2.

005 PROBLEM SET #3SOLUTIONS

SEPT. 26, 2016, [10 TOTAL POINTS]

PROBLEM 1 [1 POINT]
PART I)
The entropy constitutive relationship of an ideal gas is given as:

" $ = ( ln

"
"
+ - ln

$
$

Note that this equation is stating that higher pressure and volume both lead to larger entropy because both add to the number of
possible states of the molecules in the system. This is the P-V form of the entropy constitutive relation of an ideal gas. It might seem
counter-intuitive that the sign of the P term is positive, but again consider an isothermal system: when V increases, P decreases, and
the coefficient in front of the V term is larger (Cp>Cv).
In another closed system where the volume is kept constant, an increase in P would only come by an increase in T, but since T is not
in this constitutive relation, the positive change in entropy must be accounted for by the increase in P.

To derive the T-V and T-P forms of the equation, well use the ideal gas law = . Lets get the T-V form first by substituting
=

123
4

from the ideal gas law into the above equation:

"
"
+ - ln

$
$
"
"
"
= ( ln
+ - ln

$
$
$
"
"
= ( ln
+ - ( ln

$
$
"
"
" $ = ( ln
+ ln

$
$

" $ = ( ln

where use has been made of - = ( + for an ideal gas and the fact that ln

5
6

= ln

6
5

. This is the T-V form of the entropy

constitutive relation of an ideal gas. Since T is proportional to V by the ideal gas law and greater V leads to greater entropy, then a
increase in V leads to an increase in T. Therefore, the sign of the log change in T is positive, because greater temperature leads to
higher entropy.

Next, well find the T-P form. The ideal gas law gives =

123
7

and substituting into the derived equation above gives:

" $ = ( ln

"
"
+ ln

$
$

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"
"

$
$
"
ln

$

"
= ( ln
+ ln
$
= ( + ln

"
$

" $ = - ln

"
"
ln

$
$

where use has been made of - = ( + and the fact that ln

5
6

= ln

6
5

. This is the T-P form of the entropy constitutive

relation of an ideal gas. Since P and V are inversely linked by the ideal gas law, and greater V leads to greater entropy, then a
decrease in P for an isothermal system leads to an increase in V. Therefore, the sign of the log change in P is negative, because
greater pressure at T=constant leads to lower entropy.

PROBLEM 2 (1 POINTS)
PART A
The first law around the plane can be used to calculate how much is needed:
1
"
+ >?@ABC
+ D@CE (DI( ) = 0
2

1
3 10N 9.8 11,000 3 10N 268 "
2
D@CE =
= 1.0144 10W
42.5 10V

Plane
Engine

PART B
Rewrite the first law incorporating an efficiency for the fuel heating value term

1
"
+ >?@ABC
+ D@CE (DI( ) = 0
2
1
1
D@CE = D@CEZ5 = 1.0144 10W []

If efficiency given ( = 30%)then the mass required is 3.381*103 kg

PART C

What happened to the energy that represents the difference between two estimate? Entropy flow through the engine
(from heat transferred to the environment) accounts for the 1 loss in propulsive energy (70% for the given efficiency
value of 30%).

PROBLEM 3 [3 POINTS]

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E = ER + 2.495( PV + PRVR )
S = S R + 1003ln

V
P
+ 716 ln
VR
PR

PART A

Process 01 :
Adiabatic Reversible (Q0-2=0, Sgen=0)
From first law: E =Q 01-W 01
E= -W 01 = E1-E0
Now, using constitutive relations of energy given in the problem we get

E1 - E0 = 2.495( PV
1 1 - PV
0 0)
(1)

Second law gives:

DS = Stran + S gen
Since we dont have any heat transfer and the process is reversible the equation reduces to
DS = 0 , which after using the constitutive relations for entropy gives:

1003ln

V1
P
+ 716 ln 1 = 0
V0
P0

P1 = 37892.01 N/m2
Putting in (1) we get DE

= -604143.5 J

PART B

Process 12 : Reversible and Isobaric (Sgen=0, P1=P2,)
Using the constitutive relation for energy we get:

DE = 2.495( PV
2 2 - PV
1 1 ) = -945.480 kJ
The work is given by:
2

W12 = PdV = P1 (V2 - V1 ) = -378.920 kJ

1

Using the First Law:

Q12 = DE + W12 = -1324.4 kJ

The entropy constitutive relation gives:

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DS = 1003ln

T2
= -695.22 J/K
T1

Since Sgen=0 the second law gives: S=Stran+Sgen= Stran

PART C
Process 20 : reversible isochoric (V0=V1, Sgen=0)
Following similar procedure like the other two cases we get:

DE = 2.495( PV
0 0 - PV
2 2 ) = 1549.5 kJ (from constitutive relations)
0

W20 = PdV = 0 (since dV=0)

2

\ Q 20 = DE (from 1st Law)

DS = 716 ln

P0
= 695.2 J/K (from constitutive relations)
P2

DS = Stran + S gen = Stran (from 2nd Law)

Part i)

0
P

V
Part ii)
Process
01
12
21
0120

E (kJ)
-604.14
-945.48
1549.62
0

Q (kJ)
0
-1324.38
1549.62
225.24

W(kJ)
604.14
-378.9
0
225.24

S(J/K)
0
-695.2
695.2
0

PROBLEM 4: 2 POINTS

Page 4 of 13

Stran (J/K)
0
-695.2
695.2
0

Sgen (J/K)
0
0
0
0

R=8.314/.028=297 J/kg K

PART A: DETERMINE VOLUME OF TANK A AND B
2
^ =
8
c =

297
273 + 77

0.7 10N

297
273 + 27

1.2 10N

= 2.97 W
= 5.94 W

PART B
State 2: Valve opened, gases mix and reach equilibrium. Close valve. T_2 = 42 C= 315 K
",5 = ",6 = "

10 297
315
5 + 6 "

" =
=
= 105,000
^ + c
8.907 ( W )

PART C
Whats the mass of CO in Tank B in state 2?
" c
105000 5.94 W
c =
=
= 6.67

"
297
315

PART D

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How much heat is transferred between the tanks and the environment from 1 2 ?

Use the first law for the above system (as one approach):

= = 0 =
The internal energy is given as: = ^ + c ( " ^$ ( ^$ c$ ( c$ = 37.25

Another approach is to first solve for if its adiabatic, and then use the final state-the adiabatic state to find the heat
transfer:
= ^ ( 5f ^$ + c ( 5f c$ = 0
5f = 310
g3 = 5 + 6 ( " 5f = 37.25 =

PART E

Now just look at tank B. Heat so that the internal pressure is just before the piston raises. How much heat must be
transferred?

The pressure of the tank is equal to the pressure required to raise the piston (2 bar)
= "c ( W " =
W W
W c$
2 10N 5.94 W
W =
=
=
= 600

"c "c
6.67 297

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= 6.67

0.745

600 315

= 1.416

PART F
Calculate the work done by the piston

W = i = 2 10N
-ABjkl = 1 10N
= -ABjkl i W = = 1 10N 1 " 0.1 = 10i
(If you assumed by the gas on the piston only referred to the gas contained within tank B, then the relevant force is
P3A and W=2*10^4 J.)
Optional: calculate the heat transfer required
c" ( i W =

i i
2 10N 5.94 W + 0.1 W
i =
=
= 609.7

c"
6.67 297

= 6.67 0.745 609.7 600 + 10 = 58

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PROBLEM 5 [3 POINTS]

Summary of the Solution for Problem 3
(Details of the solution provided below.)

(A)
$ $
kno =
= 7.69
$
" $ (first law to O2, change of grav. energy negligible w.r.t. internal energy)
kno "
" =
= 2.67 10N
"

(B) Note from a force balance on the piston+mass at state 3:
W - = 5j1 - +
where - and are the area of the piston and mass of the piston+mass, respectively.

For the mass + piston + oxygen system:
-ABjklukno =
kno + -ABjkl = BoB"5j1
BoB"5j1 =

I{
I|

5j1 - = 5j1 - W "

Plugging back into our energy balance of mass+piston+oxygen system (neglecting the grav. energy change of oxygen)
jIC?1,kno + -kj,-ABjkl = BoB"5j1
kno ( W " + W " + 5j1 - W " = 0
kno ( W " + W W " = 0
The ideal gas law:
kno W
W =

W
1
W =
W " + kno ( " = 350
kno ( +

(C) For the oxygen gas as a system: $Z" , "ZW , $Z" are zero.
"ZW = "ZW "ZW
kno ( W " = "ZW "ZW = 250
(D)
First law for the oxygen:
W " = kno
W " = kno ( W " = kno

