Mohamed Ashraf

USEOFEMULSIFIERSINHIGHFATLEVELDIETSOFBROILERS.
BY
MohamedAshrafAbdElRauof
B.SC.,Agric.,Sciences.AinShamsUniv. (1979)
M.Sc.Agric.AlAzharUniv.(1995)
THESIS
SubmittedinpartialfulfillmentoftheRequirements
For theDegree
OF
DOCTOROF PHOLOSOPHY
IN
AGRICULTURALSCIENCES
(Animal ProductionPoultryNutrition)
Departmentof Animal Production

Facultyof Agriculture
1
AlAzharUniversity
1428A.H.
2007A.D
APPROVALSHEET
Name:MOHAMEDASHRAFABDELRAUOFHASSEN
Title:
USE
OF
EMULSIFIERS
DIETSOFBROILERS.
IN
HIGH
THIESIS
Submittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirements
Forthedegree
OF
DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY
IN
(AnimalProductinPoultryNutrition)
DepartmentofAnimalProduction
FacultyofAgriculture
2
FAT
LEVELS
AlAzharUniversity
1428.A.H
2007.A.D
ApprovedBy:
1Prof.Dr.AbdelHadyAmerAmer()
Professorofpoultrynutrition,FacultyofAgriculture,
AlAzharUniversity.
2Prof.Dr.K.A.ElKhimsawy()
Professorofpoultrynutrition,FacultyofAgriculture,
AlAzharUniversity.
3Prof.Dr.MohamedBahielDeen()
Professor ofpoultrynutrition,FacultyofAgriculture,
AlexandriaUniversity.
Date
Title:
// 1428A.H.///2007A.D.
USE
OF
EMULSIFIERS
LEVELSDIETSOF BROILERS.
Name:
MOHAMED
ASHRAF
HASSAN
IN
ABD
THESIS
Submittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirements
Forthedegree
3
HIGH
EL
FAT
RAUOF
oF
DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY
iN
(AnimalProductionPoultryNutrition)
DepartmentofAnimalProduction
FacultyofAgriculture
AlAzharUniversity
1428A.H.
2007A.D.
SupervisionCommittee:
1Prof.Dr.KHIMSAWYA.El KHIMSAWY
ProfessorofPoultryNutrition,Facultyof
Agriculture,AlAzharUniversity.
2Prof.Dr.SABRYI.ELSHARKAWY
ProfessorofPoultryHusbandry,Facultyof
Agriculture,AlAzharUniversity.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Beforeallandaboveall,thankstomyGodforhelpingmeatcompletingthiswork.
The writer wishes to express this deep appreciation to Professer Dr. Khimsawy A. ElKhimsawy.
ProfesserofPoultryNutrationAnimal.ProdDept,Fac.ofAgric.AlAzharUniversity.
For his supervision valuble advice of most understandable, continuous help and constructive criticism
throughoutthisstudy.
Deeply grateful to late Professor Dr. Sabry Ibrahem El Sharkawy Professor of Poultry Husbandry,
AnimalProdDept,Fac.ofAgric.AlAzharUniversityforeverythingtohelpme.
SincerethanksarealsotoallmembersoftheAnimalProduction,Department,facultyofAgricultural,Al
AzharUniversity,fortheirassistaningandduetobeingwillingtohelpme.
FinallyIdeeplygratefulpresentmyprivatethankstomyfamilyspecially,latemymotherforherprayers
tome.
CONTENTS
Items
Approvalsheet
Acknowledgements
Contents
ListofTables
5
page
1Introduction.
2Reviewofliteratures..
21: Effectoffatadditionindietonboriliers
Performance
211: Effectofleveloffat..
212: Effectoftypeoffat.
213: Effectofbirdsage
214: Effectofstrain..
215: Effectoftypediet
216 : Effectofinteractioneffectsoffatand
protein
217: Effectofsex..
22: Effectofdietaryfatlevelincarcass.
23 : Effectoffatsupplementationonblood
Components
231: Bloodcholesterol.
232: Bloodtriglyceride..
233: Bloodtotallipids
24: Emulsifierssubstances
241: Lecithin..
242: Bilesalt..
25: EffectofemulsifiersinHFDonbroilers
251: Effectonfatabsorption.
252: Effectonbroilerperformance
26: Effectofemulsifiersinhighfatdieton
Somebloodcomponents
6
1
3
3
3
5
6
7
9
9
10
10
12
12
15
15
15
15
17
19
19
20
21
261: Effectonbloodcholesterol..
262:effectonbloodtriglyceride
3MaterialsandMethods
31:Housingandrearing.......................................
32: Recordsobtained.............................................
33: Methodsofinterpretingresults........................
331:Averagelivebodyweight........................
332: Averagelivebodyweightgain...............
333: Feedconvertion......................................
334:Mortalityrate...........................................
34: Chimicalanalysis...........................................
35: Statisticalanalysis
4ResultsandDiscussion
41: Effectofbothemulsifiersandfatlevelsin
Thedietonbroilersperformance.
411:Livebodyweight
412:Feedconsumptionandconversion..
42: Effectofbothemulsifiersandfatlevelinthe
dietoncarcasscharacteristicsofbroilers
421:Liver..
422:Gizzard..
423:Heart.
424: Totalgiblets.
425:Abdominalfat..
426:Feather.
7
26
28
29
32
33
33
33
33
34
35
35
35
37
37
37
55
62
62
77
77
80
85
88
427:Carcassweight.
428:Dressingpercentage
43: Effectofoilandemulsifierslevelonsome
Plasmacompounds.
431:Cholesterol..
432: Totallipids
433: Triglyceride..
5Summary
6References..
7ArabicSummary
90
90
96
96
104
105
107
113
viii
LISTOFTABLES
Table
Title
Page
1
Compositionofstarterdiets.
31
2
Compositionoffinisherdiets
34
Effectofbothemulsifiersandfatlevelsinthedieton
3
averagelivebodyweightinchicks(duringtheperiod
from 14weeksofage)...............................
37
Effectoffatlevelsinthedietonaveragelivebody
4
weightinchicks(duringtheperiodfrom 14weeksof
39
age).
Effectofemulsifierslevelsinthedietonaveragelive
5
bodyweightinchicks(duringtheperiodfrom 14
weeksofage)..
41
6
averagelivebodyweightincombinedsexes(duringthe
periodfrom 57weeksofage)..............................
42
7
maleslivebodyweight (duringtheperiodfrom 57
weeksofage)..
42
8
femaleslivebodyweightinchicks(duringtheperiod
from 57weeksofage)...............................
45
EffectoffatlevelsinthedietonaverageliveBody
9
weightincombinedsexes(duringtheperiodfrom 57
47
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
10
weeksofage)
Effectoffatlevelsinthedietonmaleslivebodyweight
incombinedsexes(duringtheperiodfrom 57weeksof
age).
Effectoffatlevelsinthedietonfemaleslivebody
weightin (duringtheperiodfrom 57weeksof
age)
Effectofemulsifierslevelsinthedietonaveragelive
bodyweightincombinedsexes(duringtheperiodfrom
57weeksofage).
Effectofemulsifierslevelsinthedietonmaleslive
bodyweight (duringtheperiodfrom 57weeksof
age).
Effectofemulsifierslevelsinthedietonfemaleslive
bodyweight (duringtheperiodfrom 57weeksof
age)
Bodygains,feedconsumption,feedconversionand
mortalityrateasaffectedbybothemulsifiersandfat
levelsinthediet (duringthePeriodfrom 27weeksof
age)................................................
mortalityrateasaffectedbyfatlevelsinthediet
(duringthePeriodfrom 27weeksofage)....
48
49
51
52
53
56
59
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
11
mortalityrateasaffectedbyemulsifierslevelsinthe
diet(duringthePeriodfrom 27weeksof
age)..
absolute(gm)andrelative(%)weightof
liver
gizzard..
heart.
absolute(gm)andrelative(%)weightoftotal
giblets
absolute(gm)andrelative(%)weightofabdominal
fat
feather
60
63
78
79
81
86
89
24
25
26
absolute(gm)andrelative(%)weightofempty
carcass..
91
absolute(gm)andrelative(%)weightoftotaledible
parts.
95
someplasmaCompounds
97
LISTOFFIGURES
Fig
Title
Page
1 Scheduleoffeedingprograms........................................... 30
Effect of emulsifiers at 8% fat in the diet on average
2a live body weight in chicks (during the period from14
weeksofage)
37
Effect of emulsifiers at 12% fat in the diet on average
2b live body weight in chicks (during the period from14
weeksofage)....................................................................
37
Effectoffatlevelinthedietonaveragelivebodyweight
3
ofchicks(duringtheperiodfrom 14weeksofage)....
40
Effect of emulsifiers level in the diet on average live
4
body weight of chicks (during the period from 14
12
5a
5b
6a
6b
7a
weeksofage).
Effectofbothemulsifieronaveragelivebody
weightincombinedsexesat8%fat (during57weeks
ofage)
Effectofbothemulsifieronaveragelivebody
weightincombinedsexesat12%fat (during57weeks
ofage).
Effectofemulsifierslevelinthedietonlivebodyweight
of males chicks at 8% fat (during the period from 57
weeksofage)......................................................................
ofmaleschicksat12%fat(duringtheperiodfrom57
weeksofage)..................................................................
offemaleschicksat8%fat(duringtheperiodfrom57
weeksofage).....................................................................
7b offemaleschicksat12%fat(duringtheperiodfrom5
7 weeksofage)..................................................................
Effectoffatlevelinthedietonaveragelivebodyweight
incombinedsexes(duringtheperiodfrom57weeksof
age)...
