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HEAT TRANSFER
SME 4453
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Chapter 3
Steady-State
SteadyOne Dimensional
Heat Conduction
PM Dr Mazlan Abdul Wahid
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Assumptions
- 1 dimensional heat transfer
- Isothermal surfaces
- Steady state
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Fouriers law
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Thermal world
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Electrical world
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Cold fluid
T,2 , h2
Temperature is a function of x
Must consider
Convection from hot fluid to wall
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Ts ,2
T,1 , h1
qx
Hot fluid
x=0
x=L
x
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Temperature Distribution
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T
T T T
+ k
+ q = c p
k
+ k
x x y y y z
t
d dT
k
=0
dx dx
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Heat diffusion equation in the x-direction
for steady-state conditions, with no energy
generation:
Boundary Conditions:
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qx is constant
T (0) = Ts ,1 , T ( L) = Ts ,2
T ( x ) = (Ts ,2 Ts ,1 )
x
+ Ts ,1
L
(3.1)
Temperature varies linearly with x
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Thermal Resistance
Based on the previous solution, the conduction heat transfer rate can
be calculated:
q x = kA
dT kA
(Ts,1 Ts,2 ) = (Ts ,1 Ts ,2 ) (3.2a)
=
dx
L
L / kA
(T T )
q x = hA(TS T ) = S
1 / hA
(Ts Tsur )
1 / hr A
(3.2b)
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(3.2c)
Electric current =
Potential Difference
Resistance
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Thermal Resistance
We can use this electrical analogy to represent heat transfer problems
using the concept of a thermal circuit (equivalent to an electrical circuit).
q=
T
T
Overall Driving Force
= overall
Resistance
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Rt ,cond
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1
, Rt ,conv =
, Rt ,rad =
=
kA
hA
hr A
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T,1
T,2 , h2
Ts ,1
qx =
Ts ,2
T,1 , h1
Hot fluid
qx
x=0
x
T,2
x=L
T ,1 Ts ,1
1 / h1 A
Ts ,1 Ts , 2
L / kA
Ts , 2 T , 2
1 / h2 A
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In terms of overall
temperature difference:
qx =
T ,1 T , 2
Rtot =
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Rtot
L
1
1 3
+
+
h1 A kA h2 A
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Composite Walls
Express the following
geometry in terms of
a an equivalent
thermal circuit.
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Composite Walls
What is the heat transfer rate for this system?
q x = UAT
Alternatively
T
1
=
Rtot = Rt =
q UA
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U=
1
Rtot A
1
[(1 / h1 ) + ( LA / k A ) + ( LB / k B ) + ( LC / kC ) + (1 / h4 )]
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(b) Surfaces parallel to xdirection are adiabatic
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Attention
The result obtained will be
somewhat approximate, since
the surfaces of the
third layer will probably not
be isothermal, and heat
transfer between the first
two layers is likely to occur.
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Contact Resistance
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Contact Resistance
The temperature drop
across the interface
between materials may
be appreciable, due to
surface roughness
effects, leading to air
pockets. We can defineC
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thermal contact
A
resistance:
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q x = hcAT int
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Rc = Tint / hcA
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Temperature distribution
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1 T 1 T T
k
+ k
kr
+
+ q = c p
r r r r 2 z z
t
Heat diffusion equation (eq. 2.5)
in the r-direction for steadystate conditions, with no energy
generation:
1 d dT
kr
r dr dr
=0
for constant k
1 d dT
r
=0
r dr dr
dT
dT
Fouriers law: qr = kA
= k (2rL)
= const
dr
dr
Boundary Conditions:
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T ( r1 ) = Ts ,1 , T ( r2 ) = Ts ,2
(Ts ,1 Ts ,2 )
r
T (r) =
ln + Ts ,2 Logarithmic temperature
ln( r1 / r2 ) r 2
distribution
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T (r) =
(Ts ,1 Ts ,2 )
r
ln + Ts ,2
ln( r1 / r2 ) r 2
qr = kA
therefore
dT
dT
= k (2rL)
dr
dr
qr =
2 kL ( T1 T 2 )
ln( r2 / r1 )
qr =
T1 T 2
ln( r2 / r1 ) / 2 kL
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R cyl = ln( r 2 / r1 ) / 2 kL
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qx =
qr = kA
2Lk (Ts ,1 Ts , 2 )
ln(r2 / r1 )
dT
dT
= k ( 2rL)
= const
dr
dr
(T
s ,1
Ts , 2 )
ln(r2 / r1 ) /(2Lk )
(T
qx =
T ,1 T , 2
Rtot =
Rtot
s ,1
Ts , 2 )
Rt ,cond
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ln(r2 / r1 )
1
+
+
h1 (2r1 L)
2kL
h2 (2r2 L)
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Composite Walls
Express the following
geometry in terms of
a an equivalent
thermal circuit.
