STORM DRAIN

This article is about tunnels that carry runoff from urban streets. For the early sewers designed to
carry both waste and storm water, see Combined sewer. For the modern sewer system that
carries waste, see Sanitary sewer.

Storm drain with its pipe visible beneath it due to construction work

A storm drain, storm sewer (US), surface water drain/sewer (UK), stormwater
drain (Australia and New Zealand), or simply a drain ordrain system is designed
to drain excess rain and ground water from impervious surfaces such as paved streets, car
parks, parking lots, footpaths, sidewalks, and roofs. Storm drains vary in design from small
residential dry wells to large municipal systems. They are fed bystreet gutters on
most motorways, freeways and other busy roads, as well as towns in areas which experience
heavy rainfall, flooding andcoastal towns which experience regular storms. Even the gutters from
houses and buildings can be connected to the Storm drain. Many storm drainage systems are
designed to drain the storm water, untreated, into rivers or streams. As a result, it is not okay to
pour certain types of chemicals into the drains.
Some storm drains lead to a mixing of stormwater (rainwater) with sewage, either intentionally
in the case of combined sewers or unintentionally.

Nomenclature[edit]
There are several related terms which are used differently in American and British English:
American English

Combined sewer A sewer designed and

intended to serve as
a sanitary sewer and a

British English

Same as American English

Comments

Stormwatermixed
withsewage

storm sewer, or as an
industrial sewer and a
storm sewer.[1]

A sewer designed and

intended to carry only
Storm sewer

storm waters, surface

runoff, street wash

See surface water sewer or

surface sewer.

Only stormwater

waters, and drainage.[2]

Surface water
sewer or surface

A sewer designed and

See storm sewer

sewer

intended to carry only

rainwater runoff.

Only stormwater

[citation needed]

A combined sewer discharge

Stormwater
bypass

pipeline intended to
Same as British English

bypasswastewater treatment
plants during a peak runoff

Stormwater mixed
with sewage

events.[citation needed]

A roadside channel to
Road channel

See roadside ditch

prevent uncontrolled runoff

along roadway surfaces.[citation

Only stormwater

needed]

Consists of a gully grating on

Road gully

See roadside ditch

a chamber that connects to

a surface water sewer /

Only stormwater

drain, ditch, or watercourse

A roadside channel to
Roadside ditch

prevent uncontrolled
runoff along roadway
surfaces.[3]

See road gully

Only stormwater

Function[edit]

American-style curbside storm drain receiving urban runoff

Inlet[edit]

Full view of a storm drain (Ontario, Canada)

There are two main types of stormwater drain (highway drain or road gully in the UK) inlets: side
inlets and grated inlets. Side inlets are located adjacent to the curb (kerb) and rely on the ability
of the opening under the backstone or lintel to capture flow. They are usually depressed at the
invert of the channel to improve capture capacity.[4]
Many inlets have gratings or grids to prevent people, vehicles, large objects or debris from falling
into the storm drain. Grate bars are spaced so that the flow of water is not impeded,
but sediment and many small objects can also fall through. However, if grate bars are too far
apart, the openings may present a risk to pedestrians, bicyclists, and others in the vicinity. Grates
with long narrow slots parallel to traffic flow are of particular concern to cyclists, as the front tire
of a bicycle may become stuck, causing the cyclist to go over the handlebars or lose control and
fall.[5] Storm drains in streets and parking areas must be strong enough to support the weight of
vehicles, and are often made of cast iron or reinforced concrete.

Old German storm drain in Kstrin (now Kostrzyn nad Odr in Poland)

Some of the heavier sediment and small objects may settle in a catchbasin, or sump, which lies
immediately below the outlet, where water from the top of the catchbasin reservoir overflows into
the sewer proper. The catchbasin serves much the same function as the "trap" in household
wastewater plumbing in trapping objects.
In the United States, unlike the plumbing trap, the catchbasin does not necessarily prevent sewer
gases such as hydrogen sulfide andmethane from escaping. However, in the United Kingdom,
where they are called gully pots,[6] they are designed as true water-filled traps and do block the
egress of gases and rodents.
Most catchbasins will contain stagnant water during the drier parts of the year, and can, in warm
countries, be used by mosquitos for breeding. Larvicides or disruptive larval hormones,
sometimes released from "mosquito biscuits", have been used to control mosquito breeding in
catchbasins. Mosquitoes may be physically prevented from reaching the standing water or
migrating into the sewer proper by the use of an "inverted cone filter". Another method
of mosquito control is to spread a thin layer of oil on the surface of stagnant water, interfering
with the breathing tubes of mosquito larvae.
The performance of catchbasins at removing sediment and other pollutants depends on the
design of the catchbasin (for example, the size of the sump), and on routine maintenance to
retain the storage available in the sump to capture sediment. Municipalities typically have
large vacuum trucks that perform this task.
Catchbasins act as a first-line pretreatment for other treatment practices, such as retention
basins, by capturing large sediments and street litter from urban runoff before it enters the storm
drainage pipes.

