EE3741 L3 Transmission Line

Lecture 3 Transmission line
Subject lecturer: Dr. XU Zhao

Department of Electrical Engineering
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Email: eezhaoxu@polyu.edu.hk
R
Room:
CF632
Tel: 27666160
Outlines
Types
Inductance of transmission line
Capacitance of transmission line
Transmission line model
Electrical Engineering, HKPU
EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu
Types of power lines

Power lines classified according to voltage class
Low voltage (LV) lines 120 V 600 V
Lines are insulated conductors,

conductors usually made of aluminium,
aluminium
often extended from local power mounted distribution
transformers to service area of consumer
Lines may be overhead or underground
Underground cables found in metropolitan areas with grid
providing dependable service in which some outages will not
cause loss of load
Medium-voltage (MV) lines 2.4 kV 69 kV
Predominantly radial systems with lines spreading out from

sub-stations to feed power to high-rise buildings, shopping
centres and campuses
High-voltage (HV) lines - <230 kV
Lines composed of aerial conductors or underground cables
Extra-high-voltage (EHV) lines operate at voltages up to

800 kV
Used when g
generating
g stations very
y far from load centres
May be as long as 1000 km
Component of HV
transmission line
Conductors
Aluminum outer strands

2 layers, 30 conductors
Steell core strands,

St
t d
7 conductors
Stranded copper conductors or steel-reinforced aluminium

cable (ACSR)
ACSR usually preferred because result in lighter and more
economical lines
Insulators
Serve to support and anchor conductors and insulate them

from ground
Usually made of porcelain, but glass
and other synthetic insulating materials
may be used
Must offer high resistivity to surface

leakage currents
Must be sufficiently thick to prevent
breakdown under high voltage stress
Single-phase high-voltage cable with solid

dielectric
Component of HV transmission line

Supporting structures
Keep conductors at safe height from ground and at
adequate distance from each other
Wooden poles equipped with cross-arms used for
voltages below 70 kV
For higher voltage two poles used to create H-frame
For very high voltage lines, steel tower used
Spacing between conductors must be sufficient to

prevent arc-over under g
p
gusty
y conditions and increased
as distance between tower and line voltages become
higher
Resistance
DC Resistance at given temperature
RDC,T = l/A
l length of conductor
A cross-sectional area of conductor
resistivity of conductor
Resistivity will depend upon conductor material
Resistance
If resistance of conductor at certain temperature know, DC
resistance at other temperature given by:
M + T2
RT 1
RT 2 =
M + T1
M temperature constant
Resistance of nonmagnetic conductors varies with frequency
due to skin
skin effect
effect
Electric current distributions inside conductor not uniform
As frequency increases, current tends to flow nearer to outer
surface of conductor,
conductor decreasing effective cross section
E.g.
RAC = K * RDC
RAC (1.05
(1 05 ~ 1.10)*
1 10)* RDC @ 60Hz
60H
Inductance
Series inductance of transmission line consists of two
components
Internal inductance
Due to magnetic flux enclosed by conductor
External inductance
Due to magnetic flux outside conductor
Total inductance a combination of both these effects
Internal Inductance
L=/I
Current carrying conductor
Magnetic field intensity around path, radius x,

inside conductor
9
Internal Inductance
Flux density around the path inside the conductor
Flux linkages are equal to fraction of current linked
times flux per meter length. Thus the total flux linkages
inside the conductor
The flux linkages and the consequent internal

inductance of the conductor
THE INTERNAL INDUCTANCE IS CONSTANT!, IRRESPECTIVE
OF CONDUCTOR DIAMETER
10
External inductance
y to flux between p
Inductance due only
points at D1 and D2
meters
Depends
p
comparative
p
distances from current carry
y conductor
11
Inductance of single phase line
Consider two wire

transmission system
Conductor 1 is active
conductor
d t
Conductor 2 provide
return path for current
Neutral conductor
2- wire transmission line system
12

