Republic of the Philippines

Commission on Higher Education

Asbury College, Inc.
Anda, Pangasinan 2405
Course Title: English for Specific Purposes
Instructress: Mrs. Flora C. Figuerres
Discussant: Ms. Ericka Mae C. Abangan
Topic: The Origins of ESP

ESP (English for Specific Purpose) was not planned but rather a
phenomenon. There are three reasons common to the emergence of ESP
which are 1.) the demands of a brave new world, 2.) a revolution in
linguistics and 3.) focus on the learner.
1. The demands of a brave new world
a. Technology and commerce- dominating forces which generated a
demand for an international language.
b. Scientific, technical and economic- activities which made the
world unified in the year 1945.
2. A revolution in Linguistics
a. New studies shifted from defining the formal features to
language usage to discover ways in which language is actually
used in communication (Widdowson, 1978).
b. Tell me what you need English for, and I will tell you the English
that you need.
3. Focus on the Learner
a. New development in educational psychology contributed to the
rise of ESP by emphasizing the central importance of the learner
and their attitudes to learning (Rodgers, 1986). Focus started to
be on the nature of the learners and learning which resulted to
development of courses catering genuinely to their needs and
interest.
b. Individual differences and different learning styles lent support to
the development of courses in which relevance to the learners
needs and interest was paramount.

These three factors became the boiling point towards the need for
increased specialization in language learning.
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Asbury College, Inc.
Anda, Pangasinan 2405
Course Title: Translation and Editing Text
Instructress: Mrs. Flora C. Figuerres
Discussant: Ms. Ericka Mae C. Abangan
Topic: Translation Methods
Translating literally or freely was always been the central problem of
translation. The argument has been going on since at least the first century
B.C. up to the beginning of the nineteenth century, many writers favored
some kind of Free Translation: the spirit not the letter, the sense not the
words; the message rather than the form; the matter not the manner.
The argument was theoretical: the purpose of translation, the nature of
the readership, the type of text was not discussed. Too often, the writer and
the reader were implicitly identified with each other.
Four Methods for SL (Second Language) Emphasis
1. Word-for-word Translation
The source language word order is preserved and the words translated
by their most common meanings.
2. Literal Translation
The SL (Second Language) grammatical constructions are converted to
their nearest TL (Target Language) equivalents but the lexical items are
again translated out of context. As pre-translation process, it indicates
problems to be resolved.
3. Faithful Translation
It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original
within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers
cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical
deviation from SL norms. It attempts to be completely faithful to the
intentions and the text realization of the SL writer.
4. Semantic Translation

It differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more

account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on meaning
where appropriate so that no assonance, no word play or repetition jars in
the finished version. It does rely on cultural equivalence and makes very
small concessions to the readership.