14: Power in AC

Circuits

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Power Factor
Correction
Ideal Transformer
Transformer
Applications
Summary

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14: Power in AC Circuits

AC Power: 14 1 / 11

Average Power
14: Power in AC
Circuits
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Power Factor
Correction
Ideal Transformer
Transformer
Applications
Summary

Intantaneous Power dissipated in R: p(t) =

v 2 (t)
R

Average Power dissipated in R:

R
R
hv2 (t)i
1 T
1
1 T 2

P 2= T 0 p(t)dt = R 2T 0 v (t)dt = R
v (t) is the value of v (t) averaged over time
We define the RMS Voltage (Root Mean Square): Vrms
hv2 (t)i

p
= hv 2 (t)i

(Vrms )2
R

The average power dissipated in R is P = R =

Vrms is the DC voltage that would cause R to dissipate the same power.
We use small letters for time-varying voltages and capital letters for
time-invariant values.

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Cosine Wave RMS

14: Power in AC
Circuits
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Power Factor
Correction
Ideal Transformer
Transformer
Applications
Summary

Cosine Wave: v(t) = 5 cos t. Amplitude is V = 5 V.

2

1
2

1
2

Squared Voltage: v (t) = V cos t = V

+ cos 2t

2 V 2
Mean Square Voltage: v = 2 since cos 2t averages to zero.
p
RMS Voltage: Vrms = hv 2 i = 12 V = 3.54 V = Ve
Note: Power engineers always use RMS voltages and currents exclusively
and omit the rms subscript.
For example UK Mains voltage = 230 V rms = 325 V peak.

In this lecture course only, a ~ overbar means 2: thus Ve =

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-6714)

1 V
2

AC Power: 14 3 / 11

Power Factor
14: Power in AC
Circuits
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Power Factor
Correction
Ideal Transformer
Transformer
Applications
Summary

Suppose voltage and current phasors are:

V = |V | ejV v(t) = |V | cos (t + V )
I = |I| ejI
i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )
Power dissipated in load Z is
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = |V | |I| cos (t + V ) cos (t + I )


1
1
= |V | |I| 2 cos (2t + V + I ) + 2 cos (V I )
= 21 |V | |I| cos (V I ) + 12 |V | |I| cos (2t + V + I )
Average power: P =

1
2

|V | |I| cos ()
  
  
= Ve  Ie cos ()

where

= V I
cos is the power factor

> 0 a lagging power factor (normal case: Current lags Voltage)

< 0 a leading power factor (rare case: Current leads Voltage)
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Complex Power
14: Power in AC
Circuits
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Power Factor
Correction
Ideal Transformer
Transformer
Applications
Summary

If

Ve =

1
2

|V | ejV and

I =

1
2

|I| ejI

The complex power absorbed by Z is S = Ve Ie

where * means complex conjugate.
 
 
  




  
Ve Ie = Ve  ejV Ie ejI = Ve  Ie ej(V I )
  
  
  
 e   e j  e   e
  
= V  I  e = V  I  cos + j Ve  Ie sin
= P + jQ

e Ie = P + jQ measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

Complex Power: S = V
  
  
Apparent Power: |S| = Ve  Ie measured in Volt-Amps (VA)
Average Power: P = (S) measured in Watts (W)
Reactive Power: Q = (S)
 Measured in Volt-Amps Reactive (VAR)
P
Power Factor: cos = cos Ve Ie = |S|

Machines and transformers have capacity limits and power losses that are
independent of cos ; their ratings are always given in apparent power.
Power Company: Costs apparent power, Revenue average power.

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Power in R, L, C
14: Power in AC
Circuits
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Power Factor
Correction
Ideal Transformer
Transformer
Applications
Summary

For any impedance, Z, complex power absorbed: S = Ve Ie = P + jQ

 2
 2
e |2
V
|





e (b) Ie Ie = Ie we get S = Ie Z =
Using (a) Ve = IZ
Z

 2
2
|Ve |
 e
Resistor: S = I  R = R

=0

Absorbs average power, no VARs (Q = 0)

 2
2
|Ve |
 e
Inductor: S = j I  L = j L

= +90

No average power, Absorbs VARs (Q > 0)

|Ie|

Capacitor: S = j C

 2
 
= j Ve  C

= 90

No average power, Generates VARs (Q < 0)