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Composite Walls
What is the heat transfer rate?
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U=
1 r1
r
r
r
r
r
r 1
+
ln 2 + 1 ln 3 + 1 ln 4 + 1
h1 k A r1 k B r2 kC r3 r4 h4
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alternatively we can use A2=2r2L, A3=2r3L etc. In all cases:
U1 A1 = U 2 A2 = U 3 A3 = U 4 A4 =
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Spherical Coordinates
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Fouriers law:
dT
dr
C
2 dT H
= k (4r )
A
dr P
qsph = kA
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qsph / 4 dr / r 2 = k dT
q sph =
4 k ( Ts 1 Ts 2 )
(1 / r1 ) (1 / r2 )
R sph =
1
4 k
1
1
)
r1
r2
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E& g
.
q=
I 2 Re
=
V
V
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is -ve
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d 2T q.
+ =0
dx 2 k
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Boundary Conditions:
General Solution:
q 2
T =
x + C1 x + C2
2k
2k
T ( L) = Ts ,1 , T ( L) = Ts ,2
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Temperature Profile
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q = 0, q increases, q < 0 ?
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Symmetrical Distribution
When both surfaces are maintained at a
common temperature, Ts,1= Ts,2 = Ts
.
qL2 x 2
1 + Ts (3.4a)
T ( x) =
2k L2
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T ( x ) Tmax x
=
Ts Tmax
L
(3.4b)
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Symmetrical Distribution
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dT
= 0 q" x =0 = 0
dx x =0
Equivalent to adiabatic surface
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dT
dx
x=L
= h(Ts T )
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Ts = T +
.qL
(3.5)
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Example
The steady-state temperature distribution in a composite plane wall of
three different materials, each of constant thermal conductivity, is
shown in the schematic below.
a) Does heat generation occur in any of sections A,B, or C?
b) Based on the schematic, what is the boundary condition at location (4)?
C
c) Comment on the relative magnitudes of q2 and q3.
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Example
A plane wall of thickness 0.1 m and thermal conductivity 25 W/m.K
having uniform volumetric heat generation of 0.3 MW/m3 is insulated
on one side, while the other side is exposed to a fluid at 92C. The
convection heat transfer coefficient between the wall and the fluid is
500 W/m2.K. Determine the maximum temperature in the wall.
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Radial Systems
Cylindrical (Tube) Wall
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Solid Sphere
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Radial Systems
.
Heat diffusion equation in 1 d
dT q
kr
+ = 0
r dr dr k
.
q 2
General Solution: T =
r + C1 ln r + C2
2k
Boundary Conditions:
Temperature profile:
dT
dr
r =0
= 0, T ( ro ) = Ts
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T , h
qro2 r 2
1 + Ts (3.53)
T (r ) =
4k ro2
3
L
and
Ts = T +
qro
2h
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Example
A cylindrical shell of inner and outer radii ri and ro, respectively, is filled
with a heat-generating material that provides a uniform volumetric
generation rate. The inner surface is insulated, while the outer surface
of the shell is exposed to a fluid with a convection coefficient h.
a) Obtain an expression for the steady-state temperature distribution T(r)
in the shell.
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b) Determine an expression for the heat rate q(ro) at the outer radius of H
the shell in terms of the heat generation rate and the shell dimensions A
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Solutions for various fin geometries can be found in the literature (see
for example in textbook).
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Fins enhance heat transfer from a
surface by exposing a larger surface
area to
convection and radiation.
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Fin equation
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or
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Fin efficiency
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Thermal resistance
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