Inductance of two-wire circuit due to current
flowing
g in conductor 1
Total
T t l inductance
i d t
can b
be simplified
i
lifi d tto:
r1=r1e1/4 : GMR (geometric mean radius) of the conductor

13
r1=rr1e1/4 : GMR (geometric mean radius) of the conductor

r1 (GMR) equivalent radius of conductor 1=
0.7788r1
The impact of self inductance is to reduce the effective
radius of the conductor
Inductance
d
off conductor
d
2
The inductance
ind ctance of the complete ci
circuit
c it is then
OR
If r1 = r2
14
Inductance of Three-Phase Circuit

Inductance due to current flow in
phase a
p
Inductance of phase b, c
ri=rie1/4 : GMR (geometric mean radius) of the conductor

15
For a completely transposed

transmission line, the average
inductance of each conductor over
a complete cycle is the same.
Inductance of Three-Phase Circuit

If all three conductors have same radius
GMD geometric mean distance = (D12D23D31)

For a three-phase,
p
, equilaterally
q
y spaced
p
transmission
line, phase conductors have equal separation
distances
GMR of the conductor: r = re-1/4
D12 = D23 = D31 = D
=210-7[1/4+ln(D/r)] H/m
If 3-phase line not equilaterally spaced different and L, but small; assume
transposed,
eachHKPU
conductor occupies the original positions of
theAss.
other
16
Electrical i.e.
Engineering,
EE3741
Prof Zhao Xu
16
conductors over equal distances.
Examples
A single circuit,
circuit fully transposed,
transposed three-phase,
three phase 60Hz transmission line
consists of three conductors arranged as shown. The aluminium
conductor has a diameter of 250mils, find the inductive reactance of the
line p
per kilometre p
per p
phase.
Note: 1 mil: 110-3 in; 1m = 39.36in
17
Solution
1m = 39.36inches(in)
Diameter: 250mils=0.25in=0.25/39.36=0.006352m
Radius: r = 0.006352/2
0.006352/2=0.003176m
0.003176m
De = (55 8)1/3=5.848m
For each kilometre of length, the inductance is:
L = 2[1/4 + ln(De/r)] 10-7 103=1.544mH/km
Inductive reactance per km is: XL=2fL=3771.544 103=0.5858
18
Verify the solution with GMR & GMD
19
Inductance of Stranded Conductors

Stranded conductors have 2 or more elements or strands of
wire that are electrically in parallel.
All strands
t
d are id
identical,
ti l shares
h
currentt equally.
ll
La =Lb=Lc = 210-7 ln(GMD/GMR)
GMR of stranded conductor:
Equivalent radius or GMR (Geometric Mean Radius) of the conductor: r = re-1/4
Dnn
L=LX+LY
20
GMR of the kth conducto

G
conductor:: Dkk = rk = rke-1/4
Inductance of Bundled Conductors

La =Lb=Lc = 210-7 ln(GMD/GMRb)
Two-conductor bundle
GMRb = rb = d rc
Three-conductor bundle
rb = 3 d 2 rc
Four-conductor bundle:
rb = 1.09 4 d 3 rc
rc: GMRc of individual conductor
Bundled Conductors: have 2 or

more conductors belong to the
same phase and are close
t
together
th in
i comparison
i
with
ith the
th
separation distances between the
phases.
2-bundle 3-bundle
21
2-bundle conductor line

4-bundle
Capacitance
When
Wh
voltage
lt
applied
li d to
t pair
i off conducting
d ti
plates (separated by non-conducting
medi m) charge
medium)
h ge accumulates
m l te on each
e h side
ide
of plate
Magnitude
M
it d off charge
h
on each
h side
id off plate
l t equall
Charges on each side have opposing polarity
Magnitude
Magnit de of charge
cha ge deposited proportional
p opo tional
to applied voltage
Q = CV
C capacitance of line
22
Capacitance
Potential difference between conductor in

transmission line cause them to become
charged like capacitors
Effective capacitance dependent upon size and
separation
i
di
distance off conductors
d
AC power lines energized by time varying

voltage
AC voltage causes charge on conductors to vary
Charging
Charging current of line capacitance
Charging current effects