Effectoffatlevelinthedietonmalelivebodyweightin
chicks(duringtheperiodfrom57weeksofage)
10
Effectoffatlevelinthedietonfemaleslivebodyweight
13
41
43
43
44
44
46
46
48
49
inchicks(duringtheperiodfrom 57weeksofage)
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
14

bodyweightincombinedsexes(duringtheperiodfrom
57weeksofage).
bodyweightofmaleschicks.(duringtheperiodfrom5
7weeksofage).
bodyweightoffemaleschicks.(duringtheperiodfrom
57weeksofage)..
Effect of emulsifiers level at 8% fat on relative weight
ofsomeorgansinmaleschickscarcass...........................
ofsomeorgansinfemaleschickscarcass........................
ofsomeorgansincombinedsexeschickscarcass...........
Effectofemulsifierslevelat12%fatonrelativeweight
ofsomeorgansinmaleschickscarcass....................
ofsomeorgansinfemaleschickscarcass.........................
of someorgansincombinedsexeschickscarcass.........
Effect of fat level on relative weight of some organs in
malechickscarcass.........................................................
femalechickscarcass......................................................
50
52
53
54
64
65
66
67
68
69
71
72
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
15

combinedsexeschickscarcass.................................
Effect of emulsifiers level on relative weight of some
organsinmaleschickscarcass.........................................
organsinfemaleschickscarcass......................................
organsincombinedsexeschickscarcass.......................
Effect of emulsifiers level at 8% fat on dressing
percentageinmalechicks.................................................
percentageinfemaleschicks.............................................
percentageofcombinedsexeschicks.............................
percentageinmalechicks...............................................
percentageinfemalechicks...............................................
percentageincombinedsexeschicks................................
Effect of fat level on dressing percentage in males
chicks..............
Effect of fat level on dressing percentage in females
chicks...........
Effect of fat level on dressing percentage in combined
sexeschicks
73
74
75
76
82
82
83
83
84
85
92
92
93
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
16
Effect of emulsifiers level on dressing percentage in

malechicks
femalechicks
combinedsexeschicks....................................................
Effectofemulsifierslevel at8%fat inmalechicks diet
onsomebloodcomponents...............................................
Effect of emulsifiers level at 8% fat in females chicks
dietonsomebloodcomponents........................................
Effect of emulsifiers level at 8% fat in combined sexes
chicksdietonsomebloodcomponents............................
Effectofemulsifierslevelat12%fatinmalechicksdiet
onsomebloodcomponents...............................................
Effect of emulsifiers level at 12% fat in females chicks
dietonsomebloodcomponents...................................
Effectofemulsifierslevelat12%fatincombinedsexes
chicksdietonsomebloodcomponents.............................
Effect of fat level in male chicks diet on some blood
components.
Effect of fat level in females chicks diet on some blood
components...........................................................................
Effectoffatlevelincombinedsexeschicksdietonsome
bloodcomponents.......................................................
Effect of fat level in males chicks diet on some blood
components..........................................................................
Effect of fat level in females chicks diet on some blood
93
94
97
98
98
99
99
100
100
101
101
102
102
49
components......................................................................... 103
Effectoffatlevelincombinedsexeschicksdietonsome
bloodcomponents............................................................. 103
1INTRODUCTION
17
Fatsandoilsareimportedenergyyieldingingredientsindietsforbroilers.Fatsupplementation
ofdiets isrecognizedas valuable method for meetingthe highenergy requirements oftherapidly
growing broiler chicken. Besides the obvious advantages of being high in caloric density, fat has
alsobeenobservedtoexertanextracaloriceffect.Atisacceptedthattheyoungbirdinparticularis
not well equipped to utilize fats and many studies have been investigated the effect of age on
apperantmetabolizableenergyvalues.Furthermore,theimprovementinutilizationoffatswithage
ismorepronouncedthegreaterthedegreeofsaturation.
The inabilityofthe young birdto utilize fatshasbeenattributed topooremulsificationrather
than deficiencies in lipase activity and this has led to considerable interest in the potential of
exogenousbilesaltpreparationsasameansofimprovingtheutilizationoffatsinyoungbirds.
Bile salts increased metabolizable energy value of diets containing high concentration of
saturatedfattyacidsandtheireffectwasmorepronouncedinyoungbirds.
Because of their high content of energy, relatively large amounts of fats or oils are added to
somepoultryrations,particularlytheseinthehighenergycategory.Asasideeffecttheyreducethe
dustiness of the mixed mash and improve its palatability. Up to 8% of the mash as added fat is
practical, but chickens can tolerate over twice this amount. In many instances the practical use of
fatsoroilsisdeterminedbythepricerelationshipbetweentheirenergyandtheenergyderivedfrom
corn.When fatenergy ischeepcompared withtheenergy inanyothercarbohydratesources,it is
economicaltousemorefatoroil.
18
One of the factor prevented use of fat in poultry diet at high level is indigestion and
malassimilationoffatbecomebilesecretioninpoultryarenotefficient.Additionofemulsifiersto
highfatdietmaybeimproveditsutilization.
Lecithin is easily absorbed, and functions in part as an emulsifying agent to promote better
absorption of fatty materials and other food elements. It is an excellent emulsifying agent which
improvesfoodutilizationandentersintothestructureoflivingcells.
Presentstudyaimstoinvestigatetheeffectofadditiondifferentlecithinandbilesaltslevelsas
emulsifier'smaterialsindietscontaininglowandhighlevelofoilsonbroilersperformance,carcass
composition and some related components in blood, such as cholesterol, total lipids and
triglycerides.
2REVIEWOFLITRETURES
21: Effectoffatadditionindietonbroilersperformance
211: Effectoffatlevel:
Fat supplementation of diets is recognized as valuable method of meeting the high energy
equipmentsoftherapidlygrowingbroilerchicken.Besidestheobviousadvantagesofbeinghigh
in caloric density, fat has also been observed to exert an extra caloric effect Touchburn and
Naber(1966),Jensenetal(1970)characterizedbyenhancedutilizationoftheenergyinthediet.
This effect is apparently due to several factors , the first being a decreased rate of passage and
19
therefore,improveddigestionandintestinalabsorption(Mateosandsell,1981a,bMateoset
al , 1982) . Secondly, there is synergistic enhancement of turated fatty acid absorption in the
presence of the unsaturated fatty acids of the basal diet (Renner and Hill, 1960 Sibbald and
Kramer,1980). The final factor isa lowered heat incrementofthesupplementdiet resulting in
improved utilization of the metabolizable energy (Forbes et al 1946 a, Fuller and Rendon,
1977).Fatmayimprovethephysicalcharacteristicandpalatabilityofthediettoanextentwhich
promotesincreasedfeedconsumption(DaleandFuller,1979Cherry,1982).Incombination,
these effects provide for a very efficient source of energy .Sues (1974) reported an inverse
relationshipbetweenlipiddigestibilityandleveloffatsupplementation.Incontrast,Gomezand
Polin (1974) reported no change, or slight improvement, in lipid digesti bility with increasing
levelsoffatsupplementation.Isaacksetal,(1980)foundthatsoybeanoilwasaddedtorations
consistingofcereloseandisolatedsoybeanprotein,withC/Pratios(productiveenergy)of42:1
and50:1atlevelsof0,10,20,30,40and50,10,20,30,and46percentrespectively.Thebirdsfed
40and46percentsoybeanoildiedwithin10days.The10,20,and30percentsoybeanoilrations
showed 17.5, 35.6 and 37.1 percent growth responses over the basal group, respectively,
regardless of the C/P ratio .Feed efficiency was improved by 21.9, 29.3 and 32.9 percent,
respectively.Studieswithcornoilandriceoilindicatesimilarresponses.Nobeneficialeffectwas
observed when vitamin and / or mineral levels were varied according to the energy level of the
diet.Mateosandsell,1980reportedthatsupplementalfatsmayenhanceenergyutilizationfrom
dietsbyslowingrateoffoodpassage.Areductioninrateoffoodpassagecouldresultsinamore
completedigestionand utilizationofthediet (Tuckeyetal,(1958).MateosandSell(1981 a)
observedthatsupplementfatdecreasedtherateoffeedpassageofsemipurified,layinghendiets
20
containingeithersourceorstarch.Mateosetal1982foundthatadditionofgradedleveloffatto
practicaldietsslowstherateoffeedpassage(transittime)inlayinghens.Transittimeincreased
linearlywithincrementsofsupplementalyellowgrease.Theseresultsalsoareconsistentwiththe
proposalofMateosandsell(1980,1981b)thatsupplementalfatmayenhancetheutilizationof
dietaryenergybyslowingtherateoffeedpassageofdietsandtherebycauseanextrametabolic
effect.Inchickensfatsourceandlevelwasfoundtoinfluencethegrowthperformance(Ajuyahet
al.,1991PinchasovandNir,1992Scaifeetal.,1994Klausetal.,1995RothMaier
and Kirchgessner, 1995 Vila and Esteve Garcia, 1996 ) and the egg production and quality
(Vilchezetal.,1991andHuyghebaert,1995).Garrettandyoung(1975)explainedapartof
theseeffectsthroughtheeffect of fatsourceon thedigestibilityof thediet which inturnwould
affect the availability of metabolizable energy to the birds. Badawy, (1997) found that the
addition of either sunflower or plam oil in the high level significantly improved the feed
conversion especially in the second phasc of the growing perion (from 2842 days) .On other
hand,CrespoandEsteveGarcia,(2001)foundthatfinalbodyweightgainwerenotaffectedby
the different dietary fat level. They added that intake decreased significantly as dietary fat
increased, feed efficiency was better in birds fed diets with 10%fat because of the higher ME
content.
