:

Introduction
distillation is the separation of substances that
have different vapor pressures at any given
temperature.
The word distillation as used here refers to the
physical separation of a mixture into two or more
fractions that have different boiling points.
If a liquid mixture of two volatile materials is
heated, the vapor that comes off will have a
higher concentration of the lower boiling material
than the liquid form which it was evolved.

(distillation)
:

--

A B 45
yA XA

AB A
B
:

AB

y A / xA
=
y B / xB

Distillation process
A distillation column consists of a series of plates
(of trays).
There is a certain amount of liquid on each plate,
and some arrangement is made for ascending
vapors to pass through the liquid and make
contact with it.
The descending liquid flows down form the plate
above through a downcomer.
Vapor form the top of the column are condensed,
a part of which is recirculated to the column as
reflux.

 A portion of the bottom liquid is heated in a

reboiler and vapor is sent back to the column.
Fresh feed is introduced at a plate in the
column usually in the middle of the column.
The system is shown Figure below.

11.4 B

P 708

 The number of real stages is fixed by the

equipment. The computation for the composition
of the top product D and the bottom product B or
performance of the given distillation column
operated at a given set of conditions, depends
upon the following:
Equilibrium relationship
Component-material balances
Total-material balances
Energy balances

(overall efficiency)
(E)

1( )
E=

(2)

E=

y /x

=

y /x
(Fenske equation)
nDW

AB

log( x A / x B )D log( x A / x B )W
n+1=
log AB


F=D+W
F x F = D xD + W x W

Ln
D
yn = (
) x n +1 + (
)x D
Vn
Vn
xD
R
yn = (
) x n +1 + (
)
R +1
R +1

R =

Ln
D

11.4 B

P 712

P 714

:
:

: 20%
:
30%


QC

()

 (Sensible Heat)

:
1.
2.
3.

 :
1.
2.
3.
4. :

Separation of ethanol from aqueous

solution
Ethanol (10%) aqueous solution obtained from
fermentation contains small amount of
propanol and other heavier alcohols that can
be removed through side streams at a
distillation tower to separate ethanol from
water.
However, we neglect propanol in this exercise
Use PROII to calculate energy consumption for
various conditions

given
Product specification
Product ethanol :83mol%
Recover of ethanol through TOP :90%

FEED
Composition: ethanol 10mol%,H2O 90mol%,
Flow rate: 10kg-mol/h
Temp.: 25
Press.: 1atm

 Thermo set: NRTL(single liquid)

Tower specification
Total condenser (bubble point)
Reboiler: kettle-type
Pressure: 1atm (pressure drop is neglected)
Feed stage:15
Total stage theoretical stage number:20

Questions to do
Find Rebioler duty and condenser duty
By changing Feed tray

EX: When feed location change

Tray
location
Reboiler
duty
M* kJ/hr

11

12

13

14

15

0.27183

0.24421

0.22677

0.21486

0.20627

Temp C

25

35

Reboiler
duty
M*kj/hr

0.2063 0.199

45

65

0.183

0.175

75

bp

25%

75%

dp


1.

 2.

50

(stripping section)

(boil-up ratio)

(rectifying section)
(feed
line)

3.

, f Qc, Qr, R