A storm sewer under the main road empties into a bigger open channel

Piping[edit]
Pipes can come in many different cross-sectional shapes (rectangular, square, bread-loafshaped, oval, inverted pear-shaped, egg shaped, and most commonly,
circular). Drainage systems may have many different features including waterfalls, stairways,
balconies and pits for catching rubbish, sometimes called Gross Pollutant Traps (GPTs). Pipes
made of different materials can also be used, such asbrick, concrete, high-density
polyethylene or galvanized steel. Fibre reinforced plastic is starting to see widespread use for
drain pipes and fittings.

Outlet[edit]
Most drains have a single large exit at their point of discharge (often covered by a grating) into
a canal, river, lake, reservoir, sea orocean. Other than catchbasins, typically there are no
treatment facilities in the piping system. Small storm drains may discharge into individual dry
wells. Storm drains may be interconnected using slotted pipe, to make a larger dry well system.
Storm drains may discharge into man-made excavations known as recharge basins or retention
ponds.

Environmental impacts[edit]
Water quantity[edit]
Storm drains are often unable to manage the quantity of rain that falls during heavy rains and/or
storms. When storm drains are inundated, basement and street flooding can occur. Unlike
catastrophic flooding events, this type of urban flooding occurs in built-up areas where manmade drainage systems are prevalent. Urban flooding is the primary cause of sewer backups
and basement flooding which can affect properties year after year.[7]

Water quality[edit]
Main article: Urban runoff
The first flush from urban runoff can be extremely dirty. Storm water may become contaminated
while running down the road or other impervious surface, or from lawn chemical run-off, before
entering the drain.
Water running off these impervious surfaces tends to pick up gasoline, motor oil, heavy
metals, trash and other pollutants from roadways and parking lots, as well
as fertilizersand pesticides from lawns. Roads and parking lots are major sources
of nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are
created ascombustion byproducts of gasoline and other fossil fuels. Roof runoff contributes high
levels of synthetic organic compounds and zinc (from galvanized gutters). Fertilizer use on
residential lawns, parks and golf courses is a significant source of nitrates and phosphorus.[8][9]
Separation of undesired runoff can be done by installing devices within the storm sewer system.
These devices are new to the market and can only be installed with new development or during
major upgrades. They are referred to as oil-grit separators (OGS) or oil-sediment separators
(OSS). They consist of a specialized manhole chamber, and use the water flow and/or gravity to
separate oil and grit.[10]

Reducing stormwater flows[edit]

Runoff into storm sewers can be minimized by including sustainable urban drainage systems (UK
term) or low impact development or green infrastructure practices (US terms) into municipal
plans. To reduce stormwater from rooftops, flows from eaves troughs (rain gutters and
downspouts) may be infiltrated into adjacent soil, rather than discharged into the storm sewer
system. Storm water runoff from paved surfaces can be directed to unlined ditches (sometimes

called swales or bioswales) before flowing into the storm sewers, again to allow the runoff to
soak into the ground. Permeable paving materials can be used in building
sidewalks, driveways and in some cases, parking lots, to infiltrate a portion of the stormwater
volume.[11]
In many areas, detention tanks are required to be installed inside a property and are used to
temporarily hold rainwater runoff during heavy rains and restrict the outlet flow to the public
sewer. This lessens the risk of the public sewer being overburdened during heavy rain. An
overflow outlet may also be utilized which connects higher on the outlet side of the detention
tank. This overflow would prevent the detention tank from completely filling up. By restricting the
flow of water in this way and temporarily holding the water in a detention tank public sewers are
far less likely to become surcharged.

Mosquito breeding[edit]
See also: Mosquito control
Catch basins are commonly designed with a sump area below the outlet pipe level which is a
reservoir for water and debris to help prevent the pipe from clogging. Unless they are constructed
with permeable bottoms to allow water to infiltrate into the underlying soil, this subterranean
basin can become a perfect mosquito breeding area because it is cool, dark, and retains
stagnant water for long periods of time. Combined with standard grates which have holes large
enough for mosquitoes to enter and leave the basin, this is a major problem in mosquito control.
[12]

Basins can be filled with concrete up to the pipe level to prevent this reservoir from forming.
Without proper maintenance, the functionality of the basin is questionable, as these catch basins
are most commonly not cleaned annually as is needed to make them perform as designed. The
trapping of debris serves no purpose because once filled they operate as if no basins were
present, but continue to allow a shallow area of water retention for the breeding of mosquito.
Moreover, even if cleaned and maintained, the water reservoir remains filled, accommodating the
breeding of mosquitoes.

Relationship to sanitary sewer systems[edit]

Sign alerting public to avoid dumping waste into storm drains

Typical signage embedded in pavement next to a storm drain inBoston, in the United States

Storm drains are separate and distinct from sanitary sewer systems. The separation of storm
sewers from sanitary sewers helps to prevent sewage treatment plants becoming overwhelmed
by infiltration/inflow during a rainstorm, which can result in untreated sewage being discharged
into the environment.
Many storm drainage systems are designed to drain the storm water, untreated, into rivers or
streams. Many local governments conduct public awareness campaigns about this, lest waste be
dumped into the storm drain system.[13] In the city of Cleveland, Ohio, for example, all new catch
basins installed have inscriptions on them not to dump any waste, and usually include a fish
imprint as well. Trout UnlimitedCanada recommends that a yellow fish symbol be painted next to
existing storm drains.[14]

Combined sewers[edit]
Main article: Combined sewer
Cities that installed their sewage collection systems before the 1930s typically used single piping
systems to transport both urban runoffand sewage. This type of collection system is referred to
as a combined sewer system (CSS). The cities' rationale when combined sewers were built
was that it would be cheaper to build just a single system.[15] In these systems a sudden large
rainfall that exceeds sewage treatment capacity will be allowed to overflow directly from the
storm drains into receiving waters via structures called combined sewer overflows.[16]
Storm drains are typically at shallower depths than combined sewers; because, while storm
drains are designed to accept surface runoff from streets, combined sewers were designed to
also accept sewage flows from buildings with basements.[17]
New York City, Washington DC, Seattle and other cities with combined systems have this
problem due to a large influx of storm water after every heavy rain. Some cities have dealt with
this by adding large storage tanks or ponds to hold the water until it can be treated. Chicagohas
a system of tunnels, collectively called the Deep Tunnel, underneath the city for storing its
stormwater.[18] In many areas detention tanks or roof detention systems are required to be
installed for a property and are used to temporarily hold rainwater runoff during heavy rains and
restrict the outlet flow to the public sewer. This lessens the risk of the public sewer being
overburdened during a heavy rain. An overflow outlet may also be utilized which connects higher
on the outlet side of the detention tank. This overflow would prevent the detention tank from

completely filling up. By restricting the flow of water in this way and temporarily holding the water
in a detention tankor by roof detention public sewers are far less likely to become surcharged. [19]

Regulations and local building codes[edit]

Building codes and local government ordinances vary greatly on the handling of storm drain
runoff. New developments might be required to construct their own storm drain processing
capacity for returning the runoff to the water table and bioswales may be required in sensitive
ecological areas to protect the watershed.
In the United States, cities, suburban communities and towns with over 10,000 population are
required to obtain discharge permits for their storm sewer systems, under the Clean Water Act.
[20]

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued stormwater regulations for large cities in

1990 and for other communities in 1999.[21] The permits require local governments to operate
stormwater management programs, covering both construction of new buildings and facilities,
and maintenance of their existing municipal drainage networks. Many municipalities have revised
their local ordinances covering management of runoff. State government facilities, such as roads
and highways, are also subject to the stormwater management regulations.[22] Many local
municipalities have placed ordinances for both commercial and residential stormwater
management practices to be designed, implemented, and approved before an occupancy permit
is released.

Examples[edit]
Southeastern Los Angeles County installed thousands of stainless steel, full-capture trash
devices on their road drains in 2011.[23]

Exploration[edit]
Main article: Urban exploration
An international subculture has grown up around the exploration of stormwater drains. Societies
such as the Cave Clan regularly explore the drains underneath cities. This is commonly known
as "urban exploration," but is also known as draining when in specific relation to storm drains.

Residence[edit]
See also: Mole people, Underclass, and Underground living
In several large American cities, homeless people live in storm drains.[citation needed] At least 300
people live in the 200 miles of underground storm drains of Las Vegas, many of them making a
living finding unclaimed winnings in the gambling machines.[24] An organization called Shine a
Light was founded in 2009 to help the drain residents after over 20 drowning deaths occurred in
the preceding years.[24][25] A man in San Diego was evicted from a storm drain after living there for
nine months in 1986.[26]

History[edit]

Storm
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Windstorm" redirects here. For the type of storm in Europe, see European windstorm. For the
Gloria Jones album, see Windstorm (album).
For other uses, see Storm (disambiguation).

A shelf cloud, associated with a heavy or severethunderstorm, over Swedish island of land in theBaltic
Sea in July 2005.
Part of the nature series

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A storm is any disturbed state of an environment or astronomical body's atmosphere especially

affecting its surface, and strongly implying severe weather. It may be marked by significant
disruptions to normal conditions such as strong wind, hail,thunder and lightning (a thunderstorm),
heavy precipitation (snowstorm, rainstorm), heavy freezing rain ice storm), strong winds (tropical
cyclone, windstorm), or wind transporting some substance through the atmosphere as in a dust
storm,blizzard, sandstorm, etc.
Storms have the potential to harm lives and property via storm surge,
heavy rain or snow causing flooding or road impassibility, lightning, wildfires, and vertical wind
shear, however, systems with significant rainfall and duration help alleviate drought in places

they move through. Heavy snowfall can allow special recreational activities to take place which
would not be possible otherwise, such as skiing and snowmobiling.

SEWER SYSTEM
Sanitary sewer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the modern sewer system for carrying waste. For early sewers designed to
carry both wastewater and storm water, see combined sewer. For the street runoff drainage
system, see storm drain.

PVC sanitary sewer installation. Sanitary sewers are sized to carry the amount of sewage generated by the
collection area. Sanitary sewers are much smaller than combined sewers designed to also carry surface
runoff.

A sanitary sewer or "foul sewer" is an underground carriage system specifically for

transporting sewage from houses and commercial buildings through pipes to treatment or
disposal. Sanitary sewers are part of an overall system called sewerage or sewage system.
Sewage may be treated to control water pollution before discharge to surface waters.[1][2] Sanitary
sewers serving industrial areas also carry industrial wastewater.
Separate sanitary sewer systems are designed to transport sewage alone. In municipalities
served by sanitary sewers, separate storm drains may be constructed to convey surface
runoff directly to surface waters. Sanitary sewers are distinguished from combined sewers, which
combine sewage with stormwater runoff in the same pipe. Sanitary sewer systems are
considered beneficial because they avoidcombined sewer overflows.
Contents
[hide]

1Background

2Types
o

2.1Conventional gravity sewers

2.2Force mains

2.3Effluent sewer

2.4Simplified sewer

2.5Vacuum sewer

3Maintenance

4History

5See also

6References

Background[edit]
Sewage treatment is less effective when sanitary waste is diluted with stormwater, and combined
sewer overflows occur when runoff from heavy rainfall or snowmelt exceeds hydraulic capacity
of sewage treatment plants.[3] To overcome these disadvantages, some cities built separate
sanitary sewers to collect only municipal wastewater and exclude stormwater runoff collected in
separate storm drains. The decision between a combined sewer system or two separate systems
is mainly based on need for sewage treatment and cost of providing treatment during heavy rain
events. Many cities with combined sewer systems built prior to sewage treatment have not
replaced those sewer systems.[4]

Types[edit]
Conventional gravity sewers[edit]

Manhole access to sewer; person shows scale

Schematic of a conventional sanitary sewer to convey blackwaterand greywater from households to a

centralized sewage treatment facility[5]

A manhole cover for a sanitary sewer access point.

What Is A Combined Sewer?

Separate Sanitary and Stormwater Sewer Systems

DC Water operates a wastewater collection system comprised of "separate" and "combined" sewers. Separate
systems are comprised of two independent piping systems: one system for "sanitary" sewage (i.e., sewage from
homes and businesses) and one system for storm water. Currently, approximately two-thirds of the District of
Columbia is served by separate sewer systems. Separate systems are illustrated here.

Combined Sewer Systems

The remaining one-third of the District of Columbia is served by a combined sewer system (CSS), which was
developed before 1900. A combined sewer system conveys both sanitary sewage and storm water in one piping
system and is illustrated below:
The combined sewer area is illustrated here.

Typical Regulator: Dry Weather Normal Operation

During normal dry weather conditions, sanitary wastes collected in the combined sewer system are diverted to
the Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant. The sanitary wastes are diverted at facilities called
regulators. Typical regulator operation during dry weather is shown here.

Typical Regulator: Wet Weather Normal Operation

During periods of significant rainfall, the capacity of a combined sewer may be exceeded. When this occurs,
regulators are designed to let the excess flow, which is a mixture of storm water and sanitary wastes, to be
discharged directly into the Anacostia River, Rock Creek, the Potomac River, or tributary waters. This excess flow
is called Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO). Release of this excess flow is necessary to prevent flooding in
homes, basements, businesses, and streets. Typical regulator operation during wet weather is shown here.

Typical outfall
Combined Sewer Overflow is discharged, during certain rain events, to the Anacostia River, Rock Creek, the
Potomac River or tributary waters at CSO outfalls. There are 53 CSO outfalls listed in the existing National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit from the United States Environmental Protection Agency. A typical
CSO outfall is shown here.

Where are CSO Outfalls?

Maps showing the location of each CSO Outfall are shown below:

Combined Sewer Area Map

CSO Outfalls and CSS Drainage Areas

Anacostia CSO Outfalls and CSS Drainage Areas

Potomac & Rock Creek CSO Outfalls and CSS Drainage Areas

When do CSOs Occur?

CSO Outfall Warning Sign

CSOs should only occur during wet weather. Whether an overflow occurs and the magnitude of the overflow
depends on many factors including rainfall volume, rainfall intensity, and recent rainfall in the area. CSOs typically
overflow more in wet years than dry years and more intense rains also make it more likely that CSOs will occur.
DC Water has also posted signs at each CSO outfall. Look for these signs near outfalls.

Avoid Contact with Combined Sewer Overflows

DC Water is committed to improving the quality of water within the District of Columbia. Discharges may be
dangerous to the public, due to the high flow of water that may exit these sewer outfalls. Potentially harmful
substances may also be present in these discharges. The public is advised to stay away from any sewer pipe
discharge.
For small rainfalls, the effects of CSOs typically last less than 24 hours. For larger rainfalls, greater than 1" of
rain, the effects of CSO on water quality can last up to three days. Please note that the District of Columbia
Department of Health has imposed a ban on swimming in all rivers and creeks in the District of Columbia and any
contact with rivers and creeks immediately downstream of any sewer pipe discharge should be avoided.

Warning Light System

DC Water has installed two CSO Event Indicator Lights to notify river users of CSO events. The Potomac River
light is located on the north shore, near the mouth of Rock Creek. The Anacostia River light is located on the
north shore, east of the South Capitol Street Bridge, in front of DC Water's Main Pumping Station.
A red light will be illuminated during a CSO occurrence and a yellow light will be illuminated for 24 hours after
CSO has stopped. The Anacostia River CSO Event Indicator light will be operated by a signal from CSO outfall
#007 (13th Street & Ridge Place, SE) and the Potomac River CSO Indicators light will be operated by a signal
from CSO outfall #021 (Northeast of Roosevelt Bridge, NW).

View looking down into an open manhole showing two converging sanitary sewer lines. The larger line
enters from the right and changes direction within the manhole to exit from the top of the photo. A smaller
line enters from the bottom of the photo under the access steps. The concrete floor of the manhole has
channels to minimize accumulation of solids.

Interior photo of a large sanitary sewer from an access manhole.

In the developed world, sewers are pipes from buildings to one or more levels of larger
underground trunk mains, which transport the sewage to sewage treatment facilities. Vertical
pipes, usually made of precast concrete, called manholes, connect the mains to the surface.
Depending upon site application and use, these vertical pipes can
be cylindrical, eccentric or concentric. The manholes are used for access to the sewer pipes for
inspection and maintenance, and as a means to vent sewer gases. They also facilitate vertical
and horizontal angles in otherwise straight pipelines.
Pipes conveying sewage from an individual building to a common gravity sewer line are called
laterals. Branch sewers typically run under streets receiving laterals from buildings along that
street and discharge by gravity into trunk sewers at manholes. Larger cities may have sewers
called interceptors receiving flow from multiple trunk sewers.[6]
Design and sizing of sanitary sewers considers the population to be served over the anticipated
life of the sewer, per capita wastewater production, and flow peaking from timing of daily
routines. Minimum sewer diameters are often specified to prevent blockage by solid materials
flushed down toilets; and gradients may be selected to maintain flow velocities generating
sufficient turbulence to minimize solids deposition within the sewer. Commercial
and industrial flows are also considered, but diversion of surface runoff to storm drains eliminates
wet weather flow peaks of inefficient combined sewers.[7]
Although separate sewer systems are intended to transport only sewage, all sewer systems
have some degree of inflow and infiltration of surface water and groundwater, which can lead
to sanitary sewer overflows. Inflow and infiltration is highly affected by antecedent
moisture conditions, which also represents an important design consideration in these systems.
[citation needed]

Force mains[edit]

Pumps may be necessary where gravity sewers serve areas at lower elevations than the sewage
treatment plant, or distant areas at similar elevations. A lift station is a gravity sewer sump with a
pump to lift accumulated sewage to a higher elevation. The pump may discharge to another
gravity sewer at that location or may discharge through a pressurized force main to some distant
location.[6]

Effluent sewer[edit]
See also: Effluent sewer
Effluent sewer systems, also called septic tank effluent drainage (STED) or solids-free sewer
(SFS) systems, have septic tanks that collectsewage from residences and businesses, and the
effluent that comes out of the tank is sent to either a centralized sewage treatment plant or a
distributed treatment system for further treatment. Most of the solids are removed by the septic
tanks, so the treatment plant can be much smaller than a typical plant. In addition, because of
the vast reduction in solid waste, a pumping system can be used to move the wastewater rather
than a gravity system. The pipes have small diameters (typically 1.5" to 4"). Because the
wastestream is pressurized, they can be laid just below the ground surface along the land's
contour.

Simplified sewer[edit]
See also: Simplified sewerage
Simplified sanitary sewers consist of small-diameter pipes (typically 100 mm or about 4 inches),
often laid at fairly flat gradients (1 in 200). The investment cost for simplified sanitary sewers can
be about half the cost of conventional sewers. However, the requirements for operation and
maintenance are usually higher. Simplified sewers are most common in Brazil and are also used
in a number of other developing countries.

Vacuum sewer[edit]
Main article: Vacuum sewer
In low-lying communities, wastewater may be conveyed by vacuum sewer. Pipelines range in
size from pipes of six inches (150 mm) in diameter to concrete-lined tunnels of up to thirty feet
(10 m) in diameter. A low pressure system uses a small grinder pump located at each point of
connection, typically a house or business. Vacuum sewer systems use differential atmospheric
pressure to move the liquid to a central vacuum station.

Maintenance[edit]
Sanitary sewer overflow can occur due to blocked or broken sewer lines, infiltration of
excessive stormwater or malfunction of pumps. In these cases untreated sewage is discharged
from a sanitary sewer into the environment prior to reaching sewage treatment facilities. To avoid
this, maintenance is required.
The maintenance requirements vary with the type of sanitary sewer. In general, all sewers
deteriorate with age, but infiltration/inflow is a problem unique to sanitary sewers, since both
combined sewers and storm drains are sized to carry these contributions. Holding infiltration to
acceptable levels requires a higher standard of maintenance than necessary for structural
integrity considerations of combined sewers.[8] A comprehensive construction inspection program
is required to prevent inappropriate connection of cellar, yard, and roof drains to sanitary sewers.
[9]
The probability of inappropriate connections is higher where combined sewers and sanitary
sewers are found in close proximity, because construction personnel may not recognize the
difference. Many older cities still use combined sewers while adjacent suburbs were built with
separate sanitary sewers.
For decades, when sanitary sewer pipes cracked or experienced other damage, the only option
was an expensive excavation, removal and replacement of the damaged pipe, typically requiring
street repavement afterwards. In the mid-1950s a unit was invented where two units at each end
with a special cement mixture in between was pulled from one manhole cover to the next,
coating the pipe with the cement under high pressure which thencured rapidly, sealing all cracks
and breaks in the pipe.[10]

History[edit]
Sanitary sewers evolved from combined sewers built where water was plentiful.
Animal feces accumulated on city streets while animal-powered transport moved people and
goods. Accumulations of animal feces encouraged dumping chamber pots into streets
where night soil collection was impractical.[11] Combined sewers were built to use surface runoff to
flush waste off streets and move it underground to places distant from populated areas. Sewage
treatment became necessary as population expanded, but treatment of diluted waste from
combined sewers is more expensive than treating undiluted sewage.

STP (Sewage Treatment Plant)

Sewage Treatment Plant merupakan bangunan instalasi system pengolah limbah rumah tangga
atau limbah cair domestik termasuk limbah dari dapur, air bekas, air kotor, limbah maupun
kotoran. Limbah yang mengandung logam berat akan mendapat perlakuan khusus, bukan
termasuk dalam limbah domestik.
Tujuan dari system pengolahan limbah cair domestik adalah agar limbah tidak mengandung zat
pencemar lingkungan, sehingga layak buang sesuai dengan peraturan pemerintah yang berlaku.
Selanjutnya, bila kita telaah pengertian STP (Sewage Treatment Plant) kata demi kata,
sewage artinya kotoran atau limbah, Treatment artinya perawatan, dan plant artinya Bangunan
atau instansi atau tempat, Maka Sewage Treatment Plant atau sering disingkat STP ini adalah
Proses Pengolahan Limbah di suatu Bangunan atau Instansi. STP ini Tidak jauh berbeda dengan
Septik Tank. STP biasanya digunakan di suatu bangunan yang besar, sementara septink tank
identik dengan rumahan. Apa bedanya STP dengan septic tank? Sebenarnya keduanya samasama mengolah limbah atau kotoran, tetapi perbedaannya pada STP mempunyai system
penguraian dan filtrasi, sementara septic tank hanya sebagai penyimpanan saja, tepatnya
penimbunan.
Didalam STP terdapat bagian-bagian utama. STP mempunyai beberapa Chamber yang setiap
chamber memiliki fungsinya tersendiri. Ada yang disebut system Aerasi atau system back wash.
Pada intinya system ini merupakan pemberian gelembung udara yang dimaksudkan untuk
menghidupkan
bakteri yang terdapat didalammnya. Bakteri ini berfungsi untuk
menghancurkan sewage yang berbentuk keras. Bakteri pengurai ini menghancurkan sewage
hingga di akhir output STP berupa limbah yang berbentuk air bening.
Sewage Treatment plant ini biasanya digunakan di hotel, gedung bertingkat dan sebagainya.
Hasil-hasil buangan dari Sewage Treatment Plant seperti minyak dan lemak dari buangan dapur
harus dipisahkan dahulu minyak dan lemaknya dari air sebelum masuk ke bak bak pengolahan.
Demikian juga dengan hasil buangan laundry, idealnya harus melalui pretreatment dahulu yaitu
koagulasi, flokulasi, netralisasi, dan sedimentasi. Untuk itu diperlukan chemical atau bahan
kimia yang sesuai dengan fungsi masing masing.

Hasil dari buangan WC atau Toilet diperlukan penghancur untuk benda benda kasar dan
kemudian disaring, baru hasil buangan tersebut masuk ke dalam bak-bak pengolahan sehingga
effluent dari prosess pengolahan sewage ini dapat dibuang ke saluran kota dengan kualitas
yang disyaratkan, bahkan dapat di recycling untuk penyiraman tanaman.

The Storm System is designed to stand up to whatever comes down. Whether its months of baking sunlight and
damaging ultraviolet rays, seemingly endless rain or brutal winters marked by ongoing cycles of freezing and
thawing, theres a Storm System finish engineered to withstand it.

CATEGORY 1 Transparent Finishes

CATEGORY 2 Available in six ready-mixed colors and a Semi-Transparent Stain that can be tinted
CATEGORY 3 Semi-Solid stain that can be tinted
CATEGORY 4 Solid Stain available in a wide range of custom colors
CATEGORY 5 Primers