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of the
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Institute
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State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace
Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
b
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
c
Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Abstract
The eects of Soret diusion on premixed syngas/air ames at normal and elevated temperatures and
pressures are investigated numerically including detailed chemistry and transport. The emphasis is placed
on assessing and interpreting the inuence of Soret diusion on the unstretched and stretched laminar
ame speed and Markstein length of syngas/air mixtures. The laminar ame speed and Markstein length
are obtained by simulating the unstretched planar ame and positively-stretched spherical ame, respectively. The results indicate that at atmospheric pressure the laminar ame speed of syngas/air is mainly
reduced by Soret diusion of H radical while the inuence of H2 Soret diusion is negligible. This is
due to the facts that the main reaction zone and the Soret diusion for H radical (H2) are strongly (weakly)
coupled, and that Soret diusion reduces the H concentration in the reaction zone. Because of the enhancement in the Soret diusion ux of H radical, the inuence of Soret diusion on the laminar burning ux
increases with the initial temperature and pressure. Unlike the results at atmospheric pressure, at elevated
pressures the laminar ame speed is shown to be aected by the Soret diusion of H2 as well as H radical.
For stretched spherical ame, it is shown that the Soret diusion of both H and H2 should be included so
that the stretched ame speed can be accurately predicted. Similar to the laminar ame speed, the Markstein length is also reduced by Soret diusion. However, the reduction is found to be mainly caused by
Soret diusion of H2 rather than that of H radical. Moreover, the inuence of Soret diusion on the Markstein length is demonstrated to decrease with the initial temperature and pressure.
2012 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Soret diusion; Syngas/air; Laminar ame speed; Markstein length
1. Introduction
1540-7489/$ - see front matter 2012 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2012.06.048
Please cite this article in press as: W. Liang et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.proci.2012.06.048
Please cite this article in press as: W. Liang et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.proci.2012.06.048
Su (cm/s)
250
200
(a)
150
5 atm
100
25 atm
50
(b)
1.5
m (g/(cm2s))
25 atm
1
5 atm
0.5
1 atm
0
300
350
400
Tu (K)
450
500
Please cite this article in press as: W. Liang et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.proci.2012.06.048
T
Soret
Fickian
Total
-5E-05
0.0008
0.0006
1000
T (K)
1500
500
0
2000
1500
0.0004
1000
T (K)
2000
0.0002
500
0
0.9
0.95
1.05
x (cm)
pressure (298 K and 1 atm). Using the same strategy of Yang et al. [11] (to separately suppress or
activate Soret diusion of individual species in
simulation), we nd that at P = 1 atm the change
in the laminar ame speed of syngas/air mixture
is mainly caused by Soret diusion of H radical,
and that the inuence of H2 Soret diusion is much
smaller (also demonstrated by Fig. 3(b)). To interpret this phenomenon, we present the Fickian and
Soret diusion uxes of H and H2 in Fig. 4. The
temperature proles are superimposed for reference. For H radical, it is seen that the Fickian diffusion is negative rst and then becomes positive,
and that the Soret diusion ux mainly spread in
the interval of negative Fickian diusion ux.
Unlike Fickian diusion, Soret diusion makes
more H radical transport to the high temperature
region (downstream), leading to the reduction of
the H radical concentration in the reaction zone.
However, for H2, Fig. 4(b) shows that both the
Fickian diusion and Soret diusion move H2
downstream.
In the unstretched planar ame, enthalpy conservation is maintained and the adiabatic ame
temperature is not aected by Soret diusion.
Therefore, the inuence of Soret diusion on the
laminar ame speed is mainly due to the resulting
change in the chemical reaction rates. In the oxidation of syngas, the main reactions related to H and
H2 are the chain branching and chain propagation
reactions: H + O2 = OH + O (R1), H2 + O =
H + OH (R2), and H2 + OH = H + H2O (R3)
[2]. The rates of these reactions together with the
reaction H + O2 + M = HO2 + M (R12) are
0.02
R3
R1
0.01
R12
R2
0
500
1000
1500
T (K)
2000
Please cite this article in press as: W. Liang et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.proci.2012.06.048
2
1
1E-05
60
0.02
XH
-1
298K, 10atm
298K, 5atm
500K, 1atm
298K, 1atm
80
(a), H
R1
40
0.01
20
0
solid lines: 1atm 0.03
dashed lines: 5atm
(b), Tu=298K
0.02
0
400
(b), H2
R3
0.001
3
1
500
1000
1500
T (K)
200
2000
0.01
100
0
300
XH
-1
0
0.002
dln(T)/dx (cm )
2E-05
4
3
2
1
dln(T)/dx (cm )
3E-05
500
1000
1500
T (K)
2000
Please cite this article in press as: W. Liang et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.proci.2012.06.048
800
800
Sb (cm/s)
Sb (cm/s)
1
2
750
3
4
700
650
600
0
S 0b
2
R (cm)
750
1
2
700
650
4
500
1000
K (1/s)
3
4
1500
Please cite this article in press as: W. Liang et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.proci.2012.06.048
0.6
1atm
0.4
Lb (mm)
0.2
-0.2
300
350
400
450
T (K)
500
Fig. 10. The inuence of Soret diusion on the Markstein length of stoichiometric syngas/air mixture at
dierent temperatures and pressures.
Please cite this article in press as: W. Liang et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.proci.2012.06.048
caused by H Soret diusion changes non-monotonically. Unlike the case at atmospheric pressure,
the laminar burning ux at elevated pressures is
greatly aected by the Soret diusion of H2 as well
as H radical.
For the propagation of positively-stretch
spherical ame, it is shown that the stretched
ame speed is strongly aected by the Soret diusion of H2 as well as H, and that the inuence of
Soret diusion is promoted by the positive stretch
rate especially at small ame radius. Similar to the
laminar ame speed, the Markstein length is also
reduced by Soret diusion. However, the reduction is mainly caused by Soret diusion of H2
rather than that of H radical. This is due to the
facts that the mass diusivity is increased (thus
the Lewis number is reduced) by the inclusion of
the Soret diusion of H2 and that the Markstein
length decreases monotonically with the decrease
of the Lewis number. Furthermore, the inuence
of Soret diusion is demonstrated to decrease with
the initial temperature and pressure.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by National Natural
Science Foundation of China (51136005,
50976003). We thank Prof. Yiguang Ju at Princeton University for helpful discussions and the support from State Key Laboratory of Engines at
Tianjin University.
References
[1] F.A. Williams, Combustion Theory, Benjamin-Cummins, Menlo Park, CA, 1985.
[2] C.K. Law, Combustion Physics, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
[3] J.O. Hirschfelder, C.F. Curtiss, R.B. Bird, Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids, John Wiley, 1954.
Please cite this article in press as: W. Liang et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.proci.2012.06.048