Power transmitted and operating power factor
Voltage drop along line
23
Electric field around long conductor
Can consider transmission line as long

g straight
g
conductor having uniform charge throughout length
Electric field intensity at point P some distance x from
conductor given by:
E = q / (2x)
q change of conductor [coloumbs/m]
permittivity
y of medium surrounding
g conductor=r0
p
r: relative permittivity (dielectric constant) =1 for air
-9
-12 F/mEE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu
24
0: permittivity of free space = 1/(36)10 =8.85410
Electric field around long conductor

Instantaneous potential difference between two
point, P1 and P2 around conductor
Found by considering change in electric field over
radial path between two points
25
Capacitance of single phase line

Consider
C
id active
ti
conductor
d t
and return path as two
long lines of charge
Total voltage between
lines
Superposition of:
Voltage drop between lines
due to charge on active
conductor
+
Voltage drop between lines
due to charge on return
conductor
26
27

0: permittivity of free space = 1/(36)10-9=8.85410-12 F/m
28
Potential difference between each

conductor and ground half the potential
difference between two conductors
Capacitance to ground / Capacitance to neutral
twice
i capacitance
i
ffrom line
li
- line
li

0: permittivity of free space = 1/(36)10-9=8.85410-12 F/m
29
Capacitance of three-phase line
Capacitance
Capacitance per
phase given by:
a
D3
2
D1
GMD =
(D12D23D31)
=D
provided conductors
h
have
same diameter
di
t
and are equilaterally
spaced
p
where
D23
Bundled line capacitance

30
Line reactance
Inductive reactance
Total
T t l iinductive
d ti
reactance
t
proportional
ti
l to
t li
line llength
th
Total line inductive reactance found by multiplying inductive
reactance by line length
Capacitive reactance
Total capacitive reactance inversely proportional to line
length
Total line capacitive reactance found by dividing capacitive
reactance by
y line length
g
Total capacitive susceptance (admittance) proportional to

line length
Xc = m / m =
31
Transmission line model

Transmission lines are represented by an equivalent circuit with
parameters on a per-phase basis
Voltages are expressed as phase-to-neutral
Currents are expressed for one phase
The three phase system is reduced to an equivalent single-phase
All lines are made up of distributed series inductance and
resistance, and shunt capacitance and conductance
Line parameters: R, L, C, & G
Capacitance
p
between neighbouring
g
g
conductors, line and ground
Inductance due to Stranded & Bundled Conductors
Three types of models
depend on the length and the voltage level
short, medium, and long length line models
32
Transmission Line models

Classified according to length of line
Short line less than 50 miles (80 km)
(or up to 320 km
for some applications depending upon whether line
characteristics can still be represented by lumped
components)
Medium line 50 ~ 150 miles (80 ~ 240 km)
Long line
33
Short Transmission Lines
Applicable to lines up to 80.45 km (50 miles) long

Equivalent circuit of short transmission line
consists of series combination of line resistance
and inductive reactance
Line capacitance ignored!
34
Short Transmission Lines

No shunt branches
Cu
Current
e a
at se
sending
d g end
e d equal
equa to
o current
cu e at
a receiving
ece
g end
e d
Is = IR
Voltage at sending end given by:

Vs = VR + IRZ
Voltage regulation
Increase
I
in
i receiving
i i
end
d voltage
lt
as load
l d reduced
d
d from
f
full load to no load with sending end voltage held
constant
35
Two-Port model representation

ABCD two p
port model
Vs = VR + IRZ
Is = IR
36
Medium Length Lines
For lines 80 km (50 miles) - 240 km (150 miles) capacitive

reactance between lines and neutral (earth) not
insignificant
Shunt admittance (usually pure capacitance) included in
equivalent circuit
Allows formation of nominal equivalent circuit
Line impedance
p
still represented
p
as lumped
p
components
p
37
Medium Length Line