212EffectoffatType:
Fritsche et al (1991) and Friedman and Sklan (1995) demonstrated that fat source
significantlyaffectedthe immuneresponseofchickens.Ontheother hand.Feedingdifferent fat
sourcewasfoundtoaffectfattyacidpatternintheabdominalfat(PinchasovandNir.1992and
21
Scaifeetal,1994)andintramuscularfatofbroiler(Chanmugametal,1992andSheehyetal.,
1993).Moreover,Hrdinkaetal.(1996)indicatedthattheselectionofcertaindietaryfatsources
hasamajorimpactonthemeltingpointofbroileradiposetissues.Vilchezetal.(1991)attributed
thereasontotheeffectofthefattyacidcontentinthefeedonthefattyacidcontentoftheyolk.
Moreover, Vilchez et al. (1992) indicated that embryos from birds fed palmetic acid mobilized
more yolk material and produced heavier extrahepatic tissue than embryos from birds fed diet
supplementedwitholeicacidorlinoleicacid.Theinfluenceofdietaryfattyacidsonthoseofegg
yolk was also demonstrated by Huyghebaert (1995).Badawy (1997) demonstrated that the
inclusion of either sunflower oil or palm oil with the level of 6% improved the laying
performance. The relative superiority of the UPH treatment compared with the USH treatment
may be due to the relatively higher content of UPH treatment of saturated fatty acid. Similar
results have been reported by Vilchez et al. (1991) who showed that the inclusion of palmetic
acids in the diet resulted in better performance of layers compared to the treatments of linoleic
acid inclusion.Crespo and Esteve Garcia, (2001) found that final body weight and body gain
werenotaffectedbythetypeofoilsinthediets.Theyaddedthatfeedintakeandfeedefficiency
wereaffectedbythedifferentfats,sunflowerandlinseedoilshowedbetterfeedefficiencyinall
cases.Also,theyfoundthatbroilerfemalesfedoliveoilhadbetterfeedefficiencythanthosefed
tallow. The effect of type of fat on feed efficiency could be related to degree of unsaturation,
becausesomeothers(AloaandBalnove,1985,PinchasovandNir,1992SuandJones,1993
Zollitschetal,1997)havereportedthatdigestibilityoffatincreasesasthedegreeofunsaturation
increases.
22
213:Effectofbirdsage:
A number of researchers have reported that the ability of poultry to digest and absorb fats
improves with age. Duckworth et al. (1950) presented data indicating that the utilization of
muttonfatbychicksincreasedwithage.In1960,RennerandHillreportedthattheabsorbability
and metabolizableenergy(ME)oftallowincreasedaschicksagedfrom2to8weeks.However,
noageeffectwasobservedontheutilizationoflard.SimilarresultswereobtainedbyFeddeetal.
(1960). Young (1961) also found that 3 to 4 week old chick's utilized tallow slightly less
efficientlythan 7to8weekoldchicks.Carewetal.(1972)observednotableimprovementsinthe
absorption of fat from tallow and corn oil as chicks aged from2 to 15 days. The most marked
increaseinfatabsorptionoccurredbetween7and9daysofage.TouchburnandNaber,(1966)
andJensenetal(1970)reportedthatthemetabolizableenergyvalueoffatappearstobehigher
forturkeys16to24weeksofagethanforyoungerturkeys.GomezandPolin(1976)reportedthat
thechicksinabilitytoabsorbsaturatedfatswashighlightedtoagreaterdegreebydeterminingthe
absorptionofTLWinthechickduringitsfirstweekoflife.Only40%ofthe8%TLWinthediet
was apparently absorbed .Katongole and March (1980) presented data indicating that
digestibility of tallow by three breeds increased aschicks progressed from3 to 6 weeks of age.
Concurrentwiththisimprovement,anincreasewasdetectedinfattyacidbindingprotein(FABP)
activity in the small intestine of broiler chicks. Also working with chicks, Polin and Hussein
(1982) and Lessire et al. (1982) demonstrated an increase in fat utilization with increasing age
.Potter and McCarthy, (1985) reported that the turkeys require some time about 2 weeks to
adjust the increased fat content of the diet, but other postulations may be put forth. They added
thatresponseofbodygain,feedconsumptionandfeedefficiencyforeach 1%addedfatduringthe
23
8to 12weeks ofturkey'sagewas lessthanresponseduringthe 16 to20 weeksof age.Similar

resultswereobtainedby Potteretal(1974)andBlairetal.(1989).
214:EffectofStrain:
ThefindingKatongoleandMarch,(1980)thattheintestinalmucosaofthechickencontains
afattyacidbindingproteinandthelikelihoodthatthisFABPisinvolvedintheabsorptionoffatty
acidacrosstheenterocytessuggestedthat FABP mightbealimiting factor inbirdsnot utilizing
dietaryfatefficiently.Theintestineofthebroilertypechicksatthetimeofhatchingwasfoundto
containlessFABPthanthatoftheNewHampshireorWhiteLeghornchicks.Afteraninitialdrop
in concentration, which probably reflected faster growth of the intestine relative to the rate of
FABP synthesis, the concentration of FABP in the intestines of all the chicks increased. In the
broilertypechicks FABPconcentration inthe intestine roseto higher levelsthan hadpresent in
the newly hatched chick. In the New Hampshire and White Leghorn chicks the original
concentration in the intestine had not been exceeded in the chicks by five weeks of age. The
broilertypechicks fed12%ofcornoil in thediet maintained higherconcentrationsofintestinal
FABPthanthechicksfedthebasaldiet.Itwaspreviouslyshownthatwhenalowfatdietisfed
theconcentrationofFABPishighestintheproximalportionoftheintestineandthatwhenahigh
fat diet is fed the amount of FABP in the distal intestine increases, indicating that FABP is an
inducibleprotein.OcknerandManning(1972)foundinratsthatintestinalFABPconcentration
isincreasedsignificantlywhenahighfatdietisfed.NewHampshireandbroilertypebirdsfed
highfatdietsuntiltheywere10weeksofageshowedamarkedlydifferentdistributionofFABP
24
between the proximal and distal intestine . The overall concentration of intestinal FABP was
similar in the birds of the two breeds. The New Hampshire birds, however, showed more than
doubletheFABPconcentrationintheproximalthirdcomparedwiththeremainderoftheintestine.
The broilertype birds, however, had similar concentration of FABP in the two segments of the
intestine.SinceFABPappearstobeaninducibleproteinitappearsthatinthecaseofthebroiler
typebirds,becauseof failure toabsorb fatefficiently fromthe proximal region,therewas more
residualfatinthelumenofthedistalportionwhereitstimulatedsynthesisofFABP.Thisresponse
would be similar to that reported to occur in the rat (Ockner et al, 1972) where a high fat diet
induced an increase in FABP concentration in the middle and distal intestine but not in the
proximal intestine. These investigators concluded that the FABP concentration in the proximal
intestineoftherats fedtheordinarychowdiet intheirexperimentswasalreadyat its maximum
levels so that additional dietary fat elicited no increase in FABP synthesis.Blair et al, (1989)
foundthatagreaterincreaseinbodyweightgainfromaddeddietaryfatwasobservedinNturkeys
thaninJMorJLturkeys.However,thisrelationshipwasnotobservedinthefeedefficiencydata.
TheJMandJLturkeysincomparisonwithNturkeysdepositedlessfatinthecarcass,andadding
fat to the diets had less effect on increasing carcass fat in JM and JL turkeys than in N turkeys
(Blairetal.,1989).Therefore,theresponsetoaddeddietaryfatofturkeysappearstovaryamong
strains.
215:Effectofdiettype:
25
Owen et al ,(1981) observed a significantly greater increase in body weight gain from fat
addedtomashdietsthanfromfataddedtopelleteddiets,however,theobservedsimilarpatternof
increasesinfeedefficiencyfromfataddedtodietsinmashvs.pelletedformwasnotsignificant.
Blairetal,(1989)foundthesmallerincreasethanpreviouslyexperiencedinfeedefficiencyfrom
dietaryaddedfatmaybeassociatedwiththeuseofpelletedfeed.
216:EffectofInteractioneffectsoffatandprotein:
PotterandMcCarthy,(1985)foundthatinteractioneffectsoffatandproteinonbodyweight
gain,feedconsumption,orfeedefficiencywerenotsignificant.Similarresultswereobtainedby
Potteretal(1974).Blairetal(1989)foundthatfataddedtodietsofgrowingturkeysreducesthe
daily intakerequirements forprotein.An inspectionofthe literatureclearly indicatesthe lackof
aneffectofaddeddietaryfatontheproteinrequirement.Becauseoftheoverconsumptionoffeed
when fat was added to the diet, the usual result of decreased protein consumption, due to the
decreasedfeedintakewithaddeddietaryfat,wasinpartovercome.However,proteinintakewas
still decreased about 10% from the 10% added fat in the present study, and a 10% required
increase in the protein concentration of the diet was not observed, i.e., a diet containing 20%
proteinwithoutaddedfattoonecontaining22%with 10%addedfat.
217:Effectofsex:
26
Potter and McCarthy, (1985) reported that feed efficiency as affected by added fat in the
diets for females was better than that for males. They found that feed efficiencies increased
approximately 1.7,1.8,and2.2%per1%addedfattodietsofmalesvs.1.8,2.3,and2.8%per1%
addedfattodietsoffemalesduringtheperiodfrom8to12,12to16and16to20weeksofage,
respectively.AsimilarresultwasobtainedbyTouchburnandNaber,(1966)andJensenetal,
(1970).PotterandMcCarthy,1985didnotobservedanychangeinresponseofturkeysforadded
fattodietsasaffectedbysex.
