Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Computer fundamentals ................................................................. 2

Introduction................................................................................................ 2
Tasks that a computer can accomplish ............................................................ 3
The CPU ..................................................................................................... 7
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) ............................................................................ 7
Main memory .............................................................................................. 8
Peripheral Devices........................................................................................ 8
Input devices. ............................................................................................. 8
Output devices ............................................................................................ 9
Secondary Storage Devices ........................................................................... 9
Categories of Computer Systems.................................................................. 10
Super computers ....................................................................................... 10
Mainframe computers ................................................................................. 11
Minicomputers........................................................................................... 11
Microcomputers ......................................................................................... 12
Operating System ...................................................................................... 12
Information processing cycle ....................................................................... 13
Your Role as a Computer User...................................................................... 16
Commercial Software............................................................................... 16
Shareware ............................................................................................. 17
Public-domain Software ........................................................................... 17
Key Terms ................................................................................................ 17
Review Questions....................................................................................... 18
Research Assignment: ................................................................................ 19

1.1 Computer fundamentals

Introduction
Computer - An
electronic device
capable of processing
data in many
different ways. Its
speed, accuracy,
repeatability, as well
as storage and
retrieval abilities form
an important force in
our society.
Program A list of
step-by-step
instructions designed
to solve a task
Execute The
carrying out of
computer program
instructions.
Programming
Language A
language or
statement translator
that a programmer
uses to convert
English-like
statements to the
language of ones and
zeros that the CPU
understands.

Computers can be found just about everywhere in

modern life. The computer is an electronic device
or tool used to perform everything from banking,
art, and space exploration, to modern medicine
just to name a few. What makes computers
different from other machines is that a computer
is capable of processing facts using a wide variety
of programmer designed methods with high
speed, accuracy, and repeatability. Computers
combine a series of instructions to solve specific
tasks called a computer program. The computer
program is simply a list of step-by-step
instructions designed to solve a particular task.
These instructions are executed by the CPU
(Central Processing Unit) to carry out your
commands.
In short, a computer is a device that processes
data quickly and accurately. In addition, the
versatility of the computer is enhanced by its
ability to combine many simple instructions to
perform more complex operations. A
programming language is an instruction translator
used to direct the computer to execute
instructions in the form of binary ones and zeros
that the CPU can understand.
The Visual Basic programming language will be
the compiler or translator tool used in this class to
translate our instructions to the language of ones
and zeros that the computer can execute.

1.1 Tasks that a computer can accomplish

The basic capabilities of a computer are divided into three groups or tasks.
1. Arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division),
2. Comparison (or logical) operations (determine whether a given value
is greater than, equal to, or less than another value),
3. Storage and retrieval operations (saving a program on disk so that it
can be used later).

The Binary Number System

Unlike humans who have the ability to count to ten (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10) on
their fingers, computers are a bit more limited and can only count to two
(0,1). The basic operation of a computer relies on the simple idea of storing
numbers with switch on (1) and switch off (0). Common terms used in
the description of the binary number system and computer systems are the
binary digit (bit). The term byte typically describes as a grouping of eight bits,
while octet always refers to a grouping of eight bits. The term word generally
describes a grouping of two bytes. A nibble is special term used to describe
four bits of an eight bit byte.
The very first commercial digital computer, Intels 4004, used only 4-bits of
information. Later computers were commonly 8-bit computer systems. These
8-bit computers had 8-bit transfer paths (bus) for both address and data. A
bus is the number of individual circuit board traces or wires provided to
transfer individual data bits (ones and zeros) or electrically speaking power
on or power off conditions. Later computers increased the number of wire
traces to 16, 32, 64, 128 and so on. The early Pentium processor contained a
64 bit (wire) data bus and a 32 bit Address bus. So what does this mean to
us?
In terms of the computers electronic architecture or design, the address and
data bus make up a subsystem that transfers data between internal computer
components such as video cards, disk drives and the CPU. The address bus
and data bus work together to perform transfer data operations. This
operation can be described in the same manner as the operations of your local
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post office. When you walk into the post office, you see many post office
(P.O.) boxes, each with a number to differentiate one box from the other.
The P.O. box number is the address of the box, the contents of the box
mail represents the data. In the computer, the address bus uses ones and
zeros that represent the address or P.O. box of the computer component.
Each component sends or receives data only when its address is posted on the
address bus. When the computer component is addressed, the component will
look at the data bus and either reads the ones and zeros from the data bus or
writes ones and zeros to the data bus. Each component has a read/write
control bit which indicates if we are going to read or write data to the data
bus. The most complex computer works from this basic simple principle.
Lets examine the binary system. Recall that computers can only count from
zero to one using the binary number system. Using the decimal number
system or base ten, humans use the digits (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10).
When we learn at an early age to count to nine, and we run out of digits, we
add one to the 10s column and continue. In the binary base 2 system we
only have digits (0 and 1). When we get to one, we run out of digits and add
one to the next column and continue. It turns out that we can count in any
number base using this simple mathematical theory. We will look at two other
number systems, the first is called octal base 8 with digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
and hexadecimal sometimes called hex with digits
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F). The hexadecimal number system is a little
different. Since we run out of numerical digits at nine, we have to borrow the
letters A, B, C, D, E, and F from the alphabet. Lets look at a combined
number table showing the relationship of these number bases in table 1-1.
We will count to fifteen in decimal (base 10) and show the equivalent in
binary, octal, and hexadecimal.
Binary

Octal

Decimal

Hexadecimal

(base 2)
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000

(base 8)
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
10

(base 10)
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08

(base 16)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Fun Fact: The term nibble

refers to a grouping of four
bits. We can count to F
in hexadecimal using a
nibble.

1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
Table 1-1

11
12
13
14
15
16
17

09
10
11
12
13
14
15

9
A
B
C
D
E
F

In table 1-1, we used four bits to count from 0 to 15. Notice that given four
bits, fifteen is as high as we can count. If we increase the number of bits to 8
we can count to 255. In the following example, we will use the Microsoft
calculator in figure 1-1 and check Bin for binary and enter eight ones
representing the highest number we can count to in base 2 using eight bits.
By checking the Dec radio box, we can see that the number 11111111 base
2 is 255 in base 10. By increasing the number of ones in binary to 16, we see
that the highest number increases dramatically to 65535. Try this with 32
bits and see what happens.

Figure 1-1

In the construction of computers, the data and register buses grow in

multiples of two (8, 16, 32, 64, and so on). In the Figure 1-1, see that the
grouping of eight bits set to one (1111 1111) is the number FF in base 16 or
hexadecimal (Hex). Each hexadecimal F represents a grouping of four bits.
A 16 bit computer would be FFFF in hexadecimal (Hex).
When defining the size of a flash drive or main memory (RAM), we use terms
such as Megabyte and Gigabyte. Newer disk drives have broken the MultiTerabyte barrier. To get a feel for the enormous amounts of data that can be
stored, table 1-2 shows common units of measurements for memory size.

Quantity
Byte
Kilobyte
Megabyte
Gigabyte
Terabyte

Abbreviation
B
KB
MB
GB
TB

Description
8 bits
1 thousand bytes
1 million bytes
1 billion bytes
1 trillion bytes

1000
10002
10003
10004

Table 1-2 Basic Units of Memory Measurements

The measurements in table 1-2 are general measurements of size. After

Terabytes, come Petabytes which are 1000 Terabytes, followed by Exabytes.
The real number of bytes in a kilobyte, or kb is actually 1024 bytes rather
than 1000. To further confuse the kb issue, in data communications, kb
generally refers to 1000 bits. To illustrate the problem, check the packaging of
a consumer disk drive or flash drive where the size capacity is given as an
approximate number!
Remember that in a computer system we access information on buses that are
multiple bits wide and use binary numbers. So, a 2 bit bus would allow up to 3
addresses, a 4 bit bus (or 15 address), and a 8 bit bus (255 address). Octal
numbers were used primarily when the mainframe computers of that era
were used only 8 bit busses.
Because the computer is a binary device, the computer measures size in the
binary or base 2 number systems. Lets look at the number 1000(10) decimal
when we convert to the binary number system.
The number 1000(10) decimal is 1111101000(2) binary.
Notice that there are zeros in the ten binary digits used to represent this
value. This would be a waste of space since we could count even higher given
the number of digits. We would like to have each binary position set to a one.
Lets see how the computer would represent a kilobyte.
The number 1023(10) decimal is 1111111111(2) binary.
As you can see, the number 1023 represented in base 2(binary) is all ones
representing the highest number we can count to using 10 digits. Does this
seem complicated? Well perhaps, but remember that we have the Microsoft
calculator to do the conversions for us.

1.2 The System Unit

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The main components of a computer system are referred to as the system

unit. The system unit contains the (CPU) central processing unit and
memory. The central processing unit performs the actual processing and is
the brain of the computer. Figure 1-2 illustrates the interaction of these
subsystem units in the form of input, output, and storage devices. These
components make up the typical personal computer system.

Computers consist of a central processing unit, main memory, and

peripheral devices
Input Devices

CPU

Output Devices

Keyboard

Monitor
Microphone

Random Access Memory

Mouse

Printer
Flash Drive

Hard Drive

Secondary Storage Devices

Figure 1-2
The CPU

The CPU or central processing unit performs the actual processing of

information and is broken down into two major components. First, the ALU or
arithmetic logic unit performs the mathematical and logical operations.
Second, the CU or control unit is in charge of managing the resource and
operation activities of the CPU.

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

When executing instructions, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is the digital
circuit that performs the actual arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a
fundamental building block of the central processing unit. For example, a
program statement might instruct the computer to determine whether
number X is greater than number Y and print X to the user screen if this
condition is true. If the condition is false, the program might run an
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alternative set of instructions. Some typical operations performed by the ALU

include arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division. The ALU also performs logical operations such as the AND, NOT, and
OR operations that will be described later.

Main memory
The computer memory can be thought of as a scratchpad for the computer.
Main memory, or Random Access Memory (RAM), consists of many storage
locations containing instructions and data, each storage location holding a
single unit of information. As we learned, each storage location has a unique
address allowing the CPU to distinguish one memory location from another.
Main memory works much like the local post office, with each P.O. Box
numbered with a unique identifier so you can tell which one is yours. If we
look inside the P.O. Box, we see the information stored at that P.O. Box
location. In the case of a computer, the P.O. Box contains numeric
information in the form of ones and zeros. Later in the text, we will examine
different types of identifiers and methods use for storing data. We will revisit
this concept and see how Visual Basic actually stores information in memory.
Peripheral Devices

The computer communicates with the outside world through its peripheral
devices. The computer keyboard for example allows the user to enter
information into the computer which may in turn be processed and the results
sent to the printer for a hard copy. Peripheral devices can be divided into
three categories: input, output, and secondary storage devices.
Input devices.

Your Visual Basic programs and data entered into the computer system for
processing are referred to as input. The term data refers to facts that have
not yet been processed or organized into a useable form. When data is
processed, the result is then referred to as information.
Input devices such as those shown in figure 1-3 allow data to be entered into
the computer. Data is commonly entered into the computer from the
keyboard. Other input sources include the mouse, scanners, graphic tablets,
and network interfaces. A typical computer may have all of these input
devices for data acquisition and maybe more.

Keyboard
Mouse

Graphic
Tablet

Network
Interface

Figure 1-3

Output devices
A typical home or office computer may have several output devices attached
to it. The output of processed data or information may be displayed on the
computer screen as a soft copy. Printing results on paper is referred to as a
hard copy. Information may also be sent over a network interface, a Braille
Machine for the vision impaired, or your system speakers. Figure 1-4 shows
some typical output devices you may find on a school computer system.

Monitor

Printer

Braille
Machine

Network
Interface
Speaker

Figure 1-4

Secondary Storage Devices

Fun fact: the very first consumer personal computer was configured with two
floppy disk drives; one for the program disk, the other for data. It was
believed that two floppies provided life-time computational support for even
sophisticated programmers!
Even with the very large storage devices available today, computers are still
limited to the amount of storage in main memory available. Programs and
data needed for later use may be saved by transferring the information to
secondary storage. Common secondary storage peripherals include the
computer hard disk (internal storage drive), flash drive, CD ROM, or floppy
diskettes. Early computers used cassette tape drives to store and read
programs but were not very reliable. Figure 1-5 shows typical secondary
storage devices.

CD Rom
Hard Disk

Flash Drive

Floppy Disk

Figure 1-5

Quick Review
As we have learned, computer storage is measured in bytes. At the time of
this publication, hard disk drives are available in multiple terabyte capacities.
This is an astounding achievement. Not long ago, a 500MB hard drive was
considered huge. Compare the small size of a 500MB hard drive to the 32GB
flash drive that I currently used to write this chapter. A floppy drive by
contrast holds 1.44MB of data so a 1 gigabyte flash drive would be the
equivalent to carrying over 700 floppy disks! Do the math. Hard disks, flash
drives, and floppy disks are all examples of read/write devices. This means
that we can re-write data to these devices. For example, in January, 2013, you
can purchase a 1TB USB3.0 external hardrive for $99.99, but 8 months later
its a 2TB external harddrive for $89.99!
A CD ROM (Read Only Memory) is a write once device where data and
information is burned to disk. There are also read/write CDWR drives as well
as DVD storage devices that have replaced the older CD ROM.

1.4 Categories of Computer Systems.

Computers are categorized by size, capability, and speed of operation.
Because of the power available in the micro computer world, these categories
can be a bit hard to classify. We still classify computer systems by capability
for general comparisons.

Super computers
Super computers are the largest and fastest. Today, supercomputers are
typically one-of-a-kind custom design systems. These high power systems are
generally used for the highest complexities of computational tasks. Generally
these systems are found in scientific work and operations such as weather
forecasting and cryptography.
Fun facts: Oak Ridge back on top with the #1 ranking with Titan, a Cray
XK7 system, on the Top500 list of the world's most powerful computers
(www.top500.org/). Last years winner was Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory supercomputer.

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Mainframe computers
Mainframe computers are not as powerful or expensive as supercomputers.
However, these very powerful computer systems operate at ultra high speeds
and can support many input and output devices themselves also designed to
operate very high speeds. Mainframe computers support typically 100 to 500
users at a time. In some ways, mainframes can be considered more powerful
than supercomputers for their ability to support more simultaneous programs
then a task dedicated supercomputer. Also, mainframes perform the majority
of financial, business and internet commerce transactions, and are optimized
for fast hard disk access and bandwidth. Supercomputers on the other hand
can execute a single program faster than a mainframe. The IBM 370 and IBM
3081 are examples of mainframe computers. I will also mention the IBM 360
system, my old college friend

Minicomputers
The minicomputer is a midrange multi-user system that operates in the
middle range of the computing power spectrum. The minicomputers power is
between the large mainframe computers and the smaller microcomputers or
personal computers. Historically speaking, the mini computers are less
expensive and smaller than mainframes and have less processing power. This
smaller class of large computers formed a distinct group with its own
hardware and operating systems, but in modern times (at least at the time if
this writing), this class of system is a midrange computer including systems
such as the SPARC, POWERPC and Itanium -based systems produced by Sun
Microsystems, and IBM.

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Microcomputers
The microcomputer is a computer usually based on a single microprocessor
chip as its central processing unit although this microprocessor may contain
multiple CPUs such as in the dual and quad core processors. These computers
occupy physically much smaller amounts of space. Microcomputers are where
we find the personal computers that we use at home, work, or at school. The
power of the new generation microcomputer is blurring the historical
classifications of computers and massive amount of computing power at your
finger tips. Typically used by a single user, microcomputers are the most
popular classification of computer and the demand continues to grow as new
innovation allows the personal computer work even harder for us. Present day
microcomputers are networked together allowing the sharing of software,
music, data, and hardware such as printers.
Within this category we have desktop, laptop, tablet and notepad based computers.
Within the desktop world there multiple form factors which can make the desktop a
very compact and easy to configure pc. As the miniaturization process shrinks the
size of each individual transistor to the limits of Moores Law
(http://www.mooreslaw.org/), power consumption becomes a more important sales
approach.

1.5 Operating System

Computers operate using a collection of programs that work together to
manage your computers resources called the operating system (OS). The
operating system acts as the interface between the computers hardware,
software, and the user that operates the computer. When you start Visual
Basic Express for example, you do not start Visual Basic at all, you make a
request to the operating system by clicking an icon and the operating system
does the work for you. The job of the operating system is to manage
peripheral devices and the computer systems resources to perform the tasks
asked of it. There are many operating systems available. Examples of
operating systems include Microsoft XP, Vista, Windows 7 & 8, Linux, Solaris,
and the Mac OS X Snow Leopard.
Fun fact: when the very first CDC mainframe was powered on it did not have
an operating system installed; their head engineer loaded the OS, byte by
byte, from his memory, using an octal bank of toggle switches. It ran the very
first time the OS was uploaded. Another fun fact: the creator of the Cray
12

supercomputer used a Macintosh to assist him; Apple computer used a Cray

supercomputer to help them design the Macintosh!
The part of the operating system that allows the OS to react to the users
requests is called the user interface. The OS interface is divided into two
categories, the command-line interface and the graphical user interface or
(GUI) which most users are familiar with. The command line interface
responds to keyboard commands using the command line language of your
particular operating system. For example in the Microsoft command line world
we might use the DIR command to view all the files stored in a particular
folder. In the graphical environment, we would use My Computer and
browse for the desired folder and the GUI will present the identical
information. Figure 1-6 shows a comparison between the command-line and
GUI interface to perform a simple file listing.

Figure 1-6 GUI vs. Command line file listing

The modern operating system has matured to a point where most operations
performed by the computer user can be accomplished in the familiar GUI
environment. Computer users tend to relate better to a graphic than a
command line instruction. For example, if we wish to remove a file, humans
can relate to a graphic of a waste basket as in the Windows recycle bin or the
Apple trash can better than the command REM (remove) or DEL (delete)
depending on the operating system you are using.
Information processing cycle
Tasks performed by a computer can be broken down into four basic categories: the
IPOS (Input, Process, Output, Storage) cycle.
Input -

Collection of information from the outside world such as

from our keyboard.
13

Processing - Processing of information such as arithmetic in comparison

operations.
Output -

The output of calculated results to the monitor.

Storage -

Storage of our observations.

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), is an 8-bit

character-encoding scheme based on the ordering of the English alphabet.
ASCII codes are used to represent text in computers systems,
communications, and other devices that work with text. Computer characterencoding schemes using characters owe their existence to the ASCII code
standard. Table 1-3 shows the basic ASCII table. Note that to display the
number 0 to users on a computer screen, we actually are displaying the
character 0, seen the ASCII table as decimal 48. Most of the characters listed
from decimal 0 through 31 are special line communications and control
characters that arent actually visible.
Notice the Hexadecimal value of 20 for the character Space? Often youll see
that value embedded in a web address that was converted to a URI
(http://www.w3.org/Addressing/) safe format that allows spaces to be safely
transferred. See http://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_urlencode.asp for
additional information.
Also note that the letters start at a and go through z and their
corresponding number values also are in an ascending pattern; this is what
makes letter processing so easy on a computer.

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Table 1-3 ASCII Table.

Unicode is an industry standard allowing computers to consistently represent

text an characters of most all the world's writing systems. Unlike ASCII which
is an 8-bit code with a restriction of 255 characters, Unicode uses 16-bits
which increases the number of characters represented to 65535. Like the
ASCII character set, Unicode represents the character sets of the world in a
way that best lends it to efficient programming. For example, the ASCII
character set which is included in the Unicode set uses bit number 5 to
indicate if the letter A through Z is upper or lower case. Here is how it
works:
Letter
A
a
B
b

Decimal Value
65
41
97
61
66
42
98
62

Hexadecimal
Binary Value
01000001
01100001
01000010
01100010

In binary, the first digit or least significant digit is position 0 and the last digit
or most significant digit is position 7. If we look at bit position 5 (Highlighted
in blue) that a zero indicates upper case and a one indicates lower case. This
15

is just one example of how a language character set is encoded for maximum
efficiency.
1.6 Your Role as a Computer User.

Computer ethics is a term used to describe the standards of conduct that

pertain to computer usage. As technology advances, a set of rules needs to be
in place to govern how we use computers and what we do with the
applications and information we interact with. The information super highway
(World Wide Web) has generated questions dealing with what is right and
wrong that existing laws were not designed to deal with and have a hard time
keeping up with.
In 1992 the Computer Ethics Institute defined the Ten Rules of Computer
Ethics as a guideline for computer usage. These ten rules are as follows:
1. Do not use a computer to harm other people.
2. Do not interfere with other people's computer work.
3. Do not snoop around in other people's files.
4. Do not use a computer to steal.
5. Do not use a computer to bear false witness.
6. Do not use or copy software for which you have not paid.
7. Do not use other people's computer resources without authorization.
8. Do not appropriate other people's intellectual output.
9. Do think about the social consequences of the program you write.
10. Do use a computer in ways that show consideration and respect.
These rules are widely quoted and should be considered when downloading
software, music, video and other information for your own use. As an
example, for a professional programmer, salary is based on program product
sales. Every stolen copy represents income lost which can cost jobs if enough
copies are stolen, and a higher cost to those who actually pay. Looking at the
ten rules, this is clearly a violation. Lets look at how software and information
is licensed distributed on the WWW.

1.7 Software Categories

Software is licensed in three general forms, commercial software, shareware,
and public domain.
Commercial Software

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Commercial Software is software that has been copyrighted and developed for
profit of the company that produced it. The software you purchase at your
favorite computer store or through the internet fall into this classification.
Shareware
In the case of shareware, the author retains the copyright for the application,
but makes it available for anyone to use. Shareware applications are usually
presented as a try and buy application where you may try the application for a
trial period then purchase a full license if you like the produce. Shareware
allows software authors a chance to get people to try out their work and users
a chance to test it before paying for it. You may not copy shareware in whole
or in part and resell it as your own.
Public-domain Software
Public-domain software is available to anyone freely and without obligation.
You can copy and share this software and program code with anyone. Such
software ranges from games, word processing and spreadsheet applications to
language conversion applications.
Open Source Software
This oft misunderstood form of software requires that the source code be
freely available, in a form that can be understood and actually modified for
any organizations needs or benefits. Additionally, a company can sell a product
derived from another organizations open source software. However, there is a
free license may be required before the software can be installed and used.

Key Terms
Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
Byte
Central Processing Unit
Commercial Software
Computer
Computer Ethics
Control Unit
Data
Graphical user interface (GUI)
Hard copy
Hardware
17

Information
Input
Main Memory
Mainframe
Microcomputer
Microprocessor
Minicomputer
Network
Operating System
Program
Programming language
Public-domain software
Secondary Storage
Secondary Storage Device
Shareware
Soft copy
Supercomputer
System Unit
User Interface

Review Questions
1. Into what three categories can all functions performed by a computer fall
into
2. Into which of the three categories of computer functions would each of the
following be placed?
a. Finding the square of a number
b. Storing a program so that it can be run at a later time.
c. Determining which of two letters comes first in the alphabet.
d. Calculating the Grade Point Average (GPA) of a student.
3. List the two parts of the central processing unit, and describe the purpose
of each.
4. What is the difference between data and information?
5. List several input and output devices.
6. What are the advantages of using secondary storage instead of main
memory? What is a disadvantage? Describe the type of secondary storage
used by your computer.
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7. Describe the purpose of the computer operating system (OS). Describe

the relationship between the (OS) and the user interface.
8. List and briefly describe the options under the File Menu of the Visual Basic
application.
9. Complete the Visual Basic installation and first program creation tutorials
and describe the visual basic program compile process. What does it mean
to compile a program?
10. Why is it important to make backup copies of program and data files?
(Hint for success: Your English 1A report you saved to disk is also a data
file)
11. List rules for properly caring for your flash drives (hint: your favorite
internet search engine is your friend).
12. How is commercial software different form shareware and public-domain
software?

Research Assignment:
1. Write a 3 page report comparing the Windows Vista, MAC OS, and Linux
operating systems. Include a comparison of features and software
applications.
2. Write a 3 page report comparing and contrasting the Visual Basic
programming language with another programming language such as C++,
Java, etc. Compare and contrast features and explain the advantages and
disadvantages of each.
3. Write a 3 page report on the topic of computer ethics and software
licensing.
4. Describe your own personal computer (Include the details of the CPU, RAM,
storage capacity, input and output devices). Please include sufficient details
(version of OS, type of CPU, processing speed, programs such as browsers,
media players, etc. Try searching on your particular module, or a top of the
line computer that you would like to purchase.)

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