Sending-end voltage and current expressed in terms
of receiving end voltage and current using ABCD
transmission parameters
AD-BC = 1
A&D: dimensionless
Bs unit: ()
Cs unit: siemens
ABCD parameters governed by line impedance and

admittance
38
They are a short-cut way of representing line

characteristics
Medium Length Line

VS=AVR+BIR
IS=CVR+DIR
No load: IR = 0,, VS=AVR
Voltage Regulation (at specific power
factor)
At
At no lload,
d receiving-end
i i
d voltage
lt
iis 1/A ti
times
sending end voltage
Sending end power: = PS= 3VSISPFS

Efficient of line: = ((PR//PS))100%
39
Long transmission line

For lines greater than 240/250 km (150 miles)
lumped components no longer provide required
accuracy
Consider parameters distributed evenly throughout line
l: length of line
Z0 = SQRT(z/y): characteristic or surge impedance z: series impedance per unit length, Z=zl
=SQRT(zy):
constant
y: shunt admittanceEE3741
per unit
length,
40
Electrical propagation
Engineering, HKPU
Ass. Prof
Zhao Xu Y=yl
40

For lines greater than 240/250 km (150
miles) lumped components no longer
provide required accuracy
Consider parameters distributed evenly throughout line
Modeling
M d li
off the
th transmission
t
i i
line
li
parameters
Accuracy obtained by using distributed parameters
The series impedance per unit length is z
The shunt admittance per unit length is y
The
Th distance
di t
from
f
receiving
i i
end
d is
i x
41
42
43
Wave equation for lossy line

let
d 2 I ( x)
dx 2
= 2 I ( x)
-attenuation/damping
constant
phase
p
constant
44
Two part model
45
Two part model
46
Wave propagation
Substitute
V ( x) = A1ex e jx + A2 e x e jx
Transform back to time domain
v( x, t ) = 2 Re A1ex e j (t + x ) + 2 Re A2 e x e j (t x )
-amplitude increases
along positive x direction
-amplitude decreases
along positive x direction
-incident
incident wave -traveling
traveling
towards receiving end
-reflected wave traveling

backward to sending end
Note:
- >0 for a line with resistance
-Traveling sinusoidal waves in positive x direction
47
Courtesy by Prof Goran Andersson ETH
48
Wave propagation
Wave length: a voltage cycle corresponds to 2 change of
angular argument x
=2/
If loss neglected g=r=0, and
= LC
C
1
1
=
LC
f LC
Using the equation for per unit length inductance and
capacitance L and C, we can have
1
v
= 3 108 m / s
u0 0
v = / T = 2f / =
49
1
= 3 108 / 50 = 6km
f u0 0
Surge impedance
If loss neglected g=r=0

g=r=0, the characteristic impedance
L
-Surge impedance purely resistive
C(
Surge
u g impedance
p da
loading
oad g (SIL)
) @ receiving
g end
d
2
3
V
(kVrated ) 2
R
*
SIL = 3VR I R =
=
MW
Zc
Zc
Zc =
@SIL, voltage and current along lines are constant in magnitude

as sending
di
end
d
V ( x ) = (cos x + j sin x )V R = V R x
I ( x ) = (cos x + j sin x ) I R = I R x
No reflected wave (A2=0) and reactive power in the line, and

reactive loss due to shunt capacitance and series inductance offset
each other
SIL indicate loading without
itho t reactive
eacti e compensation,
compensation therefore
the efo e
reflecting capacity somehow: loading@ SIL compensation little,
loading>> SIL-compensation needed
Zc for overhead line 400-600 ohm, cable: 30-50 ohm, overhead
li
line
lloading
di
can > SIL,
SIL while
hil cable
bl lloading
di
always
l
< SIL (SIL
larger than cable thermal limit)
50
Wave transient analysis

are reflected wave @receiving end
Let Zc=surge impendence
Voltage reflection coefficient @ receiving end
and SC termination, -1, open circuit termination +1.
Since
current reflection coefficient@receiving end is -
R
When wave back to sending end, reflection coefficient@sending
end
51
Wave transient analysis-example

Refer to Page228-230 Power System analysis By
John&William, McGraw-Hill 1994
A DC source of 120v with negligible resistance is
connected through a switch S to a lossless transmission
line having Zc
Zc=30
30 ohm. The line is terminated in a
resistance of 90 (10) ohm. If S closes at t =0 , plot VR
v.s. time until t=5T, where T is the time for a voltage
wave to travel the length of line.
line
52

Incident wave starts to travel along
line (Note: x from sending end here),
(
) is the unit step
p
where U(vt-x)
function, equal to 1 when vt-x>0,
and 0when vt-x<0
No reflection until wave reach receiving
end with Zc=30,
end,
Zc=30
@ t= T, r =(90-30)/(90+30)=1/2
v-=120*1/2=60 V VR=120+60=180 V
@t 2T s =(0-30)/(0+30)=-1
@t=2T,
(0 30)/(0+30) 1
v-=-1*60=-60, Vs=120v always
@t=3T, r =(90-30)/(90+30)=1/2
v-=1/2*-60=-30,
1/2* 60 30 VR=180-60-30=90
180 60 30 90 V
@t=5T, VR=135 v
53
Lattice
diagram

ZR=10 ohm
Current lattice diagram can be drawn
with reflection of current is negative
value of voltage one
54

Reflection can occurs at the end, and also when a line has a junction
of two different parts, or bifurcation
E.g.
E g an overhead line connected to cable,
cable the first part terminates at
Zc of the second part cable. The part of wave which continues to
travel and is not reflected back at the junction is called the refracted
wave
When applies a voltage surge, a same shape voltage surge traveling
backwards as seen in example occurs at end of the lossless line,
If ZR is not open circuit or SC, reflected wave has reduced
magnitude. When ZR> Zc, the peak terminal voltage > voltage surge
55

Terminal equipment tends to overvoltage when surge applies in the
circuit, and therefore protected by surge arrestor (lightening arrestor,
surge divider)
Conducting at certain v above design rating v
Limit terminal voltage to its design value
Noncoducting again when line
line-neutral
neutral voltage drops below rating
Air gap type, difficult to extinguish current for AC
Air gap+ nonlinear resistor in series(ohm decreases quick when V rises)
silicon carbide
carbide, zinc oxide is more popular without need of air gap
56
Transmission power
Power transfer by transmission line
VS = VS ,VR = VR 0
A = A A , B = B B , I R =
S R = PR + jQ R = 3VR I R = 3
VS VR
PR =
QR =
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L )
B
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L )
B
( B ) 3
cos( B )
A VR ( L L )
sin( B )
A VR ( L L )
( B A)
cos( B A)
2
sin( B A)
S R = PR + jQ R = 3VR I R
PS =
57
B B
A VR
VS A A VR 0
QS =
A VS ( L L )
IS =
cos( B A)
B
A VS ( L L )
A A VS VR 0
B B
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L )
B
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L )
cos( B+ )
sin( B A) EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

sin( B+ )
B
Transmission power
Real
R l and
d reactive
ti
power transmission
t
i i
lloss
PL = PS PR
QL = QS QR
Power transfer by lossless line B = jX ' , A = 0, B = 900 , A = cos l
PS = PR =
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L )
X
'
sin
QR =
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L )
X
'
cos
VR ( L L )
B
cos l
Power-delta
P
d lt curve: max power transfer
t
f @ 90 degree
d
Actual stability is much lower [35,45]degree due to
stability
y consideration of generator,
g
, i.e. to withstand
sudden loss of generator or load
58
Transmission capability
Power transmission capability is
limited by thermal and stability
limits
Overloading may cause high
temperature and irreversible
stretching of conductor, i.e. physical
sag of lines due to real power loss
Thermal limit specified in current
carrying capability Ithemral from
manufacture datasheet
Sthermal = 3VRated I thermal
59
Other Limits Affecting Power Transfer

