolvere solebant tributa.16 Intrantes autem nostri civitatem peregrini, persequebantur et
occidebant Saracenos usque ad Templum Salomonis. In quo congregati, dederunt17 nostris maximum
bellum18 per totum diem, ita ut sanguis illorum per totum templum flueret. Tandem superatis paganis,
apprehenderunt nostri masculos et feminas sat19 in templo, et occiderunt quos voluerunt, et quos
voluerunt retinuerunt vivos. Super Templum20 vero Salomonis erat maxima [Hill p. 92] paganorum
congregatio utriusque sexus, quibus Tancredus et Gaston de Beert21 dederunt sua vexilla.22
10.38.5 Mox cucurrerunt23 per universam urbem, capientes aurum et argentum, equos et mulos,
domosque plenas omnibus bonis. Venerunt autem omnes nostri, gaudentes et prae24 nimio gaudio
plorantes, ad nostri Salvatoris Iesu sepulchrum adorandum, et reddiderunt ei capitale debitum.25 Mane
autem facto ascenderunt nostri caute supra tectum templi, et invaserunt Saracenos masculos et feminas,

in castello = in ligneo castro.

Count Eustace the Third.
3
Lethold, from Tournai (Belgium). Our sources differ as to who was first on the wall.
4
as soon as; mox ut is not CL.
5
dtrunc (1) cut pieces from, mutilate; decapitate; presumably a rhetorical intensifier of occidendo, rather than a literal description.
6
Actually it was the famous Al-Aqsa Mosque (which survives), built in the 8th century inside the precincts of the original Temple of Solomon
(and the Temple of Herod).
7
i.e. of the saracens
8
cavilla (ML) = talus, , m. (CL), ankle.
9
i.e. the siege tower.
10
Our author must be taking us back in time, describing the preparations made by Raymond prior to the assault of the Provenal contingent.
11
i.e. Duke Godfrey and his men.
12
[Does this perhaps mean the northern French?]
13
An extremely strong tower, still standing, built into the city wall to the west, near the Jaffa Gate. Although the crusaders called it the Tower of
David, it was originally called Phasaels Tower, and it is apparently called that now. The modern Tower of David is a minaret. See Boas,
Adrian J. Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East. London and New York, 1999, 17 and plate 2.1.
14
redd, reddere, reddid, redditum here surrender (OLD 11)
15
to Count Raymond.
16
The gate to the Jaffa road.
17
sc. Saraceni.
18
bellum, , n. here battle (OLD 3)
19
sat is a CL abbreviation of satis. The meaning here, in sufficient numbers, i.e. in great quantity is ML.
20
i.e. on the roof.
21
Gaston of Bearn.
22
As a sign that their surrender was accepted.
23
the Franks in general.
24
because of.
25
they fulfilled their vows to Him (Hill); literally they returned a very important that was owed.
2

