Impacts of Ecotourism Destinations

ILOILO STATE COLLEGE OF FISHERIES
COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS

GRADUATE PROGRAMS
Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo
1
IMPACTS OF ECOTOURISM DESTINATIONS AMONG THE LOCAL

COMMUNITIES IN ILOILO
A Dissertation Proposal
Presented to
DR. MICHAEL B. DIZON
Mentor
Iloilo State College of Fisheries
GRADUATE PROGRAM
In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Course
RESEARCH MEHODS AND TECHNIQUES
(DDM ET 606)
by
JUDITH B. CORDERO
March 2017

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2
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Ecotourism is one strategy for supporting conservation
and providing income for communities in and around protected
areas.
It
can
contribute
to
economic
development
and
conservation of protected areas by: a) generating revenues

that can be used to sustainably manage protected areas, b)
providing local employment and c) inculcating a sense of
community ownership. However, without careful planning and
management that balance ecological, social, and economic
objectives,
it
may
lead
Furthermore,
envisioned
as
to
a
environmental
positive
damage.
approach
towards
sustainable development, unplanned or poorly planned and

implemented
tourism
can
have
serious
negative
effects,
offsetting the benefits it was designed to provide. Even the

potential
local
benefits
of
ecotourism
can
lead
to
environmental damage to a protected area. For example, an

increase
in
employment
opportunities,
road
improvement,
technical assistance, or health care can stimulate migration

of
people
Therefore,
into
an
the
vicinity
understanding
of
of
the
the
protected
local
area.
residents'

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attitudes and perceptions toward tourism development and how

these perceptions are formed would be valuable knowledge for
the
tourism
industry
particularly
for
regional
tourism
development projects.
The Philippines offers diverse tourism activities and
destinations for tourists with various inclinations. As the
destinations and activities become more multi-faceted, the
Philippine tourism industry is seen to increasingly play a
significant role in the countrys economic development.
Background of the Study

The province of Iloilo is blessed with rich resource
and
with
ample
its
historical
opportunities
environment
setting
and
cultural
for
varied
is
excellent
attractions
activities.
for
The
offers
pristine
sightseeing,
beach
holidays, marine sports, adventures etc. It is a place where

ecotourism flourished and blessed with abundance of natural
resources
which
supports
the
provinces
economic,
environmental and social condition. The great thing is that

some of natural areas of Iloilo are unique like the Miagao
Terraces
which
was
proved
to
be
created
with
minimal

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equipment mostly with scrupulous hands. It will be a big

boost to Iloilos Tourism when ecotourism will be developed.
Through the development of ecotourism in Iloilo the status
of the province will also develop and tourists will visit
not just for the internationally recognized Dinagyang but
also they can enjoy the ecotourism destinations which Iloilo
has to offer.
With
the
growth
of
tourists
and
other
tourism
stakeholders that visit the place, there should be a proper

study to assess the factors that surrounds the ecotourism
destinations in Iloilo, particularly on their impact to the
local communities. This study will enable local residents of
Iloilo situated alongside ecotourism destinations to provide
input to governing bodies through shared insights or from a
community-based perspective. It will consider issues that
arise and aid in formulating more appropriate programs for
the development of both the ecotourism destinations and its
local communities.
It is in these premises that the researcher would like
to determine the impacts of ecotourism destinations among
the local communities in Iloilo.

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Statement of the Problem

The study aims to determine the assessment and the
impact of ecotourism destinations to the local communities
in Iloilo. Specifically, it aims to determine the following:
1.
The
profile
of
the
respondents
in
terms
a)age,
b)sex, c)educational attainment, and d) monthly income;

2. The assessment of the ecotourism destinations in
Iloilo as assessed by the respondents based on the following
ecotourism criteria: a) Physical attributes, b) ecotourism
products, c) ecotourism services, d) responsible ecotourism,
and e) transportation;
3. The level of impact of ecotourism destinations to
the local communities in Iloilo in terms of a) economic, b)
social, and c) environmental aspects.
4.
Is
there
significant
relationship
between
the
assessment of the ecotourism destinations by the respondents

based on ecotourism qualification criteria, and the impact
of ecotourism destinations to the local communities?
Hypothesis/Hypotheses

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6
1.
Is
there
significant
relationship
between
the
assessment of the ecotourism destinations by the respondents

based on ecotourism qualification criteria, and the impact
of ecotourism destinations to the local communities?
Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored on Butlers (1980) destinations
lifecycle is a classic theory of tourism. It states that
tourist
destinations
development.
emphasizes
Butlers
the
go
through
(1980)
dynamic,
different
destination
market
driven
phases
lifecycle
thrust
of
of
model
tourism
development and argues that successful destinations pass

through a regular sequence of growth stages that parallel
the S-shaped logistic curve. Progress along the development
continuum involves increasing industry institutionalization
facility
scale,
ecological
visitor
impact,
involvement,
six
growth,
saturation,
stages
and
cumulative
comprise
emergence,
consolidation,
maturity
and/or
stagnation, followed by decline or rejuvenation. The concept

is
analogous
literature
to
whereby
the
a
product
new
lifecycle
product
is
in
launched,
marketing
achieves

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7
acceptance, and grows until competitors gain market share,

and innovation or repositioning is necessary to stave off a
decline in sales and profits (Haywood, 2008).
In the 1970s some critique on tourism development was
brought forward mainly due to the negative impacts that it
can bring to a destination (Scheyvens, 2002). At the same
time neopopulist approaches to development emerged, which
held that bottom-up, rather than top-down, development is
preferred.
Development
communities
through
Neopopulist
approaches
increased
rather
role
than
it
of
became
more
knowledge,
stressed
civil
being
society
market
about
skills
the
in
led,
empowerment
and
resources.
importance
tourism
or
state
of
of
an
development,
controlled
(Scheyvens, 2002). This thought brought forward the idea of

sustainable tourism.
Hunter (1997) describes sustainable tourism as a set
of principles, policy prescriptions, and management methods
which chart a path for tourism development such that a
destination areas environmental resource base (including
natural,
built,
and
future development.
cultural
features)
is
protected
for

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The
World
Tourism
Organisation
defines
sustainable
tourism as tourism that takes full account of its current

and
future
economic,
addressing
the
social
needs
of
and
environmental
visitors,
the
impacts,
industry,
the
environment and host communities (UNWTO, 2012). Goodwin

(2011) believes that sustainability, sustainable development
and sustainable tourism are too abstract and therefore lack
meaning
and
do
not
encourage
action.
He
uses
the
term
responsible tourism instead to indicate the importance of

encouraging and motivating people to take responsibility for
sustainable tourism development.
The
social
distinction
impacts
between
is
widely
environmental,
economic
used
the
within
and
tourism
sustainability debate. Although these three are found to be

equally
important,
location,
the
or
term
that
their
sustainability
importance
is
often
varies
per
associated
primarily with the natural environment.

The UNWTO (2004) indicates that sustainable tourism
guidelines
and
management
practices
are
relevant
to
all
forms of tourism and in all locations, also including mass

tourism
destinations
and
niche
segments.
Generally

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sustainable tourism development projects are also referred

to
as
alternative
tourism
(Scheyvens,
2002).
Brohman
(1996) believes that the label alternative tourism is used

so frequently that it can mean almost anything except for
conventional mass tourism. However, he does acknowledge that
there are five recurring features of alternative tourism.
The
first
is
that
it
involves
small
scale
development,
usually within villages or small communities. The second

common
feature
ownership
of
businesses
local
of
alternative
businesses
instead
involvement
is
tourism
is
that
such
as
family
corporations.
Third,
preferred,
of
multinational
in
the
local
and
regional
local
tourism
development planning is encouraged in alternative tourism

projects.
The
fourth
characteristic
is
an
emphasis
on
(environmental) sustainability. Finally, Brohman states that

alternative tourism development should not harm the local
culture,
but
rather
respect
local
opportunities for cultural exchange.
Conceptual Framework
traditions
and
create

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The conceptual framework shows the relationship of the

independent variables and dependent variables.
Figure 1 presents the relationship of variables in this
study.
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Impact to the local

communities
a) Economic
b) Social
c) Environmental
Assessment of the
Ecotourism destinations
Figure 1. Relationship between assessment of the ecotourism

destinations and impact to the local communities.
Significance of the Study
The results of this study may be beneficial to the
following:
The
Academe.
This
would
be
basis
for
prior
knowledge that they may impart to tourism students and this

will serve as their reference point in improving upon the
current programs they are offering.
Students. This may serve as their motivation to put
their
knowledge
into
action
about
caring
for
the

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environment, whatever their chosen field knowing that nature

also gives part in successful education. This study will
also provide them with knowledge about ecotourism.
Tourism
Businesses.
That
they
may
promote
green
practices to preserve and protect nature in utilizing their

facilities
in
an
ecofriendly
way
which
will
minimize
negative impact to their business and to the environment.

Tourists.
To
provide
appreciation
about
the
sustainability and conservation of natural areas. That they

may be guided about how nature provide important resource
and they may be supportive in green practices and to protect
it. To let them feel new environment which provide them new
experiences and witness nature as they travel leaving only
footprints.
Municipalities of Iloilo. They may use this study to
secure
and
implement
policies
about
protecting
the
environment so tourists that will visit the natural areas

will be aware and for the local residents to be guided about
the advantages of ecotourism in the development of their
towns/municipalities.

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The Department of Tourism. They may use this study in

order
to
deepen
their
knowledge
on
the
benefits
of
ecotourism as assessed by the tourism stakeholders and to

take steps on further development and conservation of more
ecotourism destinations.
Local communities. To increase their awareness about
the natural areas of their town and values about ecotourism.
To be an advocate of environmental stewardship which is an
important
aspect
of
human
development
which
will
give
gratitude to the works and the wonders provided by nature.

To
increase
behavior.
participate
community
To
in
enhance
policy
acceptance
on
inspiration
making
and
tourism
and
and
tourist
encouragement
tourism
planning
to
and
development useful to their community. To become aware of

the protected areas which nourish their living and the host
residents including the valuing of their precious natural
resources, environment and traditional culture.
Future researchers. To provide future researchers a
baseline of information on the recent status on ecotourism
and seek more potentials that will contribute to its growth

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of tourism. They may also get more ideas about Ecotourism

and aid in future problems they may pursue.
Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study aims to determine the assessment and impact
of ecotourism destinations to the local communities. The
study will be conducted on the third trimester of school
year 2016-2017 using the descriptive research design.
The respondents of this study will be the selected
tourism stakeholders of ecotourism destinations in the local
communities in Iloilo. This includes the host community and
local government officials concerned.
Definition of Terms
For the purpose of clarity and better understanding,
the
following
terms
are
defined
conceptually
and
operationally.
Ecotourism.
Ecotourism
means
Responsible
travel
to
natural areas that conserves the environment and improves

the well-being of local people (Carr, 2011).

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In this study this refers to the new trend in tourism

involving natural attractions and its sustainability which
will contribute to the development of Iloilo.
Natural Areas. It is a term used in urban ecology to
denote an area inhabited by a population which shares common
social
heritage,
occupation,
interests,
or
other
distinguishing cultural possessions (Marshall, 2002).

In
this
study,
this
refers
to
the
ecotourism
destination in Iloilo.
Physical Attributes. It include land forms, bodies of
water, climate, soils, natural vegetation, and animal life
(Ferney, 2012).
In
this
study,
this
refers
to
the
criteria
for
ecotourism sites deals with the features of the area which

will be assessed by the respondents.
Ecotourism Products. A combination of activities and
services which are sold and managed through qualified Eco
tour operators including local communities or individuals.
(IHCAE, 2007)

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In this study, this refers to the criteria for products

and activities which locality offers to the tourist upon
visiting the area.
Ecotourism
services.
Services
including
transportation ,local cuisine, camping, home stay, guiding

and
interpretation.
These
services
should
cause
minimum
damage to the natural and cultural environment and promote a

better understanding of the natural and cultural aspects of
an area (IHCAE, 2007).
In this study, this refers to the criteria for the
service which may be offered by the local community to the
tourist upon visiting the area.
Responsible Ecotourism. An approach to the management
of
ecotourism,
aimed
at
maximizing
economic,
social
and
environmental benefits (Carr, 2011).

practices
and
ordinance
which
falls
under
the
local
responsibility towards ecotourism.

Transportation. Carry passengers, that is, the tourists
to the actual site where tourism services are performed
(Mammadov, 2012).

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accessibility of ecotourism destinations to tourists.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Ecotourism
Ecotourism is the fastest-growing sector of the worlds
largest industry, tourism.
In fact, it has been identified
as one of the management strategies in the protection and

management of protected areas.
comparatively
wise
form
It is argued that with this

of
resource
use,
negative
environmental impacts on the diverse ecosystems can be kept

low; new and/or additional funds can be mobilized to support
protected areas, and the living conditions of the local
populations
can
be
alternative
sources
improved
of
through
income
and
the
provision
employment
of
(Calanog,
2007).
Later, the Philippine Agenda 21 was formulated in 1995
and
illustrated
the
countrys
leadership
in
sustainable
development. While the discussion on sustainable development

was
going
on
in
1992,
the
Department
of
Tourism
(DOT)
through the assistance of the United Nations Development

Program (UNDP) and the World Tourism Organization (WTO) had

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already initiated the formulation of the Tourism Master Plan

(TMP) for the Philippines. Among the objectives of the TMP
is to position the country as a world-class destination
under the guiding principles of sustainable development.
Anchored on the TMPs recommendation, the Second National
Tourism Congress in 1992 took up the theme Responsible
Tourism: Policy, Environmental and Cultural Challenges. It
was during this conference that the concept of ecotourism
was formally introduced in the Philippines (Calanog, 2007).
As ecotourism becomes popular, the potential for its
development also increases.
But there are many factors that
must be considered in ecotourism planning and development

processes. Opportunities (benefits) and threats (risks) to
the area, particularly to its biological resources and to
the local communities, are major factors and should not be
neglected. Scientific data and information on the natural
hazards are very important and could be studied through
geomorphological,
methods.
dealing
Many
with
economic,
researchers
natural
spatial,
have
hazards
and
presented
and
tourism development (Calanog, 2007).
the
climatological
various
risks
ideas
involved
in

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The study found that nearly two-thirds of the poverty

reduction in the regions can be attributed to opportunities
afforded
by
tourism.
Earlier
research
had
linked
the
establishment of protected areas in poor regions with a

reduction in poverty, but there was no clear understanding
of why or how that was happening (Foley, 2014).
Ferraro and his collaborators examined three potential
triggers for poverty reduction linked to the establishment
of protected areas: 1.) changes in tourism and recreational
services, 2.) changes in infrastructure including roads,
health clinics and schools and 3.) Changes in ecosystem
services such as the pollination and hydrological services a
protected area may offer (Foley, 2014).
In
poverty
addition
reduction
to
learning
was
linked
that
to
nearly
changes
66
in
percent
tourism
of
and
recreational services, the researchers found that changes in

infrastructure and land use had little effect on the poverty
in surrounding communities (Foley, 2014).
Impacts of Tourism

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On
one
hand,
tourism
wields
tremendous
economic
positive outcomes: it is one of the worlds most significant

sources
of
economic
tourism
is
very
outcomes
complex
and
employment.
industry
involving
However,
numerous
stakeholders and requiring significant amount of resources.

As such, tourism can have very opposite effects according to
the way activities are managed. Managed well, tourism can
play
positive
role
in
the
socio,
cultural,
economic,
environmental and political development of the destination

and as such represents a significant development opportunity
for
many
countries
and
communities.
On
the
contrary,
unchecked tourism development can lead to very damageable

impacts.
Environmental Impacts
The quality of the environment, both natural and manmade,
is
essential
to
tourism.
However,
tourism's
relationship with the environment is complex. It involves

many activities that can have adverse environmental effects.
Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of
general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of

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tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants,

shops, golf courses and marinas. The negative impacts of
tourism development can gradually destroy the environmental
resources on which it depends (UNEP, 2003).
On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create
beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to
environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to
raise awareness of environmental values and it can serve as
a tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase
their economic importance (UNEP, 2003).
In previous decades, developers and governments often
neglected
the
importance
of
environmental
issues.
More
recently they have realized that tourism and the environment

are
inseparable
and
attempts
are
made
to
ensure
environmental preservation (Davidson, 2000). However, with

the
expansion
resources
have
of
tourism
become
more
the
threats
serious.
to
Modern
environmental
tourists
are
becoming more discerning, seeking a high-quality physical

and cultural environments and are willing to pay a premium
price (Romeril, 2003)

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Tourism can be an important means to encourage and help

to
pay
for
conservation
of
the
man-made
environment.
Historic sites, monuments and buildings can be major tourist

attractions and tourism itself frequently stimulates their
protection, conservation, and renovation for the benefit of
the
local
community
and
beyond
(Buhalis
and
Fletcher,
2000).Many existing attractions would never have survived

without tourists contributions through admission fees. With
tourist demand, buildings and sites have been completely
renovated and transformed into new tourist facilities.
Similarly, the natural environment has benefited from
tourism in a variety of ways. Money generated by tourism can
contribute to the cleaning up of the overall environment
through
the
environmental
control
of
aesthetics.
air,
water,
Tourists
litter,
attracted
and
by
other
natural
resources pay for the development and operation of national

parks and the conservation of natural areas. Many countries,
e.g. Kenya and Rwanda, have established huge national parks
for the conservation of wildlife. Entry fees and levies by
national parks, museums, zoos and archaeological sites are

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received from governments, to cover the expenses of their

preservation (Davidson, 2003).
Another major impact of tourism occurs during the tourists
journeys to and from their destinations and during their
stay. The extent of the environmental impact depends on the
type
of
transport
used.
Even
cycling,
although
it
is
considered an environmental friendly mode of transport, can

damage
environmentally
sensitive
areas.
Other
tourist
vehicles, such as buses, cars and motorcycles can cause air

pollution,
and
damage
built
structures.
For
example,
in
order to prevent erosion from air pollution, tourist coaches

are not permitted close to the top of Acropolis Hill, Athens
(Smith and Jenner, 2002).
The requirements of modern tourism for energy and water
are high. Natural resources are used to supply tourists with
heat, air-conditioning, power, food, drinking water, and
laundry and sanitation facilities. For example, (Jackson,
2004) notes that per capita, tourist electricity consumption
in the Caribbean is much higher than residents consumption.
Similar problems occur with the water supply, since tourists
consume
more
water
than
residents.
Consequently,
if
the

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water and electricity supply to residential areas is reduced

because
of
high
tourism
consumption,
this
can
lead
to
negative feelings if not conflicts.

Overuse
of
the
natural
environment
by
tourism
can
disrupt and even destroy the ecological balance .Plants and

animals
can
uncontrolled
be
removed
tourism
or
even
development.
killed
In
as
result
addition,
of
tourist
demand for special wildlife souvenirs has fed the hunting

and poaching trades. For example, in many African countries,
wild plant and animal species are disappearing and in the
Mediterranean, marine animals are killed for the manufacture
of gifts and souvenirs for tourism consumption (Hunter and
Green, 2003).
Despite the negative impacts of tourism development on
the
environment,
it
is
claimed
that
damage
caused
by
tourists and tourism development is not as harmful as the

import of industrial development (WTO, 2005). For instance,
(Archer, 2003) revealed that water contamination is caused
not only by the discharge of inadequately treated sewage but
also by industrial waste, sedimentation from agricultural
erosion and contamination from fertilizers and pesticides.

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Similarly,(Mathieson and Wall,2002) pointed out that tourism

does not involve the movement of large quantities of raw
materials and manufactured goods, or the transformation of
one into the other, but involves only the movement of people
and consequently it pollutes the environment less than most
other industries.
Socio-Cultural Impacts
The socio-cultural impacts of tourism described here
are the effects on host communities of direct and indirect
relations with tourists, and of interaction with the tourism
industry. For a variety of reasons, host communities often
are the weaker party in interactions with their guests and
service providers, leveraging any influence they might have.
These
influences
are
not
always
apparent,
as
they
are
difficult to measure, depend on value judgments and are

often indirect or hard to identify (UNEP, 2003).
Tourism can add to the vitality of communities in many
ways. One example is that events and festivals of which
local
residents
have
been
the
primary
participants
and
spectators are often rejuvenated and developed in response

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to tourist interest. The jobs created by tourism can act as

a vital incentive to reduce emigration from rural areas.
Local people can also increase their influence on tourism
development,
as
well
as
improve
their
job
and
earnings
prospects, through tourism-related professional training and

development of business and organizational skills identify
(UNEP, 2003).
Traveling brings people into contact with each other
and, as tourism has an educational element, it can foster
understanding
between
peoples
and
cultures
and
provide
cultural exchange between hosts and guests. Because of this,

the chances increase for people to develop mutual sympathy
and
understanding
example,
jobs
and
provided
to
by
reduce
tourism
their
in
prejudices.
Belfast,
For
Northern
Ireland, are expected to help demobilize paramilitary groups

as the peace process is put in place. In the end, sympathy
and understanding can lead to a decrease of tension in the
world and thus contribute to peace (UNEP, 2003).
The impacts arise when tourism brings about changes in
value systems and behavior and thereby threatens indigenous
identity.
Furthermore,
changes
often
occur
in
community

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27
structure, family relationships, collective traditional life

styles,
ceremonies
and
morality.
But
tourism
can
also
generate positive impacts as it can serve as a supportive

force for peace, foster pride in cultural traditions and
help avoid urban relocation by creating local jobs. As often
happens when different cultures meet, socio-cultural impacts
are ambiguous: the same objectively described impacts are
seen as beneficial by some groups, and are perceived as
negative
or
as
having
negative
aspects
by
other
stakeholders (UNEP, 2003).

New employment opportunities in the tourist sector may
have distorting effects on existing social and demographic
structures.
Glamour
employment
in
the
tourism
sector
attracts mostly young people, who leave their agricultural

occupations in the rural areas to migrate to the tourist
regions
as
happened
in
Seychelles,
where
fishing
and
agricultural production declined substantially because of a

lack of labour which had moved to the tourism industry
(Peppelenbosch and Tempelman, 2000). Additionally, tourism
employment
for
many
young
men
removed
power
from
the
traditional older men in their families and influenced the

GRADUATE PROGRAMS
28
political
structure
and
status
system
of
the
community
(Harrison, 1992). Through employment opportunities, economic

autonomy was created for women as they have the ability to
control their own family environment (Kousis, 2004)
On the other hand, the literature expresses the view
that tourism is responsible for cultural pollution with many
tourists concerned more about the exotic rather than the
authentic. For many tourists, the lack of authenticity of
cultural
events
communities,
in
does
order
not
to
matter.
provide
Consequently
the
maximum
host
possible
variety in entertainment, remodel their cultural activities

(Prasad,
2006).
Tourist
demand
for
insights
into
local
culture may be unimportant for some residents as long as

tourists are paying. For example, in Torremolinos, the old,
authentic culture has been overtaken by British-style pubs
and fish and chip shops (Phillips, 1994).
Where
there
is
large
number
of
tourists,
human
relations become commercialized (Berno, 2001). Therefore,

tourism
is
friendliness
blamed
of
the
for
the
locals,
erosion
as
of
reported
hospitality
in
Vietnam
and
by
(Wheat, 2001). Overcrowding by tourists irritates residents

GRADUATE PROGRAMS
29
and makes them resentful of tourism. In Malta, tourists in

search
of
authentic
culture
cross
thresholds
and
boundaries and penetrate private domestic places causing

disturbance to the locals (Boissevain, 2001). As tourism
grows, the supply of services and goods is not sufficient to
meet the increased demand and very often a disparity exists
between the spending power of tourists and of host (Pearce,
2001).
Consequently,
prices
of
land,
goods
and
services
increase in tourist areas and residents may have to pay

higher prices.
Tourism can boost the preservation and transmission of
cultural and historical traditions, which often contributes
to the conservation and sustainable management of natural
resources,
the
protection
of
local
heritage,
and
renaissance of indigenous cultures, cultural arts and crafts

(UNEP, 2003).
Mass
tourism
is
uncomprehendingly
and
values
social
but
ostentatious
local
also
force
unintentionally
consumption
residents,
customs
and
particularly
which
not
(Gould,
behavior
younger
destroys
only
cultural
2006).
Tourists
patterns,
people,
lead
to
adopting

GRADUATE PROGRAMS
30
aspects of tourist behavior and lifestyles; the so-called

demonstration effect (McElroy and de Albuquerque, 2007).
According to (Greenwood, 2003) notes that young Basques have
come to adopt a style of life similar to that of the middleclass
tourists
they
have
seen.
However,
(Davidson
and
Maitland, 1997) claim that it is notoriously difficult to

disentangle the demonstration effect of tourism from other
forces of change, such as advertising and mass media.
Economic Impacts of Tourism

The
benefits
tourism
to
industry
both
host
generates
countries
substantial
and
economic
tourists'
home
countries. Especially in developing countries, one of the

primary motivations for a region to promote itself as a
tourism destination is the expected economic improvement. As
with other impacts, this massive economic development brings
along both positive and negative consequences (UNEP, 2003).
According
million
spending
people
more
to
the
traveled
US$
478
World
to
Tourism
foreign
billion.
Organization,
country
International
in
698
2000,
tourism
receipts combined with passenger transport currently total

GRADUATE PROGRAMS
31
more than US$ 575 billion - making tourism the world's

number
one
export
earner,
ahead
of
automotive
products,
chemicals, petroleum and food (UNEP, 2003).

The effects of tourism on the balance of payments are
probably
one
of
considerations
tourism
the
most
(Airey,
expenditure
widely
2000).
have
The
publicized
positive
encouraged
economic
effects
many
of
developing
countries and islands to actively promote tourism in an

attempt to increase foreign exchange earnings and improve
the invisible component of the balance of payments (Wood,
2002)
The significance of travel and tourism for employment
creation can be realized from the WTTC (2000) report which
estimates
that
travel
and
tourism
created
in
1999
200
million jobs world-wide and today is the worlds largest

generator for jobs, with a forecast of 5.5 million new jobs
per
year
until
2010.
Jobs
created
directly
in
tourism
enterprises, such as hotels, travel agencies and restaurants

generate secondary employment opportunities in other sectors
of
the
economy,
such
as
construction,
manufacturing,
retailing and services (Archer, 2003). For example, a study

GRADUATE PROGRAMS
32
in Tunisia estimated that every extra hotel bed creates

approximately 2.5 to three jobs in direct employment and two
additional jobs in indirect employment (Smaoui, 2004).McCann
(2004) and Paajanen (2002) point out that the level of
indirect employment depends on the interrelationship between
the various sectors of the economy. He notes that in a
simple economy few inter-industry linkages exist, since many
of the inputs required by businesses providing goods and
services to tourists will have to be imported and as a
result indirect employment effects are few. In more complex
economies, tourism enterprises are able to purchase many of
their supplies locally and therefore indirect effects are
larger.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This descriptive study aims to determine the assessment
of the ecotourism destinations of Iloilo and their impacts
to the local community.
The survey-correlational method of research will be
employed in this investigation. Descriptive research design

GRADUATE PROGRAMS
33
is a valid method for researching specific subject as long

as
the
limitation
are
understood
by
the
researcher
(Shuttleworth, 2008). The purpose of descriptive research is

to describe and make interpretation about the current status
or individuals, object, settings and conditions or events
(Mertler
&
Charles,
relationships
among
2005).
two
or
In
correlation
more
research,
variables
are
the
studied
without any attempt to influence them. In their simplest

form, correlational studies investigate the possibility of
relationships among the two variables.
Locale of the Study

This study will be conducted at the local communities
of
various
ecotourism
destinations
in
Iloilo
during
the
third trimester of School Year 2016-2017.
Respondents and/or Subjects of the Study

The participants of this study will be the tourism
stakeholders
of
ecotourism
destinations
in
the
local

GRADUATE PROGRAMS
34
communities in Iloilo. This includes the host community and

local government officials concerned.
Sampling Techniques
The sampling method to be used in this study will be
convenience
sampling.
participants
who
are
Convenience
readily
sampling
available
and
includes
agree
to
participate in a study (Frey,2000). The respondents who will

be available during data-gathering will be selected for this
study.
Research Instrument
The instrument to be used is a self-made questionnaire.
It will be composed of four parts. The first part involves
questions on the profile of the respondents. The second part
which
is
Department
based
of
on
Tourism
the
ecotourism
will
determine
criteria
the
from
assessment
the
of
Ecotourism destinations. The third part of the questionnaire

GRADUATE PROGRAMS
35
will determine the impact of the ecotourism destinations to

the local community.
The assessment of the ecotourism destinations in Iloilo
is determined using the following:
Score
5
4
3
2
1
Description
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neither
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
To aid the researcher in interpreting the results for

the assessment of ecotourism destinations, the following
scale will be used as basis:
Scale
Interpretation
1.00 - 1.80
Highly Unqualified
1.81 - 2.60
Unqualified
2.61 - 3.40
Neither
3.41 - 4.20
Qualified
4.21 - 5.00
Highly Qualified
Data Gathering Procedure

GRADUATE PROGRAMS
36
To begin the study, the researcher will ask permission

from the dean of the College of Liberal Arts of Iloilo State
College of Fisheries (Main Campus). The research proposal
will be presented and submitted to the panel for approval.
After securing permission to conduct the study, a letter to
conduct the study will be written to the respondents. The
questionnaire
content
testing.
will
validation
After
be
submitted
and
then
validation
to
it
and
research
will
experts
undergo
reliability
for
reliability
testing,
the
researcher will conduct the study. The data will be gathered

by the researcher through site visitation and personally
giving
out
the
questionnaires.
Questionnaires
will
be
collected once the participants are done in answering.
Data Analysis Procedure

The data collected for this study will be analyzed
statistically to provide answers to the problems adhered.
The
Statistical
Package
for
Social
Packages
(SPSS)
software will be used to process the data to be gathered.

Percentage
Analysis.
Percentage
will
be
used
to
describe what portions of the participants belong to each

GRADUATE PROGRAMS
37
category
in
terms
of
sex,
educational
attainment,
and
monthly income.
Frequency Count. Frequency count will be employed to
ascertain the number of the participants belonging to a
class or category.
Mean. Mean will be utilized to describe the assessment
of the ecotourism destinations and the impacts to local
communities.
Pearsons Product Movement Coefficient of Correlation
(Pearsons r).The Pearsons r will be used to determine the
significance of the relationships between the assessment of
the ecotourism destinations in terms of ecotourism criteria
and
the
impacts
communities.
of
ecotourism
destinations
to
local

GRADUATE PROGRAMS
38
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Greenwood, D. (2003). Culture by the pound: an
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39
Gould, G. (2006). Evaluating Tourism Impacts: Study Book.

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