VARs are generated by capacitors and absorbed by inductors
The phase, , of the absorbed power, S, equals the phase of Z
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Tellegens Theorem
14: Power in AC
Circuits
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens
Theorem
Power Factor
Correction
Ideal Transformer
Transformer
Applications
Summary

Tellegens Theorem: The complex power, S, dissipated in any circuits

components sums to zero.
xn = voltage at node n
Vb , Ib = voltage/current in branch b
(obeying passive sign convention)

1 if Vb starts from node n

abn = +1 if Vb ends at node n

0
else

e.g. branch 4 goes from 2 to 3 a4 = [0, 1, 1]

P
Branch voltages: Vb = n abn xn (e.g. V4 = x3 x2 )
P
P

KCL @ node n: b abn Ib = 0

b abn Ib = 0
P P
P
Tellegen: b Vb Ib = b n abn xn Ib
P
P
P
P P
= n b abn Ib xn = n xn b abn Ib = n xn 0
P
P
P
Note: b Sb = 0
and also
b Pb = 0
b Qb = 0.

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Power Factor Correction

14: Power in AC
Circuits
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Power Factor
Correction
Ideal Transformer
Transformer
Applications
Summary

Ve = 230. Motor modelled as 5||7j .

e
e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA
P
cos = |S|
= cos 36 = 0.81
Add parallel capacitor of 300 F:
1
ZC = jC
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
Ie = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14 A
SC = Ve IeC = j5 kVA
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA = 10.914 kVA
P
= cos 14 = 0.97
cos = |S|
Average
power to motor, P , is 10.6 kW in both cases.
 
 e
I , reduced from 56.5 47 A (16%) lower losses.
Effect of C: VARs = 7.6 2.6 kVAR , power factor = 0.81 0.97.

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Ideal Transformer
14: Power in AC
Circuits
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Power Factor
Correction
Ideal Transformer
Transformer
Applications
Summary

A transformer has 2 windings on the same magnetic core.

P
Vr
l
d
Ampres law:
Nr Ir = A
; Faradays law: N
=
dt .
r
N1 : N2 + N3 shows the turns ratio between the windings.
The indicates the voltage polarity of each winding.
Since is the same for all windings,

V1
N1

V2
N2

V3
N3 .

Assume N1 I1 + N2 I2 + N3 I3 = 0
These two equations
allow you to solve circuits and also
P
imply that
Si = 0.
Special Case:
For a 2-winding transformer this simplifies to
N1
2
V2 = N
and
I
=
I
=
V
L
2
1
N1
N2 I1
 2
 2
N1
N1
V2
Hence VI11 = N
Z
=
I
N2
2
L
 2
N1
Z
Equivalent to a reflected impedance of N
2

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Transformer Applications
14: Power in AC
Circuits
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Power Factor
Correction
Ideal Transformer
Transformer
Applications
Summary

Power Transmission
Suppose a power transmission cable has 1 resistance.
100 kVA@ 1 kV = 100 A Ie2 R = 10 kW losses.
100 kVA@ 100 kV = 1 A Ie2 R = 1 W losses.

Voltage Conversion

Electronic equipment requires 20 V but mains voltage is 240 V .

Interference protection
Microphone on long cable is susceptible to interference from nearby
mains cables. An N : 1 transformer reduces the microphone voltage
by N but reduces interference by N 2 .
Isolation
There is no electrical connection between the windings of a transformer
so circuitry (or people) on one side will not be endangered by a failure
that results in high voltages on the other side.

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Summary
14: Power in AC
Circuits
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Power Factor
Correction
Ideal Transformer
Transformer
Applications
Summary

Complex Power: S = Ve Ie = P + jQ where Ve = Vrms = 12 V .

 2
2
|Ve |
 e
For an impedance Z: S = I  Z = Z
  
  
Apparent Power: |S| = Ve  Ie used for machine ratings.
  
  
Average Power: P = (S) = Ve  Ie cos (in Watts)
  
  
Reactive Power: Q = (S) = Ve  Ie sin (in VARs)
Power engineers always use Ve and Ie and omit the ~.
Tellegen: In any circuit

b Sb = 0

b Pb =

Qb = 0

Power Factor Correction: add parallel C to generate extra VARs

Ideal Transformer: Vi Ni and

Ni Ii = 0 (implies

Si = 0)

For further details see Hayt et al. Chapter 11.

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