decollantes1 eos nudis ensibus.2 Alii vero dabant se precipites e templo.3 Hoc videns Tancredus
iratus est nimis.4
10.39.1 Tunc nostri tenuerunt concilium, ut unusquisque faceret elemosinas, cum orationibus quatinus5
sibi Deus eligeret quem vellet regnare super alios et regere civitatem. Iusserunt quoque Saracenos
mortuos omnes eici foras, prae6 nimio foetore; quia omnis urbs fere plena erat illorum cadaveribus. Et
vivi Saraceni trahebant mortuos ante portarum exitus, et ordinabant montes ex eis, quasi essent domos. 7
Tales occisiones de paganorum gente nullus unquam audivit nec vidit; quoniam pyrae8 erant ordinatae
ex eis sicut metae,9 et nemo scit numerum eorum nisi solus Deus. Fecit vero comes Raimundus
conduci amiralium et alios qui cum eo erant, usque Scalonam,10 sanos et illaesos.
10.39.2 Octavo autem die quo11 civitas fuit capta,12 elegerunt ducem Godefridum principem civitatis,13
qui debellaret14 [Hill p. 93] paganos et custodiret Christianos.15 Similiter elegerunt patriarcham
sapientissimum et honorabilem virum nomine Arnulfum,16 in die sancti Petri ad Vincula.17 Haec civitas
fuit capta a Christianis Dei XV die Iulii, in sexta feria.18
10.39.3 Interea nuntius venit Tancredo et comiti Eustachio, ut prepararent se et pergerent ad recipiendam
Neopolitanam urbem.19 Exierunt illi et duxerunt secum multos milites et pedones, et pervenerunt ad
urbem. Habitatores vero illius reddiderunt se ilico. Denuo20 mandavit illis dux,21 ut cito venirent ad
bellum22 quod nobis23 ammiravisus Babyloniae preparat urbi Scalonae.24 Illi autem festinando
intraverunt montaneam quaerentes Saracenorum bella, et venerunt Caesaream. Itaque venientes illi iuxta
mare ad urbem Ramole,25 illic invenerunt multos Arabes, qui precursores26 erant belli. Quos nostri
persequentes, apprehenderunt plures ex eis, qui dixerunt omnia belli nova,27 ubi essent et quot essent,
aut ubi bellare disponerent28 contra Christianos.

decoll (1) behead; presumably here just slay.

with drawn swords (Hill). The qualification seems unnecessary.
3
praeceps, praecipitis, adj. plunging head-foremost.
4
The Author is clearly unaware of any incongruity in this passage (Hill). But as Russo notes, Tancred had given his standard and taken them
under his protection, so their murder was both a personal insult and a financial loss, since he could otherwise have held them for ransome or sold
them into slavery.
5
quainus (ML) = ut (CL), here depending on orationibus: everyone was to pray for Gods guidance.
6
because of.
7
Unless domos is ML for doms (acc. pl.), the accusative must be by attraction to montes, though this is not CL
8
pyra, ae, f. funeral pyre.
9
mta, ae, f. cone; here pyramid (Hill).
10
Ascalon, modern Ashkelon, on the southern coast of Israel.
11
quo (ML) = ex quo (CL).
12
22 July 1099.
13
It has long been thought that his title was Advocate of the Holy Sepulchre, but Rubenstein argues that he must have been king. Medieval
writers offered different explanations for his refusal of a crown; see Ferrier, L. La Couronne Refuse de Godefroy de Bouillon: Eschatologie et
Humiliation de la Majest Aux Premier Temps Du Royaume Latin de Jerusalem. In Le Concile de Clermont de 1095 et lAppel la
Croisade, 24565. Rome, 1997.
14
relative clause of purpose
15
A relative clause of purpose (CL).
16
Arnulf of Chocques. He was the chaplain of Robert, Duke of Normandy. According to Raymond of Agiluilers (PL 155, 661) he had behaved
so badly on the crusade that rude songs were written about him.
17
the Feast of St. Peters Chains, 1 August 1099.
18
July 15, 1099, a Friday.
19
Nablus, in the Occupied Territories.
20
then; in CL denuo means again, once more.
21
Duke Godfrey.
22
bellum, , n. can mean military force, i.e. army (OLD 8).
23
dative of disadvantage.
24
Ascalon; probably locative, as in 10.39.4, with urbi in apposition; in CL the locative is used only for names of cities and small islands, and
(only) domus, rus, and humus.
25
Ramleh.
26
i.e. they were an advance party of scouts.
27
news (Hill); Du Cange Equiti qui portavit nova matrimonii domini dalphini, from a 15th century source.
2

