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Set 16 Chemicals for consumers

1) The Figure below shows the structural formula of a synthetic cleansing agent. This substance has alcohol chain,
lauryl alcohol, which is obtained from vegetable oils.
(a) State the name of steps is involved in preparation of the synthetic cleansing agent.
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[3 marks]
(b) Name the detergent above.
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[1 mark]
(c) Why is it important for the soap and detergent to have an ionic head?
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[1 mark]
(d) Soap is a type of cleaning agent used to remove grease and dirt from fabric.
(i)
What is saponification?
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[1 mark]
(ii)
Alkali hydrolysis is a step in the saponification process. In this process, sodium hydroxide is used as one of
the reactants. How does this step being carried out.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(iii)
In the process of saponification, sodium chloride was added into the soap solution. What is the purpose of
the addition of sodium chloride?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(e) Same substance is used to prepare soap. Draw the structural formula for the substance formed and state the
hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part.

(f) State three ways soap and detergent acts as cleansing agent.

[2 marks]

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_____________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
(g) What is the meaning of hard water?
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Set 16 Chemicals for consumers


[1 mark]

(h) What are the ions in hard water that causes scum?

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[1 mark]
(i) Describe the soap effectiveness in hard water.
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[2 marks]
(j) What is the advantage of detergent compare to soap?
____________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(k) State two additives are usually added to soap and detergent.
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[2 marks]
2.

Various types of food additives can be classified as follows:


Food Additives

Preservative
(a) (i)

(ii)

Antioxidant

Flavouring

Stabiliser

Dyes

What is a food additive?


__________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
What is the function of preservatives in food?

__________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(iii) Name the chemical that is used as a food preservative.
__________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(b) (i) State a function of flavourings in food.

(ii)

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[1 mark]
Name the flavouring added to restaurant food.
__________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

(iii)

Name a sweet flavouring that can place sugar. What is the advantage of this flavouring?
__________________________________________________________________________________

Set 16 Chemicals for consumers


__________________________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(c) Give an example of a chemical that is used as
(i)

Dye : __________________________________________________________________________

(ii)

Antioxidant : _____________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(d) What type of food additive is needed by food such as butter and ice cream?
__________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
3.

Modern medicine can be classified as shown in above chart.


Modern Medicine

Antibiotics

Analgesic

Psychiatric Medicine

Hormone

(a) (i) What is the function of antibiotic?


___________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(ii) Name an example of an antibiotic.
___________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(b) Aspirin is an example of an analgesic.
(i)
What is meant by analgesic?
___________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(ii)
Why is aspirin seldom used as an analgesic nowadays?
___________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(iii)
Name an example of a medicine that has replaced aspirin.
___________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(iv)
State a function of aspirin in modern medicine.
___________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(v)
What is the functional group in aspirin?
___________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(c) What is the main problem of using barbiturates as an antidepressant?

Set 16 Chemicals for consumers


___________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(d) An example of a hormone is insulin.
(i)
What is the function of insulin?
___________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(ii)
What is the disease that is caused by insulin shortage?
___________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(iii)
Name the hormone that is used to treat asthma.
___________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

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