First law for the atmosphere:
W " = 5j1
W " = 5j1 = 5j1 (W " )

First law for the piston-mass system:
W " = -ABjkl
W " = kno 5j1
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W " = W " = kno + 5j1 = -ABjkl
(E)
5j1 = 5j1 W " = 167
(F) For the oxygen as the system:
" $ = j?5lB + ~Cl
"
"
"
" $ = kno ( ln
+ kno ln
= ln
= 2197 /
$
$
$
W
W
W " = kno ( ln
+ kno ln
= 217 /
"
"
Because there is no transferred entropy, all of this must be generated entropy. When ~Cl > 0, a process is always irreversible. Both
processes here are thus irreversible.

DETAILED SOLUTION:
PART A)
This is a control mass problem. Once you realize this, it is always prudent to calculate the mass (of the gas) as soon as you can. We
can do this immediately with the ideal gas law in state 1.
$ $
kno =
= 7.69
$
3
Now here is the ideal gas law in state 2. We know everything immediately except P2 and T2 (V2 = 3m ).
What a coincidence - thats just what they asked us for!
" " = kno "

When in doubt, apply more laws. Heres the first law for the oxygen Fig 2.
There is no heat transfer (the piston is adiabatic) and no work interaction (the
piston has not moved yet).


kno =
-kj + jIC?15E = 0
kno >1 + ( kno " $ = 0
>1
" =
+ $ 400
(



Note that the above equation states that in order for the oxygen temperature to change even 1% the change in the center of mass
of the gas would have to be over 250 m! Is this because the mass of oxygen is so small? No, it is because its specific heat is so big.
Therefore we consider that the oxygen does not change temperature as it expands, and T2 =T1 =400K. If you saw this coming and let
Epot =0 in thats fine now but a systematic approach will help you in tough problems. Now we can return to the ideal gas law and
solve for P2.
" =

kno "
= 2.6710N
"

PART B)

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When the pin is removed, the forces on the piston are no longer equal and the piston will move until the net force is again zero in
equilibrium. This suggests that we try to extract some information from a force balance on the piston (See Fig. 3). After the
membrane breaks, the pin is removed, and the system is in equilibrium (zero velocity and acceleration) (See Fig. 3: B), the force
balance is as follows:

=
kno ~?5( 5j1 = 0
W - 5j1 - = 0
W - = + 5j1 -

where is the mass of the mass+piston and - is the area of the piston.

Note, however, that we are not given the values for , - , or 5j1 . However, we are given the pressure needed to support the
mass+piston in mechanical equilibrium, = 1.510N . Therefore, this would be equal to W . In other words,
W =

We are asked for the temperature and end volume of the gas. When seeking temperature, it is often helpful to apply the first law as
the thermal energy is linked to temperature. In order to apply the first law we must first define a system. If we define the system of
just the oxygen we have the pesky unknown of the work done by the oxygen on the piston apparatus and air. To make this work an
internal work we dont have to include in the first law, instead we define the closed noninteracting system of the entire atmosphere,
the piston cylinder, and oxygen as in Fig. 4 (the whole world as far as the problem is concerned). Now the first law is much easier.
BoB"W =
kno + -ABjkl + 5j1 = 0

We neglect the potential energy of the oxygen (see explanation in part A), but what about the change in energy of the air? We must
address this with a control volume around the air see Fig 4 B:

5j1 =
5j1 = 5j1"-ABjkl

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The work can be solved for because the force on the air boundary (PatmAp) is constant over the distance traveled (unlike the force
from the oxygen pressure within the chamber).
5j1"-ABjkl =
=

I{

I|

= 5j1 - W "

Note that in that the direction of is upwards (the mass+piston is exerting a force upwards on the atmosphere) and is in the
direction of . Therefore, the dot product gives a positive quantity, = .
Therefore
5j1 = 5j1 - W "

= 5j1 - (W " )

Plugging back into our energy balance of the closed and isolated system
jIC?1,kno + -kj,-ABjkl + 5j1 = 0
kno ( W " + W " + 5j1 - W " = 0
Note that this expression is consistent with a first law application on a system made of the oxygen and the piston (Etherm.oxy +
Episton = Wpiston+oxy2atm = PatmAp(h3 h2)). Continuing:
kno ( W " + -ABjkl + 5j1 - W " = 0
As before, from our force balance we can replace mpistong + PatmAp with P3Ap. Additionally, h3 h2 is the height change of the
piston. We can conveniently express this quantity in terms of the gas volume and piston surface area h3 h2 = (V3 V2)/Ap.
kno ( W " + W W " = 0
Now let us make one last substitution, this time with the ideal gas law.
kno W
W =

W
Now the first law is
kno ( W " + kno W W " = 0
Solving for T3
1
W =
W W + kno ( " = 350
kno ( +
Now that we know T3, we can easily find V3 from the ideal gas law.
kno W
W =
= 4.67 W
W

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Interestingly, W > " . So the gas pushes the piston upward when the pin is released. This is like a compressed air gun, except that
the bullet doesnt travel very far.
PART C)
We are asked to find Q12, Q23, W12, and W23 for the oxygen gas as a system. Since the piston is adiabatic, there is never any
heat transfer and Q12 = Q23 = 0. W12 is also zero, because nothing opposes the oxygen expanding. (It expands in a vacuum.) The
only nonzero quantity is W23. Since the piston moves upward, the oxygen does positive work on the piston. Taking the oxygen as
the system (Fig. 5 A)
"ZW = "ZW "ZW
kno ( W " = "ZW
"ZW = 250
>
Special Remark: Note that = (W W " " ) and W = P3(V3V2) are also valid expressions. However, W = P3(V3 V2) derives
2

from a control volume around the air and piston not an application of kno to the oxygen within the cylinder.

PART D)
First law for the oxygen:
W " = kno
kno ( W " = kno
There is no heat transfer, but the oxygen does work on the piston (pushing it upward). This work produces a negative E3 E2.
First law for the atmosphere:
W " = 5j1
W " = 5j1 - W " = 5j1 (W " )
Note that 5j1 = 5j1"-ABjkl calculated earlier. There is no heat transfer, but the piston does work on the atmosphere (pushing it
out of the way with upward motion). E3 E2 is positive. See part (e) for an explanation of the work term.
First law for the piston+mass system:
W " = -ABjkl
W " = kno 5j1
W " = kno + 5j1

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Note that -ABjkl = kno + 5j1 . -ABjkl is the net work transfer interactions on the system. Note that because with the
change in systems, the direction of the work transfers to the piston+mass system should be the opposite of what they were for the
oxygen and atmosphere systems, respectively. kno < 0, so this work transfer is being done on the piston+mass system and
5j1 > 0, so this work transfer is being done by the piston+mass system. There is no heat transfer. E3 E2 is positive.
If we combine the 3 equations above, we should be able to recover the first law for the whole system.
Substituting kno and 5j1 into the piston+mass first law gives:
W " = kno ( W " 5j1 - W "
kno ( W " + W " + 5j1 - W " = 0
which matches what we had gotten in part (b) by applying the first law for the entire system.
Note that this is not needed for credit, but it is illustrative to demonstrate.

PART E)
Just as the oxygen gas pressure does work on the piston, the atmospheric pressure also does work on the piston. This atmospheric
pressure is always constant, and so we can simply multiply it by the change in volume as the piston moves in order to obtain the
work. You must understand that this approach is not valid for the oxygen, because the oxygens pressure changes as the piston
moves.
5j1"-ABjkl = 5j1 - W "
5j1"-ABjkl = 5j1 W " = 167
This is negative, because the piston is doing work on the atmosphere. It displaces air as it moves upward. Also note that
consideration of Watm2piston was implicit in our solution to part (b), because the given oxygen pressure required to uphold the
piston included the effects of Patm pressing down on the piston.

PART F)
The second law states that the entropy change is the sum of the net transferred energy and the generated entropy.
" $ = j?5lB + ~Cl
Since there is no heat transfer in this problem, Strans must be zero for both processes. We can express the entropy change using the
constitutive relation for an ideal gas.
"
"
+ ln

$
$
We can evaluate this for each process. Note that 1 2 has no temperature change.
"
" $ = ln
= 2197 /
$
W
W
W " = ( ln
+ ln
= 217 /
"
"
Because there is no transferred entropy, all of this must be generated entropy. When Sgen > 0, a process is always irreversible. Both
" $ = ( ln

processes here are thus irreversible.

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