22 Effectofdietaryfatlevelincarcass composition:
Panetal.(1979)observedthatreplacingsoyoilwithtallowincreasedtheamountofabdominal
fatinchickens.Studieswithrats(Shimomuraetal.,1990)havereportedlessfataccumulationin
animalsfedsaffloweroilthaninthosefedbeeftallow.VilaandEsteveGarcia(1996)foundthat
sunflower acid produced less abdominal fat deposition in broilers than tallow acid oil at different
levelsoffatinclusion,althoughtheMEoftallowwaslowerthanthatofsunflower.Abdominalfat
deposition increased with Increasing fat inclusion level in birds fed tallow, whereas it remained
constant in birds fed sunflower. Sanz et al. (1999) found less abdominal fat in broilers fed
sunfloweroilthaninthosefedtalloworlard.Allthesestudiessuggestthatdietaryfattyacidprofile
could affect abdominal fat deposition. However, there are still few experiments designed to study
this effect on broiler abdominal fat .Abdominal fat pad is well correlated with body fatness in
27
broilers(Hood,1984,Whiteheadetal1990).Effectofdietaryfatcouldbealsoreflectedbytotal
bodyfat(CrespoandEsteveGarcia,2001).
CrespoandEsteveGarcia,(2001)foundthatabdominalfatcontentandperhapstotalbody
fatcontentcouldbeinfluencedbythefattyacidprofile.Theyaddedthatthepossiblereductionin
lipiddepositionshouldbeconcomitantwithanincreaseinenergyexpenditure.Ontheotherhand,
Wiseman(1984)reportedthatifdietscontainingPUFAresultinmorefatabsorption,itcouldbe
presumed that unsaturated fats may lead to higher energyabsorption than diets containing SFA.
CrespoandEsteveGarcia,(2001)foundthatinfemale,abdominalfatincreasedwithlevelof
fat inclusion only in birds fed tallow or olive oil, whereas it remained constant in birds fed
sunflower or linseed oil. Muscle fat content was lower for birds fed tallow or olive oil but not
significantly. The fatty acid profile of the different tissue reflected dietary fatty acid profile.
Monounsaturated fatty acids were higher in abdominal fat, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids
were higher in muscle fat. These results suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids produce lower
abdominalfatdepositionthansaturatedor monounsaturatedfattyacids.Theyaddthat,inmales
abdominalfatincreasedwithincreasedfatconcentration.SimilarresultsobtainedbyDeatonet
al (1981), but these result is in contrast with the results of Fuller and Rendon, (1977) and
Sizemore and Siegel (1993), who did not find any effect of dietary fat concentration when the
energytoproteinratioremainedconstant Badawy(1997) foundthat thesupplementingof quail
growing ration with either sunflower or palm at high (10%) or low (5%) reduced dressing
percentage of quail with at least 37 %. She added that differences was observed in blood and
featherpercentagesandbodylengthandtibialengthasaffectedbydietaryfatlevel(10%,5%or
28
control ) were insignificant , She also found that dietary fat level significant effected of giblets
percentageandbreastcircumferences.
23: Effectoffatsupplementationonbloodcomponents:
231:Bloodcholesterol:
Severaldietarycomponents havebeenshowntoaffectserumcholesterolconcentrations ina
wide variety of species. Conclusions have varied regarding the effect of dietary fat of animal
origin on the one hand and of a plant origin on the other. Human studies (Kinsell et al., 1953
Ahrensetal.,1954Beveridgeetal.,1956BronteStewartetal.,1956andAndersonetal.,
1957)haveshownthatlowserumcholesterollevelsareobtainedbyfeedingcertainvegetableoils.
FisherandLeveille(1957)reportedthat,inashorttermexperimentwithlayinghens,blood
cholesterol levels were found to be decreased by 20 percent of dietary linseed, sunflower and
soybeanoils,butnotbytallow.Duringthepastdecade,therehasbeenagreatdealofinterestin
investigating the effects of different dietary components on serum cholesterol levels in a large
number of species. Previous papers have shown that dietary fats and choline are among the
various components that affect serum cholesterol levels in the chick. It is well established that
dietary fat mayeither increaseordecreasebloodcholesteroldepending uponthetypeof fatand
thelevelatwhichitisfed.Whenfeeding5to10percentofaddedanimalfattolayingchickens,
WeissandFisher(1957)observed highplasmacholesterolconcentrations,and friableand fatty
liver development which suggested that high animal fat diets result in a derangement in lipid
29
metabolisminthechicken.LeveilleandFisher(1958)reportednosignificantincreaseinplasma
cholesterolwhen10percenttallowwasfedtosingleCombWhiteLeghornhensascomparedto
hensfeddietscontaining10percentofcornoilorthebasaldietcontainingnoaddedfat.March
andBiely(1959)fedchicksvariousfatsindietscontaining20and26percentprotein.Withboth
proteinlevels,8percentofCrisco,butter,lardorchickenfatincreasedserumcholesterol.Herring
oildidnotincreaseserumcholesterolwitheitherdiet,andcornoildidsoonlyinthecaseofthe
chicks feda 20 percentproteindiet.This indicatesthat fats high insaturated fattyacids tendto
raiseserumcholesterollevelsinthechick.SimilarresultswereobtainedbyHegstedetal.(1960),
whoclearlydemonstratedthatfatshighinsaturatedfattyacidspromotehypercholesterolemiaand
thatthiseffectiscounteractedbyunsaturatedfattyacids.Moneetal.(1959),ontheotherhand,
concludedthatserumcholesterolwasnotaffectedintheirexperimentsbyincreasingthefatfrom4
to 10 percent, or by the degree of unsaturation of the fat. Since several natural oils , high in
polyunsaturated fatty acids, have been shown to lower serum cholesterol in several species,
Quackenbush and Pawlowski (1960) studied the effects of individual fatty acids on serum
cholesterolintherat.Linoleicacidesterwasfoundtolowermarkedlytheplasmacholesterollevel
of hypercholesterolemic cholesterol fed rats. It also lowered liver cholesterol of the rats fed a
lowfatdietbutnotthosereceivingahighfatdiet.Sexdifferenceswerereportedby Stamleretal.
(1954),whoindicatedthattwicetheamountofdietarycholesterolwasrequiredtocausethesame
degreeofplasmacholesterolincreaseinfemalesasinmales.Manyresearcheswerecarriedoutto
illustrate the effect of dietary cholesterol content on its level in serum of hens. Daghir and
Balloum(1961)showedthatfeedinglayinghen's12%soybeanoillowereditsserumcholesterol
levels than did feeding them grease. Chicks receiving 8 percent of animal fat had significantly
30
higherserumcholesterolvaluesthanthosenotreceivingaddedfatorthosereceiving8percentof
soybean oil. When all treatments were considered, concentrations of serum cholesterol were
significantlyhigherinmalesthaninfemale's.Dietaryvariablesdidnotsignificantlyaffecteither
liver lipids or liver cholesterol. Vogt and Harnish, (1976) found that low levels of fat (36%)
have little or no effect on cholesterol content, but increasing fat content to 1012 more showed
marked increase (Combs and Helbacka, 1960 Marion et al., 1960 Wood et al., 1961)
.Differentvegetablefatssuchassunfloweroillinseedoil,coconutoil,cornoil,etc.Variedintheir
effect (Weiss et al., 1964 Summers et al 1966 Bratov et al., 1971).Amer (1977) found that
plasma cholesterol level was significantly increased when animal fat (tallow and pork) was
appliedinhen'sdiet,whileitwasdecreasedwhenvegetableoil(soybeanandsunfloweroil)was
applied. Sim and Bragg, (1978) showed that incorporation of animal fats in laying hen rations
increased their plasma total lipid contents when compared with rations containing no added fat,
theyaddedalsothatadditionofcornoilorotherplantunsaturatedoilssuchassoybeanoiltendto
decreasetotalbloodlipids.AmerandAbdelHakim,(1981)foundthatadding4%fattothediet,
irrespective of source, did not show any significant change in cholesterol content of egg yolk.
However, adding 8% plant oil to the diet increased the egg yolk cholesterol while adding 8%
animalfatdecreasedit.AbdelHakimetal,(1982)foundthatadditionofcornoiltoWPRrations
decreased blood cholesterol during growing and laying periods compared with animal fat. The
decrease was more pronounced by increasing corn oil level from 3 to 6%.Badawy, (1997)
recognizedthatthesupplementationoftherationwith5%sunfloweroilresultedinareductionof
cholesterolconcentrationinbloodwithabout30%and40%comparedwiththecontrol.Increasing
31
the supplementation level of sunflower oil to 10% resulted in a significant increase in the
cholesterollevel.
232:Bloodtriglyceride:
Badway, (1997) recognized that the supplementation of the ration with 5% sunflower oil
resultedinreductionoftriglyceridesconcentrationbloodwithabout40%comparedcontrol.She
addedthat increasingthesupplementationlevelofsunfloweroilto10%resulted inasignificant
increaseinthetriglyceridelevel.
233:Bloodtotallipids:
AbdelHakimetal (1982) foundthatadditionofcornoiltoWPR rationsdecreasedblood
total lipidsduring growingand layingperiodcomparedwithanimal fat.Thedecreasewas more
pronouncedbyincreasingcornoillevelfrom 3to6%.
