2nd Qtr.

Earth Science and Astronomy

Reviewer A.M.PEREZ
Earth and Space
Volcanoes- NOT distributed randomly
across the world
-an opening in the ground where
magma or molten rock comes out
Active Volcanoes: erupted within
historical times (600yrs)
o Accounts of the eruption
were documented
o Erupted at least once
within 10 000 years
o Dating (Carbon Dating)method of determining the
age of Earth materials
Location of Active Volcanoes:
o Pacific Ring of Fire long
line of volcanoes around
the Pacific Ocean
o Oceanic Ridges chain of
volcanoes at the seafloor
Earthquakes
Faults break in the ground
where movement has taken
place
o Active fault moved once
or more in the last 10 000
years and is expected to
move again
Trenches deep canals on the
seafloor
o Marianas Trench 10 km
deep
o Birthplace of earthquakes
and tsunamis
Locations of Earthquake and
Epicenters same as where the
Ring of Fire and oceanic ridges
are.
Earth
Layers of the Earth:
o Crust thin outer layer;
where people live
o Lithosphere solid and
rigid
Crust
+
upper
mantle

o Asthenosphere

weak
portion of mantle and is
capable of flowing
Plate Boundaries:
o Divergent Boundaries
move away from each
other
Molten rocks comes
up
through
the
cracks
forming
volcanoes
Forms valley (East
African Rift Zone)
o Convergent Boundaries
plates move toward each
other
In oceanic seafloor, it
forms trenches
Subduction

a
process
where
a
denser plate goes
under the other plate
An
oceanic
plate
goes
under
a
continental
plate
Continental plates
forms
mountain
ranges
o Transform Boundaries
slide past each other
San Andreas Faults
Starts from small
cracks aka faults
Volcanism Away from Plate
Boundaries
o Younger plates are on the
boundaries
o As they get older, they
move away from the
boundaries
o Such
happens
in
the
Hawaiian islands
o Hotspot source of molten
rock
Forms a volcano in
the crust

Thought
to
be
stationary but the
plate is moving
Later on, makes the
volcano inactive due
to being away from
the hotspot
Convection Currents hotter
rocks rise while cooler rocks sink
Slab-Pull a plate slowly
subducts under a plate bringing
the rest of the plate with it
Seismology
Seismograph used to measure
the magnitude of an earthquake
o Epicenter source of
earthquake
Seismologists
uses
seismograph
from
different stations to
determine
the
epicenter by locating
the
graphs
intersection
o Richter Scale measures
magnitude
Magnitude measure
of the force released
by an earthquake
o Modified Mercalli Scale
measures intensity
Intensity measure
of
the
damage
brought
by
the
earthquake
P-Waves Primary waves
o Fastest of the three waves
o Travels in solid rock and
fluid
o Compressional waves
push and pull - direction of
waves
S-Waves Secondary waves
o Shear waves
o Slower than P-Waves
o Travel only on solid rocks
o Waves are perpendicular to
its direction up and down
or side to side

Surface Waves
o Slowest wave
o Most damaging wave
Love Wave A.E.H
Love
Fastest surface
wave
British
Mathematician
Rayleigh Wave John
William Strutt, Lord
Rayleigh
Rolls along the
ground
Astronomy
Galaxy enormous aggregate of
stars, with some gas and dust,
held together by gravity
o Constantly moving away
from each other
Universe constantly expanding
Nebulae cloud of interstellar
material made up of dust,
hydrogen, and other gases
o Result of violent explosion
of massive stars
o Supernova when a giant
star explodes and throws
off
large
amount
of
materials
Evolution of a star
o Gravitational attraction of
interstellar
materials
(hydrogen)
and
gains
thermal energy as the
material condenses/shrink
o Thermonuclear
reaction
begins
converting
hydrogen into helium as it
shrink and temperature
rises
o A star is born
o A star continues to radiate
energy and last depends
on its mass. Our sun is said
to last for 10 billion years
o Nuclear fusion continues,
the core starts to contract
and heat up that enables

them to release energy at

a very rapid rate
o The greater the mass of a
star the faster it goes
through its life cycle
When Stars Die
o Happens
when
the
hydrogen is consumed
For its size (sun)
starts fusion reaction
and pushes gases
outward forming red
giant star
Greater than our sun
stellar materials

collapses making a
neutron star also
called a pulsar
10
times
greater
than our sun as
material collapses it
explodes
into
a
supernova
extremely
large
massive
star

explosion
produces
so much gamma rays
and later on giant
supernova