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FRAMES
4.1.
Introduction
Frames are members subject to bending and axial force. The stability of frames must be
considered from the standpoint of the structure as a whole, including compression members,
beams, bracing system, and connection. Please note that the stability of individual members
must also be provided.
For frames under combined gravity and lateral loads, drift (horizontal deflection caused by
applied loads) occurs at the start of loading. At a given value of applied loads, the frames has
a definite amount of drift , as seen in Fig 3.1
35
A beam-column is member whose ends are subjected to axial compression, bending moment
and shear. The transverse loads may or may not act along the length of the member. The
section of a beam-column is under compressive, bending and shear stresses. Columns and
beams are special cases of beam-columns A beam-column is likely to buckle under a
P
particular combination of compression and bending moment. In order to determine the
strength of a beam-column, it is necessary to obtain a particular combination of loads under
which the beam-column buckles.
Behaviour of Beam-Columns
Consider a beam-column AB in Fig 3.3 which buckles under loads P, M1 and M2, where M1 is
V1 is . If the same beam-column buckles under another set of
grater than M2 and M2/M
M1= Mcr
(b)
(c)
M2
36
'
P ,
M '1
'
a) beamcolumn, b)' column, c) beam
and M 2 where P is greater than P and is the same (M2/M1=
P'
'
'
M1 =
[ ]
Pu 8 M u
+
1
if
Pn 9 b M
n
37
Pu
0.2
Pn
4.1
Pu
Mu Mu
+
+
2 Pn b M b M
n
if
Pu
<0.2
Pn
4.2
where
Pu = required column strength
Pn
= column design strength
Mu
4.3
where, Mntu is the first order factored bending moment which do not prevail lateral
movement.
For braced frames with axial compression load (Nu) resulted from first order analysis, then
required flexural strength (factored bending moment) is counted as (SNI 7.4-2)
u= b M ntu
M
4.4
Cm
P
1 1 u
P e1
1
4.5
where
Pu = required axial compressive strength for the members under consideration
Ag Fy
c
2
Pe1 =
where
is the slenderness parameter, in which the effective K
in
Cm
(a)
M2
M1
( )
4.6
where M2/M1 is the ratio of the smaller to larger moments at the ends of that portion
of the member unbraced in the plane of bending under consideration. M2/M1 is
positive when the member is bent in reverse curvature, negative when bent in single
curvature.
(b)
4.3.
M u= b M ntu + s M ltu
M ltu
where
s=
1 Pu
or
Pu
oh
L
Pe2
K in
4.8.a
HL
[ ]
Pu
Pe 2
4.8.b
H
Lk=L=30ft
[ ]
oh
s=
where
4.7
= story height
Ag Fy
=
where
2
c
oh
40
1
q u L2=74.3 ftkips
8
bf
12.0
=
=9.92
2 t 20.605
M ntu M p
f yZ=
c =
1 Lk f y
r E
Pe1 =
A bf
2
c
1 360
36
3.14 5.28 29,006.53
19.136
0.5776
41
= 1190.44 kips
= 0.76
b=
1
P
1 u
Pe1
[ ]
1
161
1
1190.44
= 1.16
290.4=261.36 kip-ft
b
* 74.3 = 86.188 kip-ft
iii) Column effects
c <0.25
. =1 .SNI 7.6.5a
P n=A g f cr
Pu
=
Pn
fy
= A g =496.79 kips
161
496.79
[ ]
Pu
8 Mu
P n + 9 b M
= 0.32 0.2
0.32+
8 1.274.3
9 261.36
7.4.7a
2. Shown in Fig 3.5, W12 x 65 (fy = 36 ksi) subjected to bending about the x-axis only
due to the factored distributed load. Lateral braces are provided only at the member
ends. Does the W12 x 65 satisfy the requirements of SNI 7.4.2
Solution
1. For beam effects,
0.86 ( 30 )2
M NT =
=96.8 ft kips
8
Cb =1.30
LRFD p.4-19
LRFD p.4-130
M px =261 ft kips
1=254.5 ftkips
Lb=15 ft M
42
2 El x
2
( K )x
2 ( 29,000 ) ( 533 )
[30 ( 12 ) ]
=1177 kips
Cm
1.0
=
=1.285
B 1=larger of ( 1Pu / Pc ) 1261/1177
=1.285
1.00
M ux=1.143 ( 180 ) =206
3. For column effects,
( KL ) x
30
=
=17.14 ft > [ ( KL ) y =15 ft ]
( r x / r y ) 1.75
Pu 261
=
=0.570 0.2
Pn 458
( )
43
(OK)
3. The beam-column in Figure 6.11 is subjected only to x-axis bending due to the factored
concentrated load. Lateral braces for both flanges are provided only at the supports
F =50 ksi )
and midspan. Does a W12x72 ( y
satisfy LRFD H1.2?
Solution
1. For beam effects,
LRFD p.4-19
M px =405 ftkips
The primary moment diagram from case 13 on LRFD p.4-194 is shown in figure 6.11.
Lb
For the first
region M NT =150 ftkips and LRFD p.4-196
1=384 ftkips
Lb=15 ft M
Cb =1.67
(
)
M nx =smaller of Cb M 1=1.67 384 =642 =405 ftkips
M px =405
Lb
region,
M NT =180 ftkips
and:
12.5 M max
12.5 ( 180 )
=
=2.24
2.5 M max + 3 M A + 4 M B + 3 M C 2.5 (180 )+ 3 ( 67.5 )+ 4 ( 15 ) +3 ( 97.5 )
44
Cmx =10.3
(see p.6-183)
Cm
0.949
B 1=larger of 1Pu / Pe = 10.170 =1.143 =1.143
1.00
M ux=1.143 ( 180 ) =206
3. For column effects,
for y-axis buckling, it is conservative to use ( KL) y =15 ft . For x-axis buckling.
see case (e) 0n LRFD p.6-184:
( KL ) x =0.8 ( 30 )=24 ft
( KL )x 24
=
=13.7 ft
r x /r y 1.75
Pu 350
=
=0.504 0.2
P n 694
Pu , Pn , M px
region with
the larger
[
4. For
f y =36
0.504+
Lb
regions.
Lb
regions, only
Lb
must be checked:
8 206
=0.956 1.00
9 405
( )
(OK)
ksi and the result given below from a P-DELTA analysis for Figure 6.14:
1. Check serviceability. Our limiting choices due to nominal loads are Maximum
drift=
k s=
Lb=( KL ) y =7.5 ft
L=15ft.
L=30 ft.
G1=G2=10
Lb=( KL ) y =6 ft
y =
46
47