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Assignment Problems 4
(Linear Operators)
b)
#$
and
&
%
' ( % )*
)
3. Which of the following operators is one-to-one? Surjective?
,
a) + +
b) '
'
4. Describe the composition #' and '# for the operators
#
#
a) '
'
b) ' ' -."
# #
5. Suppose that # / 0 and ' 0 1 are invertible operators. Show that '# is invertible and that
'#2 # 2 ' 2 .
6. Which of the following are linear operators?
a) '
' 2
56
7.
8.
9.
10.
c)
An operator ' 8 8 is called an affine transformation if ' 9 7 4 where 9 is a : ; : matrix
and 4 is a : ; vector. Find the affine transformation in
that takes the triangle with the vertices
at to the triangle with verticesat )< %.
If ' / 0 is an invertible linear operator, where / and 0 are vector spaces, show that ' 2 is
linear.
Show that the norm of a bounded linear operator can equivalently be defined by
='= ->?@='= == A
8
Let B be the space with the norm ==C D!EFGF8 HG H. If 9 B B is a linear operator
3, 9
9
4 with 3 L and 4 L . Show that
=9=
3 7 4.
12. Show that the identity operator M B B is continuous, where B is any normed space. If 0 is the
normed space + 3 4 with the sup-norm, and 1 is the space + 3 4 with the norm ==N
==C 7 =O=C, give an example to show that M 0 1 is not continuous.
13. If ' / 0 and # 0 1 are bounded linear operators, show that #' / 1 is bounded.
14. Show that the null space P' of a linear operator ' / 0 is closed if ' is a bounded linear
operator.
15. An operator ' / 0 is bounded below if there exists a constant such that ='=Q R ==S
T /. If ' is a bounded linear operator, show that ' is one-to-one and that ' 2 U' / is a
bounded operator.
16. Show that the operator V + + V
17.
18.
19.
20.
W6
is
W,
[ 9IG I
G
IGK
Given a functional \ 8 , find the element such that ]\
^
when \ is defined by
a) ]\
^
7 _ 7
8
b) ]\
^
21. For each T
, let be the solution of `` 7 ` with . Define
the functional \ by
\
]\ ^ a
Show that \ is a bounded linear functional, and find the function u, the value of ]\ ^, and the
element b such that ]\ ^ b , when .
22. If B is a normed space (not necessarily complete), prove that B ` is a Banach space.
23. For any c and d such that e c f g and hc 7 hd , let b be a function in i and define a
functional \j on k according to
]\j ^ a bl nop!qqr:k
m
8C
26. Let \ v and 3 v ; v be defined by
]\ u^ a )u
3 u a 7 ` u `
where
v @u T
u ` T
u u A
is a Hilbert space with the inner product
Show that \ is continuous, that 3 is continuous and v elliptic, and verify that the unique element
satisfying
3 u ]\ u^nop!qqu T v
is
.
27. Let 3 v ; v be a continuous, v-elliptic bilinear form, and define the bilinear form 3| v ; v
by
3| u 3 u 7 }uz{
If v v
and } is continuous and satisfies f } e } e }
for some constants } and
}
, show that 3| is continuous and v-elliptic.