Stability limit
zAngle limits
while the maximum power transfer occurs when line angle
difference is 90 degrees,
degrees actual limit is substantially less
due to multiple lines in the system and also the generator
stability limits [35, 45]degree
zVoltage stability limits

as power transfers increases, reactive losses increase as
I2X.
X As reactive power increases the voltage falls
falls, resulting
in a potentially cascading voltage collapse.
60
Transmission line compensation

Self reactance and capacitance causing voltage variations and reactive
flow
Loading variation cause voltage variations along the line
line, e.g.
eg
@ SIL, voltage profile are flat along line and no reactive flow
<SIL, voltage rise, line generate VARs
>SIL,
>SIL voltage drops,
drops line consume VARs
Shunt v.s. series compensation: Shunt reactors, Shunt capacitor, Series
capacitor, FACTs devices
61
Transmission compensation
Compensate for voltage uneven distribution cause by line

capacitance
Shunt reactors xLsh @end of long line
Solving for xLshh

If requiring
q
g VS=VR
Substitute
b
Xlsh
Voltage is uneven along the line, mid point voltage is, why?
62
Transmission compensation
Shunt capacitor for heavy loads with
lagging power factor
Series capacitor connected in mid of line
reduce reactance
Reduce voltage
g drop
p
improve steady state and transient stability
loading limit for EHV lines at very low costs
comparing to new line costs
PS = PR =
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L )
X'
sin
is in percentage called percentage compensation

Drawbacks: special protection to prevent high
current at SC fault occurrence, and SSR
(
(resonant
circuit causing oscillations
ll
when
h
stimulated by a disturbance)
63

EE3741 L3 Transmission Line

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

EE3741 L3 Transmission Line

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Lecture 3 Transmission line

Subject lecturer: Dr. XU Zhao

Electrical Engineering, HKPU

EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

Types of power lines

Lines are insulated conductors,

Medium-voltage (MV) lines 2.4 kV 69 kV

Predominantly radial systems with lines spreading out from

High-voltage (HV) lines - <230 kV

Lines composed of aerial conductors or underground cables

Extra-high-voltage (EHV) lines operate at voltages up to

Electrical Engineering, HKPU

EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

Aluminum outer strands

Steell core strands,

Stranded copper conductors or steel-reinforced aluminium

Serve to support and anchor conductors and insulate them

Must offer high resistivity to surface

Electrical Engineering, HKPU

Single-phase high-voltage cable with solid

Component of HV transmission line

Spacing between conductors must be sufficient to

Electrical Engineering, HKPU

EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

Resistivity will depend upon conductor material

Electrical Engineering, HKPU

EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

Electrical Engineering, HKPU

EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

Total inductance a combination of both these effects

Electrical Engineering, HKPU

EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

Current carrying conductor

Magnetic field intensity around path, radius x,

Electrical Engineering, HKPU

EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

The flux linkages and the consequent internal

Electrical Engineering, HKPU

EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

Electrical Engineering, HKPU

EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

Inductance of single phase line

Consider two wire

2- wire transmission line system

Electrical Engineering, HKPU

EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

Inductance of single phase line

r1=r1e1/4 : GMR (geometric mean radius) of the conductor

Electrical Engineering, HKPU

EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

r1=rr1e1/4 : GMR (geometric mean radius) of the conductor

Inductance of single phase line

Electrical Engineering, HKPU

EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

Inductance of Three-Phase Circuit

ri=rie1/4 : GMR (geometric mean radius) of the conductor

Electrical Engineering, HKPU

EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

For a completely transposed

Inductance of Three-Phase Circuit

GMD geometric mean distance = (D12D23D31)

Electrical Engineering, HKPU

EE3741 Ass. Prof Zhao Xu

Electrical Engineering, HKPU