24 Emulsifierssubstances
241Lecithin
Herslof(1990)reportedthatlecithinismixtureofglycerophospholipidsobtainedfromanimal,
Vegetable or microbial sourse, containing varying amounts of substances, such as
Sphingosylphospholipids, triglycerides, fatty acids and glycolipids .The choline drivetivies of
phosphatidicacidarecommonlyknownasthelecithin.SincethelecithinscontaintheacidicOHof
phosphoricacidandthe verybasicOHofcholine.The isoelectricpHofapure lecithin isusually
32
6.7 or higher, which is in agreement with the zwitterion structure. Variations in the fatty acid
components give rise to different lecithins. For example, a Lecithin containing stearic and oleic
acids is different from one containing palmitic and oleic acids. Various combinations of saturated
andunsaturatedacidsoccurinLecithins.Manycontainbothsaturatedandunsaturatedacids.There
are others inwhich both acids are unsaturated, and some in which both acids are saturated. Liver
lecithins have been found to contain the saturated acids palmitic and stearic, and the unsaturated
acidsoleic,linoleic,andarachidonic.Stearic,palmitic,oleic,linoleic,andlinolenicacidshavebeen
foundinsoybeanlecithins.Thevarietyofacidsoccurringinthelecithinsandotherphospholipidsis
markedlyrestrictedascomparedwiththeglyceridesoffats.(Westetal,1968)
Schaible, (1970) reported that accompanying animal and vegetable fats is lecithin, a fatty
substance containing nitrogen and phosphorus. Lecithin denotes a group of fatty
substance,
phosphatids. Which occur throughout nature as an essential part of living organisms. Lecithin is
easilyabsorbed,andfunctionsinpartasanemulsifyingagenttopromotebetterabsorptionoffatty
materials and other food elements. It is an excellent emulsifying agent which improves food
utilization and enters into the structure of living cells. Lecithin contains choline which prevents
perosis in poultry. In the form of lecithin, choline is particularly effective. One of the substances
contained in the commercial product is an inositol compound which functions in the growth of
feathers. Inositol has a bearing on the transport of fats from the liver to other parts of the body
.Commercial soybean lecithin contains ethanolamine and small amounts of biotin and tocopherol
(vitaminE).lecithinhasprotectiveactionagainstenzemasofnutritionaloriginandhelps maintain
theanimalinthestateofgoodhealth.
33
Davis, (1990) reported that the composition of the phospholipids emulsifier can have a very
importantbearing uponthestabilityofaresultant fatemulsion. Forexample it iswellknownthat
the use of highly purified phosphatidylcholine / phosphatedylethanolamine mixtures (PC / PE)
makes it difficult to produce stable fat emulsions. The presence of minor components ,that can
ionize at the oil/water interface , in the form of phosphatidylserine , phosphatidic acid , together
withthelysophosphatidylderivativesofPCandPEplayacriticalrole.Fatemulsionstabilizedby
suitablephospholipidsachievetheirstabilitybytwomechanismsthephospholipidslayerprovides
a mechanical barrier to coalescence , but more importantly , it also provides a charged repulsion
barrier . At a ph of 7.4, a suitable egg lecithin for the preparation of fat emulsions (i. e one that
contains ionizable minor components) will provide a charge of approximately 50 mv on the
droplets of a fat emulsion prepared using a vegetable oil. This stabilizing charge is more or less
independentofphbetween4and8.Incontrast,ifafatemulsionwastobepreparedusingpurePC
/PEitwouldcarryalmostnostabilizingchargeinthisphrang.Themagnitudeofthechargeona
fat emulsion can have an important influence on its use in mixed systems for total parenteral
nutrition (TPN). In many conntries it is a common practice to administer an intravenous fat
emulsion,inacombinedsystemofperhaps3literstotalvolumecontainingaminoacids,electrolyte
andcarbohydrate.Thisadmixtureofthefatemulsionwithothercomponentscanleadtoinstability
throughchangeinphandionicstrength.Providedthephiskeptabove5,thechargeonthedroplets
willbemaintainedaboveacriticalvalueforstability.Headdedthatcriticalvaluehasbeenfoundto
liebetween15and20mv.Ifthesurfacechargedropsbelowthisvaluetheemulsioncanflocculate
(aggregate)andinthisconditioncoalescenceoftheoildropletscanbegreatlyenhanced.
242 BileSalts
34
Bilecontainssomeacidssuchashydroxylatedcholanicacids.Quantitatively,theprincipalacids
are cholic acids (3,7, 12, trihydroxycholanic acid ) chenodeoxycholic acid (3 , 7
dihydroxycholanicacid),anddeoxycholicacid(3,12dihydroxycholanicacid (Haslewood,
1955 ) . The acids are conjugated with glycine and taurine in variable raties. There conjugates are
present as sodium salts (called bile salts) due to nearly complete ionization of the acids at
physiological ph. (West et al, 1968). West et al, (1968) also added that besides the part played
absorptionoffats,etc.,thebilesaltsareimportantbecauseoftheircapacitytolowersurfacetension.
Thispropertyaccountsfortheemulsificationoffatswiththeconcurrentproductionofagreatsurface
area, which enable lipase and other enzymes to act more efficiently .The formation of micelle
betweenfatsandfatdigestionproductswithbilesaltsispartoftheemulsificationprocess..Various
molecules (bile salts, detergents, soaps) which possess both polar and nonpolar groups and are
themselveswatersoluble havethepropertyofcombiningandaggregating withothercompoundsto
form partially watersoulble complexces. These bile salt lipid complexes are the micelles, so
importantto fatabsorption.Thecritical levelsofbilesalts for micelle formation havebeenstudied.
Lipase isactivatedbysurfacetension loweringsubstances.Of importancealso isthe fact thatbile
saltsshifttheoptimumphofpancreaticlipasefromaroundph8.5intheabsenceofbilesaltstoabout
6.5, the approximate ph of the duodenum. Bile salts stimulate peristalsis, and they also have a
cholagogueeffect,thatstimulatesthefurtherproductionofbile.Mostofthefunctionsofthebileare
attributabletothebilesaltsitcontains.However,thealkalinityofthebileisofvalueinneutralizing
part of the acid chyme from the stomach. Also, certain substances are excreted via the bile that is
cholesterol, bile pigments, and certain drugs .Harper et al, (1979) reported that the bile salts have
considerableabilitytolowersurfacetension.Thisenablesthemtoemulsifyfatsintheintestineand
35
dissolve fattyacidsandWater insolublesoaps.The presenceofbile in the intestineisan important

adjuncttoaccomplishthedigestionandabsorptionoffatsaswillastheabsorptionofthefatsoluble
vitamins A, D, E and K. When fat digestion is impaired, other foodstuffs are also poorly digested,
since the fat covers the food particles and prevents enzymes from attacking them. Under these
conditions, the activity of the intestinal bacteria causes considerable putrefaction and production of
gas.
25: Effectofemulsifiersinhighfatdietonbroilers:
251:Effectonfatabsorption:
Thematurationofthemechanisminvolvedintheabsorptionofsaturatedfatspartlyappearsto
involvetheavailabilityofbileacids.SerafinandNesheim(1967) indicated that youngchicksare
unabletoreplenishbilesaltslostbyexcretionasreadilyasolderbirds.Feddeetal.(1960)obtained
anincreaseintheabsorptionofTLWfrom47to69%bytheadditionof0.5%oxbiletochickdiets
containing 20% beef TLW. Edwards (1962) and Eyssen et al. (1965) also had some positive
response using bile salts. Garlich and Nesheim (1965) reported that 3 and 6 % of a bile salt
improved fat absorption of chicks fed unheated soybean meal .Gomezand Polin(1974) reported
thatbothapparentabsorptionoffatandM.E.Wereimprovedforseverallipidsby0.2%cholicacid
diets for young chicks. Gomez and Polin (1976), feeding purifiedtype diets, showed that the
absorptionoftallowwas improved15 to 20% inchicks 4to7 daysofage byaddingtothediets
eithercholicacid,chenodeoxycholicacid,orsodium taurocholate(NaT).Polinetal, (1980) noted
36
that.04%cholicacidorchenodeoxycholicacidsignificantlyimproved,while(NaT)causedonlya
trendforanimprovement,intallowsabsorptionbychicksfedpracticaltypediets.Lipaseat.1%of
thedietwasalsoeffectiveinthatstudy.KatongoleandMarch(1980)alsosubstantiatedthatNaT
enhanced significantly the absorption of tallow in chicks 3 weeks of age. They noted it was most
effectiveinlightandbroilertypebreedsandonlypartiallyeffectiveinamediumtypebreed.Polin
et al (1980) reported that the Cholic acid improved the absorption of tallow but not significantly
chenodeoxycholicacidsignificantlyimprovedtallowabsorptionduringdays0to7butdecreasedit
duringdays14to21.Thebileacids,dehydrocholicacid,deoxycholicacid,andsodiumtaurocholate
had no significant effect on absorption of tallow. Kussaibati et al, (1982a) reported that the
additionofbilesaltshadnoeffectonthemetabolizableenergyvaluesofthefatfreediet.However,
inthecaseofthedietrichinsaturatedfats,theycompensatedeitherforinsufficientbilesecretionor
for endogenous bile salts degraded by the intestinal microflora. Thus, the digestive utilization of
dietary fatespeciallythat ofthesaturated fattyacids,palmiticandstearicacids,wasincreased.In
addition,metabolizableenergywassignificantlyimproved(P<.01)bytheadditionofbilesaltswhen
the dietary intake level increased to the ad libitum level. Pullen and Polin (1984) reported that
neither practical type nor purifiedtype diets, saturated (tallow) nor unsaturated (corn oil) fats at
8% of the diet significantly influenced lipid retention in chickens with cannulated ducts. In these
chickens'percentdrymatterretainedofthepurifieddietwas81%,asignificantlyhighervaluethan
the62%retainedofthepracticaltypediet.
37
252:Effectonbroilerperformance
Daghir and Balloun (1961) reported that the different fat and choline treatments had no
marked effect weight gains up to 7 weeks of age, but a significant (p<0.01)improvement in feed
efficiency resulted from feeding 8 percent of either fat. Choline additions were effective in
improving feed efficiency in the animal fatfed groups, but had no significant effect on those not
receivingaddedfatorthosereceivingsoybeanoil
26: Effectofemulsifiersinhighfatdietonsomebloodcomponents:
Reportsintheliteraturerelatedtotheactionofcholineonserumcholesterolarenotincomplete
agreement. Weiss et al. (1952) observed that the feeding of 1 percent Choline, plus inositol,
producedamarkedhypercholesterolemiainratsfeda2percentcholesteroldiet.Inratsfedalow
cholesterol diet, however, plasma cholesterol was not significantly changed. A series of three
experiments were conducted by Duff and Meissner (1954) to determine the effect of oral
administration of 1 to 3 grams of choline chloride daily on the development of experimental
atherosclerosisintherabbit.Theyshowedthattheaboveamountofcholine,fedwithonegramof
cholesteroldaily,didnotaffectthedevelopmentofatherosclerosisorthecholesterolcontentofthe
blood. Svacha et al. (1958), on the other hand, reported that the feeding of 0.25 percent choline
chloride with 2 percent cholesterol resulted in a decrease in serum cholesterol in chicks in the
presenceorabsenceoffat.Herrmann,(1947)reporteddefinitereductioninbloodcholesterollevels
38
in3 year old hens when0.5 gm, choline chloride per hen was administered daily to hens fed a
standardhighfatlayingmash.SimilarresultswerereportedbySuttonetal,(1958)whenfeeding
1percentcholinecholridewith1percentcholesteroltomaturewhiteleghornhensonanormallow
fat diet. Kurnick et al, (1958) studied the effect of betaine, choline and methionine on the
concentration of serum cholesterol of birds fed 1% cholesterol was increased during the first 10
weeksofthestudy.This increasewaspreventedbytheadditionof betaine,cholineor methionine
(1%)duringthe latter partofthesecond 10weekperiod. Aswithotherspecies,plasmaand liver
cholesterol are reduced in chicks when bile acid excretion is promoted by feeding cholestyramine
(Whitesideetal.,1965).Lindsayetal,(1969)reportedthatthebileacidexcretioninchickenswas
measured in response to feeding different lipids. Adult cockerels fed 15% of coconut oil excreted
lesser amounts of bile acids than did cockerels fed 15% of either corn oil or herring oil. The
differences inbileacidexcretionwereevidentboth in thepercentagesofbileacids intheexcreta
and in the daily excretion per kg.of body weight. Both 0.5% of sitosterol and 2.5% of crude
soybeanlecithinincreasedbileacidexcretioningrowingcockerels.Theincreaseinexcretionofbile
acidsinducedbythesitosterolwas20to30percentdependinguponthebasisforcalculation,and
theincreaseresultingfromfeedinglecithinwas80to100percent.Thefeedingoflecithinresultedin
appreciable alteration of the proportions of different bile acids excreted. Liver cholesterol and
triglyceridecontentsweresignificantlydecreasedinalltreatedgroupsascomparedwiththecontrol.
The activity of hepatic 3hydroxy3methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase was the highest in hens
fedtheSafPlcrudediet.SerumesterifiedcholesterolconcentrationwasdecreasedbyfeedingofSP
oil,SafPlcrude,orSafPLdiets.Serumlecithincholesterolacyltransferaseactivitywashighestin
hens fed the tallow diet. Excreta neutral steroid excretion was significantly increased in the Saf
39
Plcrude or SafPl diet groups, although acidic steroid excretion was not affected by dietary
treatments.Totalcholesterol,triglyceride,andphospholipidcontentsineggyolkswerenotdifferent
for any dietary treatments. The fatty acids compositions of egg yolks from hens fed SafPlcrude
diets were not different with those fed the SPoil diet, although eggs of hens fed the SafPL diet
showed lower total polyunsaturated fatty acids. These results suggest that dietary safflower
phospholipids may be a valuable ingredient to layers for reducing liver triglycerides and serum
cholesterolwithoutanyadverseeffects.
Liver cholesterol and triglyceride contents were significantly decreased in all treated groups
relativetothecontrol.ThedeclineinlipidswasgreateringroupsfeddietscontainingSafPlcrude
andSafPLthanSPoilgroup(reducedby57%,relativetoSPoil,respectively).Adecreaseinliver
triglyceridecontenthasbeenalsoobservedinratsfeddietscontainingphospholipid(Ishidaetal.,
1988 Iwata et al., 1991, 1992).Recently, kabir and Ide (1995) suggested that dietary soybean
phospholipidreducedtheactivitiesoffattyacidsynthesisrelatedenzymes.Inaddition,ithasbeen
reported that liver diacylglycerol, which is a substrate for triglyceride synthesis, was decreased in
rats fed phospholipidsupplemented diets. This decline was attributed to a decrease in liver
triglyceridelevels(Ideetal.,1992).Mostprobably,thedecreaseintriglyceridecontentintheliver
of hens fed diets containing phospholipids might be responsible for reducing the activities of
enzymes related to hepatic fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis. It is well known that dietary
phospholipid, especially soybean lecithin, effectively lowers serum cholesterol level, although the
mechanisms underlying the hypocholesterolemic effects have not been clarified. Soybean lecithin
lowers serum cholesterol when fed in hypocholesterolemic diets to rats (Clark et al., 1981
O'Mullane and Hawthorne, 1982 Jimenez et al., 1990), guinea pigs (O'Brien and Corrigan,
40
1988),andmonkeys(Wongetal.,1980),aswellastonormolipidemicrats(Murataetal.,1983).
Hypocholesterolemic effects with dietary phospholipid may be attributed to decreased cholesterol
secretion from the liver, or to increased uptake of high density lipoprotein (HDL) into the liver
(Murataetal.,1983).Severalinvestigationsconductedinpoultryhavereportedonlytheeffectsof
dietary lecithinonabsorptionofanimal fats(Summersandleeson, 1981Donaldsonand ward,
1988). Addition of soybean lecithin to the diets of growing chicks significantly increases the
absorption of tallow (polin et al, 1980). However, little information is available on dietary
phospholipid in relation to lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Phospholipids, mainly soybean
lecithin,arewidelyutilizednotonlyashypocholesterolemicagents,butalsoasadditivesinthefood
industry or for nonfood application (Van Nieuwenhuyzen, 1981) however, crude safflower
phospholipid,whichisabyproductofsaffloweroilextraction,isnotwidelyusedatpresent.Crude
safflowerphospholipid,whichcontainsabout50%neutrallipid,andpurifiedsafflowerphospholipid
were compared with tallow or safflower oil in the present experiment. Iwata et al. (1991, 1992)
demonstartedthatthe feedingofpurified safflowerphospholipidorcrudesafflowerphospholipid
resulted in some desirable alterations, such as the reduction of plasma and liver lipid levels, an
increase in high density lipoproteincholesterol and the excretion of fecal neutral steroid.
Hypocholesterolemic effects with dietary phospholipid may be attributed to the decreased
cholesterol secretion from the liver or increased uptake of HDL into the liver. In rats, dietary
soybean phospholipid reduced the secretion of apoprotein A1 and cholesterol from the liver
(Murataetal.,1983).Inthatstudy, treatmentwithdietaryphospholipidprovided noevidenceof
lowering serum cholesterol levels as compared with SPoil. In addition, the decrease in serum
cholesterol of hens fed the SafPLcrude diet was largely attributed to the decrease of HDL
41
cholesterol. The HDLcholesterol is particularly important because of its inverse relationship to

coronary heart disease (Fielding and Fielding, 1995). Childs et al. (1981) reported a significant
increaseinHDLcholesterolafterfeedingsoybeanlecithincomparedtoanequalamountofcornoil.
DietaryphospholipidinducedanincreaseintheHDLcholesterolinexperimentalanimals(Wong
etal.,1980Jimenezetal1990Iwataetal.,1992)andinhumans(Gallietal.,1985O'Brien
andAndrews,1993).Therefore,itispossiblethatdifferencesinlipidandlipoprotein metabolisms
betweenavianspeciesandmammaliansmayaccountforthelackofeffectsofdietaryphospholipid
inthisstudy using laying hens.Theactivityofserum lecithincholesterolacyltransferase(LCAT)
wassignificantlyincreasedinhensfedthetallowdietcomparedwithanytreatmentsasmeasuredin
termsoftheconcentrationofesterifiedcholesterol,althoughthefractionalrateofesterificationwas
not affected by dietary fat sources. The question of possible effects of dietary choline on the
cholesterolconcentrationofserumwasstudiedandtheresultsindicatethatcholinesupplementation
intheformofcholinechloride(25percent)tomakeatotalconcentrationof820mg.or1104mg.of
cholineperpoundofdietdidnotinfluenceserumcholesterol.Thiswasalsopreviouslyobservedat
thislaboratoryinworkwithlayinghens(DaghirandBalloum,(1961).DuffandMeissner(1954)
showedthattheoraladministrationof1to3gms.Ofcholinechloridedailytorabbitsdidnotaffect
serum cholesterol. Similar results were reported by Rawls and Tichner (1956) human patients.
Figure1illustratesatendencytowardhigherserumcholesterollevelofthedietisincreasedinbirds
fed8percentanimalfat.Moyeretal.(1956)andlaterCuthbertsonetal.(1959)reportedsimilar
observations in rats fed highfat diets. Considering all treatment, males had significantly higher
serum cholesterol concentration than did females. Sutton et al. (1958) observed that changes in
serumcholesterolareinfluencedbybothcholesterolconcentrationinthedietandbythesexofthe
42
chick. Asignificantdifferencebetweensexes inchickserumcholesterolconcentrationat fiveand

sevenweeksof agewasalsoreportedby BumgardnerandShaffner(1955).
261:Effectonbloodcholesterol:
Itiswellknownthatdietaryphospholipids,especiallysoybeanlecithin,effectivelylowerserum
cholesterol level, although the mechanisms underlying the hypocholestrololemic effects have not
beenclarified.Soybeanlecithinlowersserumcholesterolwhenfedinhypercholestrolplemicdietsto
rats(Clarketal.,1981OMullaneand Hawthorne,1982Jimenezet al.,1990), guineapigs (
OBrienandCorrigan,1988),andmonkeys(Wongetal.,1980),aswellastonormolipidemicrats
(Murataetal.,1983).Hypocholestrololemiceffectswithdietaryphospholipidmaybeattributedto
decreased cholesterol secretion from the liver, or to increased uptake of high density lipoprotein
(HDL) into the liver (Murata et al., 1983). Several investigations conducted in poultry have
reported only the effects of dietary lecithin on absorption of animal fats (Summers and Leeson,
1981 Donaldson and Ward, 1988). Addition of soybean lecithin to the diets of growing chicks
significantly increased the absorption of tallow (Polin et al 1980). However, little information is
available on dietary phospholipid in relation to lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Phospholipids,
mainly soybean lecithin, are widely utilized not only as hypocholestrololemic agents, but also as
additivesinthefoodindustryorfornonfoodapplications(VanNieuwenhuyzen,1981)however,
crudesafflowerphospholipid,whichisabyproductofsaffloweroilextraction,isnotwidelyusedat
present. Crude safflower phospholipid, which contains about 50% neutral lipid, and purified
safflowerphospholipidwerecomparedwithtalloworsaffloweroilinthepresentexperiment.Iwata
et al. (1991, 1992) demonstrated that the feeding of purified safflower phospholipid or crude
43
safflower phospholipid resulted insomedesirablealterations,suchasthe reduction ofplasmaand

liverlipidlevels,anincreaseinhighdensitylipoprotioncholesterolandexcretionoffecalneutral
steroid.
Hypocholestrolemic effects with dietary phospholipid may be attributed to the decreased
cholesterolsecretionfromtheliverorincreaseduptakeHDLintotheliver.Inrats,dietarysoybean
phosholipidreducedthesecretionofapoproteinA1andcholesterolfromtheliver(Murataetal.,
1983).Inthatstudy,treatmentwithdietary phospholipidprovided noevidenceof loweringserum
cholesterol levels as compared with SPoil. In addition, the decrease in serum cholesterol of hens
fed the SafPlcrude diet was largely distributed to the decrease of HDLcholesterol. The HDL
cholesterol is particularly important because of its inverse relationship to coronary heart disease
(Fielding and Fielding, 1995). Childs et al. (1981) reported a significant increase in HDL
cholesterol after feeding soybean lecithin compared to an equal amount of corn oil. Dietary
phospholipid induced an increase in the HDLcholesterol in experimental animals (Wong et al.,
1980 Jimenez et al., 1990 Iwata et al., 1992) and in humans (Galli et al 1985 OBrien and
Andrews, 1993). Therefore, it is possible that differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolisms
betweenavianspeciesandmammaliansmayaccountforthelackofeffectsofdietaryphospholipid
inthisstudyusinglayinghens.
Theactivityofserumlecithincholesterolacyltransferase(LCAT)wassignificantlyincreasedin
hens fed the tallow diet compared with any dietary treatment as measured in terms of the
concentrationofesterifiedcholesterol,althoughthefractionalrateofesterificationwasnotaffected
bydietaryfatsources.
44
262:Effecton Bloodtriglyceride:
Nishiyama et al (1997) found that liver triglyceride contents were significantly decreased in
groupsofchicken'srecivedsafflowerphosphlipidrelativetocontrol.Adecreaseinlivertriglyceride
contenthasbeenalsoobservedinratsfeddietscontainingphospholipids(Ishidaetal.,1988Iwata
etal.,1991,1992).RecentlyKabirandIde(1995)suggestedthatdietarysoybeenphospholipids
reducedtheactivitiesoffattyacidsynthesisrelatedenzemes.Inaddition,ithasbeenreportedthat
liver diacylglycerol, which is a substrate for triglyceride synthesis, was decreased in rats fed
phospholipids supplemented diets. This decline was attributed to a decrease in liver triglyceride
levels(Ideetal.,1992).Mostprobably,thedecreaseintriglyceridecontentintheliverofhensfed
dietscontainingphospholipidsmightberesponsibleforreducingtheactivitiesofenzymesrelatedto
hepaticfattyacidandtriglyceridesynthesis.
3MATERIALSANDMETHODS
45
This study was conducted at the poultry experimental station, faculty of agriculture, AlAzhar
universityNasrcity,Cairo,Egypt,inordertoinvestigatetheeffectofusetheemulsifiersinhighfat
levelsdietsofHabbardbroilerchicks.
The study aimed also the effect of use different levels from emulsifiers with different levels
fromdietscontainingdifferent highlevelsfatat differentagesandits effectofgrowth performance
aswellascarcassqualityofbroilerchickbirdsandtheeffecttoimprovedigestibility.
Atotalnumberof(245dayold)HabbardbroilerchicksweredeliveredfromElSalamPoultry
Companyin23/6/2002,anddividedrandomlyinto7experimentalgroups.
Averageweightatdayoldwas(23.15gm)numberofchicksinvolvedinthealltreatmentgroup
was35(Fig.1).
Thegroupnumber1(control)wasfedduringthefirstweektotheendoffourthweekofageon
astartercommercialdietcontaining(22.56%)crudeprotein,(2933kcal/Me/kg)ofdiet,and(
3.24 % ) fat at the beginning of the 5 th week of age of it was fed on a finisher diet containing
(18.14%)crudeprotein,(3043kcal/Me/kg )and(3.54%)fatofdiet.
Thegroupsnumber(2,3and4)wasfedduringthefirstweektotheendoffourthweekofage
onastarterdietcontaining(22.56%)crudeprotein,(2954kcal/Me/kg)and(7.9%)fat(Table
1)
Butthedietsofgroupnumber(4)supplementithighlevelfromemulsifiersequal(180mg/kg)
46
diet lecithin and (900 mg / kg) diet bile salt. The diet of group number 3 supplement it low level
fromemulsifiersequal(90mg/kg)dietlecithinand(450mg/kg)dietbilesalt.
Fig.(1): scheduleoffeedingprograms
47
Experimentaldites
Control
8%FAT
Nil
Withou
t
Lecithi
nAnd
Bile
Sallt
(G)1
48
(G)2
12%FAT
LevelOfEmulsifier
Low
3%fat
90mg
lecithin
+
450mg
bilesalt
/kgdiet
High
180mg
lecithin
+
900mg
bilesalt
/kgdiet
(G)3
(G)4
Nil
LevelOfEmulsifier
t
Lecithi
nAnd
Bile
Sallt
Low
90mg
lecithin
+
450mg
bilesalt
/kgdiet
(G)5
(G)6
Withou
High
180mg
lecithin
+
900mg
bilesalt
/kgdiet
(G)7
Thedietofgroupnumber(2)withoutanyemulsifiers.Thesamegroup(2,3and4)fedduring
thebegining5 th weekof ageon afinisherdiet containing(18.24 %) crudeprotein,(3045 kcal /
Me/kg )and ( 8.13%)fatwiththesamesupplementationfromemulsifierslikestarterstage.
onastarterdietcontaining(22.54%)crudeprotein,(2952kcal/Me/kg)and(12.05%)fat.
Table(1)compositionofexperimentaldietswhichwereusedforbroilerchicksthroughstartingperiods:
Leveloffat
Ingredients
Cornyellow
Soyabean
Concenrate(a)
Cottonoil
Wheatbran
Limestone
Dicalcium
phosphate
Sowdust
Salt
49
3%
(control)
8%
12%
62.85
24
10
1
0.5
0.5
46.85
24
10
5
10
0.5
0.5
32
24.33
10
9.5
17
0.5
0.5
0.3
2
0.3
5
0.3
VitBcomp(b)
VitAD3 E(c)
Mineral
mixture(d)
Dlmethionine
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.150
0.150
0.17
22.56
2933
22.56
22.54
2952
3.24
1:130
1.04
0.5
7.9
1:131
1.05
0.51
12.05
1:131
1.06
0.52
1.24
0.94
1.25
0.93
1.27
0.93
Calculated
composition:
Crudeprotien
KcalMe/Kg
diet
Fat%
C/Pratio
Calcium%
Avaliable
phosphate%
Llysine
Methionine+Cy
stine
a
2954
Concentrate
composition:
52
crude
protein,
6.8
%
calcium,
2.8
%
Avaliable
phosphorous,
2.2%
3.2%lysine,2.5%salt,2292KcalME/KGdietand 25%fishmeal.
b Each Kg contains: Niacin 20gm, vit B2 4.5gm, vit b6 3.0gm,
chloride100gmandvitk 2gm.
50
5.8
crude
fat,
methionine+
Cystine
,
vit
b12
13
gm,
choline
cEachgramcontains:20000IUvit.A,2000IUvit.D3 and400IUvitE.
d Each Kg contains: 35 gm zinc, 55 gm manganese,
and 0.1gmSelenium.
49
gm
copper,
0.35
gm
Iodine
Butthedietsofgroupnumber(7)supplementithighlevelfromemulsifiersequal(180mg/kg)
dietlecithinand(900mg/kg)dietbilesalt.Thedietofgroupnumber(6)supplementsitlowlevel
fromemulsifiersequal(90mg/kg)dietlecithinand(450mg/kg)dietbilesalt.Thedietof group
number(5)withoutanyemulsifiers.
The same group (5, 6 and 7) fed during the begining of 5 Th week of age on a finisher diet
containing (18.11 %) crude protein, (3048kcal /Me/kg) and (12.23 %) fat with the same
supplementationfromemulsifierslikestartstage(Table2).
3.1:HousingandRearing
The chicks were housed in clean well ventilate room previously disinfected and divided into
(7pens).
Eachpenwasof(4x4meter)concretefloorandequippedwithplasticfeeder,waterfountand
gasheater.Wheatstrawwasusedasalitterof(5cm)thickness.
Inallgroupsthebirdsweresubjectedto24hourslightingatanintensityof(3watt/m2)a long
experimentalperiodwhichextendedtotheageof(7weeks).
Roomtemperaturewascontrolledandadjustedatthedegreeneededforeachagestage,byusing
gasheater. Theroom temperature waskept atabout (355c)

duringthe first(3) days ofage,( 325c
)
51
duringthenext(4)days,decreasedto(305c)duringthesecondweekand
(285c)inthethirdweek
.Temperaturewaskeptat(245c)tilltheendoftheexperiment.
Birdsof all experimentalgroups were vaccinatedagainst Newcastle usingHatchner b, strain in

drinkingwaterattheageof(5)daywhilelasotavaccinewasusedattheageof(18,28,40day).
ToprotectthechicksagainstGumborotheywerevaccinatedattheageof(12)daysviadrinking
watertoo
3.2:Recordsobtained
Individual body weights were recorded weekly for birds of each group up to the start of the
second week of age till the end of experiment. Also feed consumption was recorded daily and
weeklyforeachgroup.Mortalitywasrecordeddaily,weeklyandattheendofexperimentalperiod.
At the end of experimental period blood samples were collected from6 birds of each group to
determinationthecholesterol,totallipidsandtriglyceride.
Attheendofexperimentalperiod(6)birds(3malesand3female)wererandomlychoosefrom
eachtreatmenttooperateaslaughtertest.
The birds were weighted individually, then slaughtered to complete bleeding followed by
pluckingthefeathers.
After the removal of feathers and weighting of head, neck, legs, viscera with reproductive
52
organs,heart,neckandgizzard,thedrawnbodycarcassweightedtodeterminethedrawnweight.
The drawn weight included the front parts with wings and hind parts. The edible organs
includedheart,emptygizzardandliver.
33:MethodsofInterpretingResults.
331:Averagelivebodyweight:
Live weights of birds were individually recorded weekly to the nearest gram in early morning
beforereceivinganyfeedorwater.
332:Averagelivebodyweightgain:
Bodyweightgainwascalculatedusingthefollowingformula
Bodyweightgain=wx w0
Wherewx =weightatendofanyweekofage
w0 =weightattheendoflastpreviousweek
333:Feedconversion:
Feedconversionwascalculatedweeklyaskilogramsoffeedconsumedperonkgoflivebody
gain.
Table(2)compositionofexperimentaldietswhichwereusedforbroilerchicksthroughfinisherperiods:
53
Leveloffat
Ingredients
Cornyellow
Soyabean
Concenrate
Cottonoil
Wheatbran
Limestone
Dicalcium
phosphate
Sowdust
Salt
VitBcomp
VitAD3E
Mineralmixture
Dlmethionine
Llysine
3%
(control)
74.55
13
10
0.5
0.36
8%
12%
58
14
10
5
7
0.5
0.38
44
15
10
9.5
11
0.5
0.39
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.09
4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.07
0.05
8.5
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.08
0.03
18.14
3043
3.54
1:168
0.99
18.24
3045
8.13
1:167
1.0
18.11
3048
12.23
1:168
1.0
Calculated
composition:
Crudeprotien
KcalMe/Kgdiet
Fat%
C/Pratio
Calcium%
54
Avaliable
phosphate%
Llysine
Methionine+Cysti
ne
a
0.45
0.46
0.47
1.0
0.72
1.0
0.72
1.0
0.72
Concentrate
composition:
52
crude
protein,
6.8
%
calcium,
2.8
%
Avaliable
phosphorous,
2.2%
3.2%lysine,2.5%salt,2292KcalME/KGdietand 25%fishmeal.
b Each Kg contains: Niacin 20gm, vit B2 4.5gm, vit b6 3.0gm,
chloride100gmandvitk 2gm.
cEachgramcontains:20000IUvit.A,2000IUvit.D3 and400IUvitE.
d Each Kg contains: 35 gm zinc, 55 gm manganese, 49 gm
and 0.1gmSelenium.
5.8
crude
fat,
methionine+
Cystine
,
vit
b12
copper,
13
0.35
gm,
choline
gm
Iodine
334:Mortalityrate:
A daily record of mortality was obtained and the mortality data were converted to average
mortalityrate.
34:Chemicalanalysis
SerumcholesterolwasdeterminedbyusingthemethodoutlinedPierfitteandBarrier(1959).
In this method the protein filtrate was mixed by ferric phosphoric sulpheric reagent, then the
developed colour was read in a Unicom spectrophotometer at 550 mu against a ferric chloride
reagent as a blank . The milligram of cholesterol per 100 ml. Serum was calculated using standard
calibrationcurveandtheproperdilutionfactors.Serumtotallipidswereestimatedaccordingtothe
method of Knight et al (1972) and triglyceride was estimated by using the method out lined by
55
Brocherhoff(1971).
35:Statisticalanalysis:
DatawereanalyzedusingGenerallinearmodelprocedure(GLM)ofSAS,1996.Thefollowing
modelwereused:
Yij=+Ti+eij
Where
=overallmeans.
Ti =effectoftreatment.
eij=Randomerror.
Datawereanalyzedonthreestagas:
1Betweenexperinentaldiets(7treatment).
2Betweenfatlevels(3treatment).
3Betweenemulsifierlevels(4treatment).
Table(16)Bodygains,feedconsumption(g/bird),feedconversionandmortalityrateasaffectedbyfatlevelsinthe
diet(duringtheperiodfrom 27weeksofage)
Age(week)
56
control 8% 12%
Bodygain(g)
2 Feedconsumption(g)
Feedconversion
Mortality%
Bodygain(g)
Feedconversion
Mortality%
Bodygain(g)
Feedconversion
Mortality%
Bodygain(g)
Feedconversion
Mortality%
Bodygain(g)
Feedconversion
Mortality%
Bodygain(g)
Feedconversion
Mortality%
Bodygain(g)
Feedconversion
Mortality%
57
190
318.6
1.68
223
455.7
2.04
244
442
1.8
341
795
2.3
277
764.3
3.37
139
772.9
5.6
1364
3549
2.6
180 184
318.6
320
1.77
1.74
252 493.6
283
479.3
1.9 1.74
337 266
650 2.22
590
1.93
364 403
789 2.00
809
2.17
308 181
784.4
797
2.55
4.4
1
215 123
982.9
763.3
4.6
6.2
1656
1440
4004 3773
2.55
2.62
Data presented in Table (17) shown live body gain , feed consumption, feed conversion and
mortalityasaffectedbyemulsifierslevelregardlessoffatlevelduringexperimentalperiodfrom2nd
weekto7th weeksofbroilerage.
Table (17) Body gains, feed consumption (g/bird), feed conversion and mortality rate as affected by
emulsifierslevelsinthediet(duringtheperiodfrom 27weeksofage)
Age(week)
control Nil
Bodygain(g)
190
182
Feedconsumption(g) 318.6 319.6
2
Feedconversion
1.68
1.76
Mortality%
Bodygain(g)
223
267.5
Feedconsumption(g) 455.7 486.45
3
Feedconversion
2.04
1.82
Mortality
Bodygain(g)
244
301.5
Feedconsumption(g) 442
620
4
Feedconversion
1.8
2.1
Mortality%
58
Low
186.5
314.3
1.69
315
506.5
1.61
363.5
646
1.78
High
166
313
1.9
280.5
467.2
1.7
234.5
654
4.38
Bodygain(g)
341
Feedconsumption(g) 795
5
Feedconversion
2.33
Mortality%
Bodygain(g)
277
Feedconsumption(g) 764.3
6
Feedconversion
3.37
Mortality%
Bodygain(g)
139
Feedconsumption(g) 772.9
7
Feedconversion
5.6
Mortality%
Bodygain(g)
1364
Feed consumption(g) 3549.5
27
Feedconversion
2.6
Mortality%
383.5
799
2.1
244.5
790.7
3.48
0.5
169
973.1
5.4
1548
3888.6
2.6
1.5
357.5
792
2.2
293.5
762.9
2.7
118
883.9
7.9
0.5
1634
3906.8
2.4
0.5
514.5
789
1.7
322
755
2.36
239
886.9
3.8
1756.5
3866.3
2.2
During 2nd week of age, gradually descending decreasing in feed intake was observed
accordinglywithincreasingofemulsifier'slevelinbroilersdietssupplementedwithfat.Decreasing
feedconsumptionisnotfollowedwithanyimprovementinfeedconversion.
During 3rd week of age, all experimental group recorded high feed consumption compared
control,thehighestvalueoffeedconsumptionwasrecordedbygroupofchicksreceivedlowlevel
ofemulsifiers,whilstthisgrouprecordedthebestfeedconversion.
59
During 4th week of age, groups received supplemented diet with fat recorded higher feed
consumption than control, but feed conversion was worse. