Chapter 13

1. At the bottom right of the main entrance of the ___PALAZZO VECCHIO___(2

words) stands a replica of Michelangelos famous sculpture of David. (Note: It was
commissioned with the idea that it would stand in a niche on one of the cathedrals
tribunes, way up high. When Michelangelo was finished, they realized that it was far
too beautiful to be placed up high, and so in 1504 it was decided to build a base for
the sculpture and to place it right in front of the main government building of
Florence. In 1873 it was removed from the piazza, to protect it from damage, and
displayed in the Accademia Gallery, Florence, where it attracts many visitors. A
replica was placed in the Piazza della Signoria in 1910.)
2. The rivalry between Siena and Florence dates back to the contest for supremacy
between the pope and the Holy Roman Empire during the time of
___CHARLEMAGNE_____.
3. According the legend, Sienas founders were Senius and Aschius, the sons of
Remus, who with Romulus, founded ____ROME____.
4. As in Siena, in Florence, the guilds, associations or groups of people with similar,
often occupation-based interests, controlled the ____COMMUNE____.
5. Duccios Maest begins to leave the conventions of the Byzantine icon behind
and incorporates the Gothic tendency to _____NATURALISM____.
6. At about the same times that Doccio was first becoming active in Siena, a painter
known as ____CIMABUE_____ was painting a large-scale Virgin for the altarpiece of
the Church of Santa Trinit in Florence.
7. Giottos contemporary, the writer ____BOCCACCIO_____, discussed later in this
chapter, said that Giotto brought back to light that art which had for many ages
lain buried beneath the blunders of those who painted rather to delight the eyes of
the ignorant than to satisfy the intelligence of the wise.
8. The top of the vault in the Scrovegni Chapel is a starry blue sky, painted with
________LAPIS LAZULI_____ . (2 words)
9. In the painting in the Scrovegni Chapel, Giotto abandoned the balance and
symmetry that distinguish _____BYZANTINE_____ painting to create a heightened
sense of reality.
10. ____TAMPERA_____ is a painting medium made by grinding pigments to a paste
and then suspending them in a mixture of water and egg yolk.
11. In the early fourteenth century, one of the greatest medieval Italian writers
working in the _____VERNACULAR___, the language of the commoners, was the
poet ________DANTE ALIGHIERI________ (2 names). (1265-1321)
12. ___BUON FRESCO___ (2 words) (literally, true fresh) is a type of wall painting
the Italians learned from the Byzantine artists where the pigments are applied to a
wet wall, which made the finished work far less likely to fade or flake.

13. In Dantes Inferno, numerous interpretations of three faces exist; what is

essential to all explanations is that they be seen as perversions of the qualities of
the ____TRINITY_____.
14. Among the most extreme reactions to the Black Plague was that of the
_____FLAGELLANTS______, penitents who marched from town to town beating
themselves, in the belief that such behavior might atone for the humans sins they
were sure had caused the plague.
15. The need to find a scapegoat for the plague spurred on the general population,
but it seems likely that officials and city leaders, well aware the Jews were being
blamed for something they had nothing to do with, allowed these
____POGROMS____ (massacres of Jews) to occur as a way to eliminate their own
personal debts and capture Jewish wealth for themselves, much as Count Ernichio of
Leiningen had done during the First Crusade.
16. The reader of ____DECAMERON____ is aware that this idyllic island described is
surrounded by the terror of the Black Death, and that the sensual atmosphere of the
settingas arguably some of the best fiction always doesa refuge from the
realities of everyday life.
17. One of Boccaccios best friends was the itinerant scholar and poet Francesco
Petrarca, known as Petrarch whose greatest work was his book of over 300 poems,
the _____CANZONIERE____. (Songbook) (Note: As one of the world's first classical
scholars, Petrarch unearthed vast stores of knowledge in the lost texts he
discovered, while his philosophy of humanism helped foment the intellectual growth
and accomplishments of the Renaissance. Many historians call him the Father of the
Humanities.)
18. The Canterbury Tales is modeled roughly on Boccaccios Decameron, but is
written in verse, nor prose, and is composed in ______HEROIC COUPLETS______. (2
words)
19. Chaucers characters come from all three estates, or _____SOCIAL RANKS_____
(2 words)the nobility, the clergy, and the common peoplea fact that has led
some to refer to his work as an estate satire, a critique of social relations in his
day.
20. Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales in the English of his day, a new vernacular
language spoken by the common folk known as ______MIDDLE ENGLISH______. (2
words)
21. Although women had become increasingly active in society, they were,
however, still generally excluded from the learned professions of medicine and law,
and they performed the same work as men for wages on the average, ___25__
percent lower.
22. ______CHRISTINE DE PIZAN______ (3 names) was the first female professional
writer in European history.

23. At the end of the Hundred Years War between England and France, the model of
heroic hand-to-hand combat, the basis of the chivalric idea, was obsolete, and with
it, the code of loyalty, honor, and courage upon which the entire French literary
tradition since the Song of Roland had been based. Even more damaging to this
masculine tradition was the fact that it was a woman, _________JOAN OF
ARC_________, (3 names) who saved the French.
24. Joans _____MYSTICISM____, like that of Hildegard of Bingen before her,
undermined the authority and (male) hierarchy of the church, but the chief charge
against her was cross-dressing!
25. In 1804 Napoleons ________IMPERIAL DECREE ON BURIALS_______ (4 words)
banned burial within the city dictating that each corpse would have an individual
plot, permanent if space allowed in one of four garden environments outside the
city proper. (Note: It required every municipality to maintain a burial ground on its
outskirts. Article 15 decreed that when a municipality included adherents of more
than one religion, it had to either maintain a cemetery for members of each faith or
to divide cemeteries, with walls or hedges, into separate unconsecrated burial
ground for the internment of those deemed ineligible for Catholic burial These
people included infants who died before undergoing baptism, suicides, and those
who had declined to receive last rites.)