10.39.4 Quod audiens Tancredus statim misit nuntium Hierusalem duci Godefrido et patriarchae,
omnibusque principibus dicens: Sciatis quod nobis paratum est bellum Scalonae. Venite ergo
festinanter cum omni virtute quam habere poteritis! Tunc iussit dux summoneri omnes, ut fideliter irent
preparati Scalonam, obviam inimicis nostris. Ipse vero cum patriarcha et Rotberto Flandrensi comite
exivit de urbe in feria tertia,2 et Marturanensis episcopus3 [Hill p. 94] cum eis. Comes vero Sancti
Egidii ac Rotbertus Nortmannus dixerunt se non exituros, nisi certum bellum scirent. Iusserunt ergo
militibus suis, ut pergerent videre si bellum vere esset; et reverterentur quantocius,4 quia5 ipsi mox
essent parati ire. Ierunt illi, videruntque bellum, et cito renuntiaverunt se vidisse oculis suis. Continuo
dux, apprehenso6 Marturanensi episcopo, mandavit7 Hierusalem, quo milites qui ibi erant preparent se
et veniant8 ad bellum.
10.39.5 Quarta vero feria,9 illi principes exierunt, et militaverunt10 ad bellum. Episcopus vero
Marturanensis rediit, reportans verba missa patriarchae et duci, exieruntque Saraceni obviam11 ei, et
apprehensum secum duxerunt.12 Petrus vero Heremita remansit Hierusalem, ordinando et precipiendo
Grecis et Latinis atque clericis,13 ut fideliter Deo processionem celebrarent, et orationes elemosinasque
facerent, ut Deus populo suo victoriam daret.14 Clerici et presbyteri, induti sacris vestibus ad Templum
Domini,15 conduxere16 processionem, missas17 et orationes decantantes, ut suum defenderet populum.
10.39.6 Denique patriarcha et episcopi aliique seniores congregati sunt ad flumen, quod est ex hac parte
Scalonae.18 Illic multa animalia, boum, camelorum, ovium, atque omnium bonorum19 depredati sunt.20
Venerunt autem Arabes fere trecenti, irrueruntque nostri super illos et apprehenderunt duos ex eis,
persequentes alios usque ad eorum exercitum. Sero autem facto, patriarcha fecit preconari per omnem
hostem, ut in summo mane cras essent omnes parati ad bellum, excommunicans ne ullus [Hill p. 95]
homo intenderet21 ad ulla spolia, donec bellum esset factum; sed eo facto reverterentur 22 cum felici
gaudio ad capiendum quicquid eis23 predestinatum esset a Domino.

28

dispn, dispnere, disposu, dispositum here arrange, ordain, prescribe (OLD 6), i.e. plan. In CL dispono is transitive.
i.e. Tuesday, 9. August 1099.
3
i.e. Arnulf, the bishop of Martirano, in S. Italy; not to be confused with the new Patriarch of Jerusalem.
4
as quickly as possible.
5
quia is the reading suggested by Lees, and it seems right. Explaining Hills qui is not easy: is the antecedent milites? Or possibly an
unexpresssed illis, i.e. Comes Sancti Egidii ac Rotbertus Normannus? Russo: nonch di ritornare quanto prima per essere subito pronti a
partire.
6
apprehend, apprehendere, apprehend, apprehensum lay hold of (OLD 1); here summon.
7
sc. eum, i.e. the bishop.
8
CL would be imperfect subjunctive, in secondary sequence.
9
i.e. Wednesday.
10
mlit can mean wage war (LS; not in OLD); in ML it can mean ride out (Venarde).
11
obviam + dat. can mean so as to meet, sometimes as here with hostile intent (OLD 1b).
12
The fate of Arnulf is unknown.
13
all the Greek and Latin priests and the clerks (Hill). [As though the text read Grecis et Latinis <presbyteris> atque clericis.]
14
On the role of Peter see Flori, Jean. Pierre lErmite et la Premire Croisade. Paris, 1999, 467-73.
15
Either The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Brhier, Hill) or the Mosque of Omar, recently transformed into a church (Russo).
16
conduxere = conduxerunt.
17
missa, ae, f. mass, Holy Comunion (LL).
18
on this side of Ascalon; I cant discover what river is meant.
19
These genitives (boum ... omnium bonorum) are not easy to explain; perhaps a creative use of the genitive of material (AG 344) or genitive of
specification, depending on multa (AG 349d). Or perhaps there the genitives are all thought to depend on depredati sunt, after first construing
the verb with a direct object (multa animalia).
20
dpraedor (1) plunder, pillage.
21
intend, intendere, intend, intentum turn to, direct ones attention to (OLD 11); subjunctive perhaps with a verb of hindering, see AG
558b, or in informal indirect discourse (on which see next note).
22
subjunctive perhaps in informal indirect discourse, when the subordinate clause expresses the thought of some other person than the writer or
speaker (AG 592).
23
CL would be sibi.
2

10.39.7 Summo vero diluculo in sexta feria1 intraverunt in vallem nimis pulchram secus2 litus maris,
in qua suas ordinaverunt acies. Dux instruxit suam aciem, et comes Nortmanniae suam, comes Sancti
Egidii suam, comes Flandrensis suam, comes Eustachius suam, Tancredus et Gaston suam. Ordinaverunt
quoque pedites et sagittarios qui precederent milites; et sic ordinaverunt omnia, statimque coeperunt
militare in nomine domini Iesu Christi. In sinistra vero parte fuit dux Godefridus cum sua acie;
comesque Sancti Egidii equitavit iuxta mare in dextera parte, comes Nortmanniae et comes Flandrensis et
Tancredus omnesque alii equitabant in medio. Tunc nostri coeperunt paulatim ambulare. Pagani vero
stabant parati ad bellum. Vnusquisque suum habebat vasculum3 pendens collo,4 ex quibus potarent5
persequentes nos; sed illis non licuit, gratia Dei.
10.39.8 Comes autem de Nortmannia cernens ammiravissi stantarum6 habere quoddam pomum7
aureum in summitate hastae, quae8 erat cooperta argento, ruit vehementer super illum9, eumque
vulneravit usque ad mortem. Ex alia parte, comes Flandrensis nimis acriter illos invasit. Tancredus
igitur impetum fecit per medium tentoriorum eorum. Quod videntes pagani, continuo inierunt fugam.
Paganorum multitudo erat innumerabilis, numerumque eorum nemo scit nisi solus Deus. [Hill p. 96]
Bella10 vero erant immensa; sed virtus divina comitabatur11 nobiscum12 tam magna, tam fortis, quod13
statim superavimus illos. Stabant autem inimici Dei excecati14 et stupefacti, ac, videntes Christi milites
apertis oculis, nil videbant, et contra Christianos erigere se non audebant, virtute Dei tremefacti. Pro
nimio timore ascendebant in arbores, in quibus putabant se abscondere; at nostri sagittando et cum
lanceis et ensibus15 occidendo eos ad terram precipitabant.16 Alii autem iactabant se in terram, non
audentes erigere se contra nos. Nostri igitur illos detruncabant,17 sicut aliquis detruncat animalia ad
macellum.18 Comes Sancti Egidii iuxta mare occidit ex eis sine numero19. Alii vero se precipitabant in
mare, alii fugiebant huc illucque.
10.39.9 Veniens itaque ammiravissus ante20 civitatem, dolens et maerens, lacrimando dixit: O deorum
spiritus, quis unquam vidit vel audivit talia? Tanta potestas, tanta virtus, tanta militia, quae nunquam ab
ulla gente fuit superata, modo a tantilla21 gente Christianorum est devicta! Heu mihi, tristis ac dolens,
quid amplius dicam? Superatus sum a gente mendica,22 inermi et pauperrima; quae non habet nisi

i.e. on Friday, 12 August 1099.

alongside.
3
vasculum, , n. small vessel, container.
4
pendeo + ablative poetic in CL.
5
The singular subject unusquisque is treated as plural. It seems odd to describe canteens (as it were) as intended only for the pursuit of
enemies.
6
standard; Niemeyer sv. stantarius (adj.).
7
pmum, , n. fruit (OLD 2), usually translated apple.
8
the antecedent is presumably hastae: the spear had a golden apple on its tip, but was itself covered in silver.
9
CL would be in illum.
10
For bellum rather than (CL) proelium see above; the plural seems odd here.
11
comitor (1) here guard, escort (OLD 2).
12
CL would be virtus divina, quae comitabatur nobiscum.
13
quod (ML) can = ut (CL).
14
excaec (1), blind, deprive of sight.
15
by means of; this use of cum + abl. is rare in CL (OLD 11).
16
praecipit (1) cause to fall, hurl down (OLD 1).
17
dtrunc (1) behead (OLD 1).
18
macellum, , m. provision-market, here butcher-shop. Bruce Venarde observes that decapitation would be the normal way for a butcher to
drain the blood from a carcass.
19
countless numbers of them; sine numero here is used as a substantive.
20
CL would normally be ad civitatem.
21
tantillus, a, um so small, so tiny.
22
mendcus, a, um destitute.
2

saccum1 et peram.2 Ipsa3 modo persequitur gentem Aegiptiacam, quae4 illi5 plerumque6 suas
largita est7 elemosinas, dum8 olim per omnem nostram patriam mendicarent.9 Huc conduxi ad
conventionem10 ducenta milia militum, et video ipsos, laxis frenis11, fugientes per viam
Babylonicam,12 et non audent reverti adversus gentem Francigenam. Iuro per Machumet et per omnia
deorum numina, quod ulterius non retinebo milites conventione13 aliqua, quia expulsus sum a gente [Hill
p. 97] advena. Conduxi omnia armorum genera et omnia machinamenta, ut eos obsiderem in Hierusalem,
et ipsi prevenerunt me ad bellum14 itinere dierum duorum.15 Heu michi, quid amplius dicam?
Inhonoratus ero semper in terra Babilonica.
10.39.10 Nostri autem acceperunt eius stantarum,16 quod comparavit17 comes de Nortmannia viginti
marchas argenti,18 et dedit patriarchae in19 Dei honorem Sanctique Sepulchri. Ensem vero emit quidam
sexaginta bisanteis.20 Superati sunt itaque inimici nostri, Deo annuente.
10.39.11 Omnes naves terrarum paganorum ibi aderant. Homines vero qui intus erant, videntes
ammiravisum fugientem cum suo exercitu, statim suspenderunt vela, et impulerunt se in alta maria.
Reversi sunt nostri ad tentoria eorum, acceperuntque innumera spolia auri, argenti, omniumque bonorum;
omniumque animalium genera, ac omnium armorum instrumenta. Quae voluerunt asportarunt, reliqua
igne consumpserunt.
10.39.12 Reversi sunt nostri cum gaudio Hierusalem, deferentes secum omnia bona, quae illis erant
necessaria. Hoc bellum actum est pridie idus Augusti,21 largiente haec domino nostro Iesu Christo, cui
est honor et gloria nunc et semper et in secula seculorum. Dicat omnis spiritus:22 Amen.
INCIPIT DESCRIPTIO SANCTORVM LOCORVM HIERVSALEM23
1.
[Hill p. 98] Si quis ab occidentalibus partibus Hierusalem adire voluerit, solis ortum semper
teneat, et Hierosolimitani loci oratoria24 ita inveniet, sicut hic notatur. In Hierusalem est cubiculum uno
lapide coopertum, ubi Salomon Sapientiam25 scripsit. Et ibi inter templum et altare in marmore ante

saccus, , m. bag.
pra, ae, f. satchel (an shoulder bag for carrying provisions). [Hill translates scrip; is that a technical term for a beggars bag unknown to
the OED?] The bag and the satchel were typically carried by pilgrims.
3
i.e. the gens mendica, inermis et pauperrima (the Christians).
4
the antecedent is gens Aegipictica.
5
again, the gens mendica, inermis et pauperrima.
6
plrumque, adv. here often (OLD 2).
7
largior, largr, largtus bestow.
8
when, back when; in CL dum often mean although.
9
the subject is, again, the gens mendica, here taken as plural in a constructio ad sensum.
10
i.e. battle.
11
dropping the reins i.e. at full gallop; ablative of attendant circumstance.
12
i.e. the road to Cairo.
13
If conventio has the same meaning as in the previous sentence this should mean by any army, or perhaps in any army.
14
they have attacked me.
15
two days march from the city.
16
standard.
17
compar (1) acquire (OLD 6).
18
accusative of price, rare in CL. A silver mark was roughly equivalent to a pound.
19
for; in + acc. to express purpose (ML).
20
ablative of price. bisanteis = bisanteis nummis.
21
12 August, 1099.
22
spiritus, s, m. spirit, soul (OLD 4).
23
What follows is not strictly part of the Gesta Francorum, but is included in two manuscripts. It is not certain that it was written by our author,
but note Hill: Its inclusion suggests, although it does not prove, that the Author completed his pilgrimage. He certainly deserved to do so.
24
stations for prayer (Hill).
25
The Book of Wisdom.
1

aram sanguis Zachariae fusus est. Inde non longe est lapis, ad quem per singulos annos Iudaei veniunt, et
unguentes eum lamentantur, et sic cum gemitu redeunt. Ibi est domus Ezechiae1 regis ruda, cui ter
quinos annos Deus addidit. Deinde est domus Caiphae, et columna ad quam Christus ligatus flagellis
caesus fuit. Ad portam Neapolitanam2 est pretorium3 Pilati, ubi Christus a principibus sacerdotum
iudicatus fuit. Inde non procul est Golgotha, id est calvariae locus, ubi Christus Dei filius crucifixus est,
et ibi primus Adam sepultus fuit, ibique Abraham Deo sacrificavit.
2.
Inde, quasi ad magni lapidis iactum,4 versus occidentem, locus est ubi Ioseph ab Arimathia
domini Iesu corpus sanctum sepelivit; ibique est ecclesia a Constantino rege speciose fabricata. A monte
Calvariae sunt XIII pedes usque ad medium mundum5 contra occidentem. A sinistra parte [Hill p. 99]
est carcer, ubi Christus fuit carceratus. In dextera parte sepulchri prope est monasterium Latinum in
honore sanctae Mariae Virginis, ubi eiusdem domus fuit. Ibi altare est in eodem monasterio, ibique
stabat Maria mater virgo, et cum ea soror matris eius Maria Cleophe,6 et Maria Magdalene, flentes
dolentesque in cruce positum Dominum videntes. Ibi dixit Iesus matri: Mulier, ecce filius tuus;
discipulo,7 Ecce mater tua.
4.
Ab hoc loco quantum potest arcus bis mittere sagittam, in orientali parte est Templum Domini a
Salomone factum, in quo a iusto Symeone presentatus est Christus. In dextera parte huius templi,
Salomon templum suum aedificavit, et, inter utrumque templum, porticum8 speciosam struxit columnis
marmoreis. In sinistra parte probatica9 piscina10 est. Inde contra orientem quasi ad mille passus mons
Oliveti conspicitur, ubi dominus Iesus ad patrem oravit dicens: Pater, si fieri potest, et reliqua. 11 Et in
lapide Pater Noster12 scripsit; et inde ascendit in celum, dicens discipulis: Ite docete omnes gentes, et
reliqua.13 Inter Templum Domini et montem Oliveti est vallis Iosaphath,14 ubi virgo Maria ab apostolis
sepulta fuit. In qua valle mundum iudicaturus veniet Dominus.15
5.
Ibi prope est villa16 quae dicitur Gethsemani, ibique prope est ortus17 trans torrentem Cedron,
ubi Iudas Iesum tradidit. Inde prope est sepulchrum Isaiae prophetae. Inde ad mille passus Bethania, 18
ubi Lazarus quatriduanus19 resuscitatus est. In eadem parte contra [Hill p. 100] Iericho ad milia XVIIII
est arbor sicomorus, in quam Zacheus ascendit, ut videret Iesum. In alia parte ad mille passus de Iericho
est fons Helisei,20 ab ipso benedictus commixtione salis. Inde ad V milia est fluvius Iordanis, in quo
Dominus a Iohanne baptizatus est, ab Hierusalem distans VIII leugis.21 Inde non longe est mons unde
Helias22 raptus est.

Hezekiah.
the Nablus gate.
3
praetrium, (i), n. headquarters.
4
i.e. a stones throw away; but it seems odd to specify a big stone.
5
the navel of the world [??]
6
Mary the wife of Cleophas.
7
i.e. St. John. John 19:26-27.
8
porticus, s, f. portico, colonnade.
9
of testing, with piscina.
10
the Pool of Testing.
11
Matt. 26:39.
12
The Lords Prayer.
13
Matt. 28:19.
14
the Valley of Jehoshaphat.
15
[I didnt know it would happen in one particular place. This presumably supports Jay Rubensteins argument about the apocalyptic nature of
the First Crusade.]
16
village.
17
ortus (ML) = hortus (CL).
18
Bethany.
19
on the fourth day.
20
the spring of Elisha.
21
leagues.
22
Elijah.
2

5.
A Iordane est via XVIII dierum usque ad montem Synai; ubi Deus Moysi in igne rubi apparuit,
eique legem dedit; ibique est ydria1 magna, quae indeficiens oleum parturit. Mons Thabor2 distat ab
Hierusalem itinere trium dierum, ubi Dominus transfiguratus est. In cuius montis pede dicitur esse
Galilea et mare Tyberiadis,3 quod non est mare sed stagnum,4 de quo Iordanis egreditur. In dextera
parte urbis Hierusalem contra meridiem extra murum quantum potest arcus iacere, est mons Syon; ibique
est ecclesia a Salomone facta. Ibi Iesus caenavit 5 cum discipulis ante passionem, ibique eos Spiritu
Sancto replevit; ibi etiam virgo Maria migravit a saeculo, et spiritum reddidit, cuius corpus sanctissimum
apostoli in vallem Iosaphat transtulerunt.
6.
In cuius montis pede contra meridiem est fons Syloa,6 subito egrediens e terra. Inde non longe
est Sychem,7 ubi Ioseph veniens de valle Ebron8 quaesivit fratres. Ibi est villa quam dedit Iacob
Ioseph filio suo; ibique requiescit corpus eius. Inde ad mille passus9 est Sychar, ubi Dominus mulieri
Samaritanae locutus est. Inde non longe est locus ubi luctatus est angelus cum Iacob. Ibi Bethleem est,
civitas David, [Hill p. 101] ubi Christus natus est, distans ab Hierusalem quattuor milibus contra
meridiem; ibique est ecclesia marmoreis columnis aedificata, in qua est locus ubi Christus natus est. Non
procul hinc in dextera parte est Domini presepe.10 Inde ad XII milia est castellum Abraham, quod
dicitur Tocor, ubi ipse Abraham et Isaac et Iacob sepulti sunt cum uxoribus suis. In sinistra parte est
mons Dominus Vidit,11 ibique locus est ubi Abraham immolare filium voluit.12
Explicit Itinerarium Hierosolimitanorum.

ydria (ML) = hydria, ae, f. (CL), water-pot.

Mount Tabor.
3
the Sea of Tiberias.
4
stgnum, , n. lagoon (OLD 1), here lake.
5
caenavit (ML) = cenavit (CL).
6
the Pool of Siloam.
7
Sychar.
8
Hebron.
9
passus, s, m. pace.
10
presepe (ML) = praespe, is, n. stall for cattle, manger.
11
Mount The Lord Sees.
12
was willing.
2