CHAPTER 3 / Cells/

3.1 The three main parts of a cell are the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
3.2 The glycocalyx is the sugary coat on the extracellular surface of the plasma
membrane. It is composed of the carbohydrate
portions of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins.
3.3 The membrane protein that binds to insulin acts as a receptor.
3.4 Because fever involves an increase in body temperature, the rates of all diffusion
processes would increase.
3.5 Nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen gases; fatty
acids; steroids; and fat-soluble vitamins) plus small, uncharged polar molecules (water,
urea, and small alcohols) move across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane through
the process of simple diffusion
3.6 The concentration of K_ is higher in the cytosol of body cells than in extracellular
fluids.
3.7 Yes. Insulin promotes insertion of glucose transporter (GluT) in the plasma
membrane, which increases cellular glucose uptake by carrier-mediated facilitated
diffusion.
3.8 No. The water concentrations can never be the same in the two arms because the
left arm contains pure water and the right arm contains a solution that is less than 100%
water.
3.9 A 2% solution of NaCl will cause crenation of RBCs because it is hypertonic.
3.10 ATP adds a phosphate group to the pump protein, which changes the pumps threedimensional shape. ATP transfers energy to power the pump.
3.11 In secondary active transport, hydrolysis of ATP is used indirectly to drive the
activity of symporter or antiporter proteins;
this reaction directly powers the pump protein in primary active transport.
3.12 Transferrin, vitamins, and hormones are other examples of ligands that can
undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis.
3.13 The binding of particles to a plasma membrane receptor triggers pseudopod
formation.
3.14 Receptor-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis involve receptor proteins; bulkphase endocytosis does not.
3.15 Microtubules help to form centrioles, cilia, and flagella.
3.16 A cell without a centrosome probably would not be able to undergo cell division.
3.17 Cilia move fluids across cell surfaces; flagella move an entire cell.
3.18 Large and small ribosomal subunits are synthesized separately in the nucleolus
within the nucleus, and are then assembled in the cytoplasm.
Joehoney Barrera
Bsn
3.19 Rough ER has attached ribosomes; smooth ER does not. Rough ER synthesizes
proteins that will be exported from the cell; smooth ER is associated with lipid synthesis
and other metabolic reactions.
3.20 The entry face receives and modifies proteins from rough ER; the exit face
modifies, sorts, and packages molecules for transport to other destinations.
3.21 Some proteins are secreted from the cell by exocytosis, some are incorporated into
the plasma membrane, and some occupy storage vesicles that become lysosomes.
3.22 Digestion of worn-out organelles by lysosomes is called autophagy.
3.23 Mitochondrial cristae increase the surface area available for chemical reactions and
contain some of the enzymes needed for ATP production.
3.24 Chromatin is a complex of DNA, proteins, and some RNA.

3.25 A nucleosome is a double-stranded molecule of DNA wrapped twice around a core

of eight histones (proteins).
3.26 Proteins determine the physical and chemical characteristics of cells.
3.27 The DNA base sequence AGCT would be transcribed into the RNA base sequence
UCGA by RNA polymerase.
3.28 The P site holds the
tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide. The A site holds
the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide.
3.29 When a ribosome encounters a stop codon at the A site, it releases
the completed protein from the final tRNA
3.30 DNA replicates during the S phase of interphase of the cell cycle.
3.31 DNA replication must occur before cytokinesis so that each of the new cells will
have a complete genome.
3.32 Cytokinesis usually starts in late anaphase.
3.33 The result of crossing-over is that four haploid gametes are genetically unlike each
other and genetically unlike the starting
cell that produced them.
3.34 During anaphase I of meiosis, the paired chromatids are held together by a
centromere and do not separate. During anaphase of mitosis, the paired chromatids
separate and the centromeres split.
3.35 Sperm, which use the flagella for locomotion, are the only body cells required to
move considerable distances

-Joehoney Barrera Bsn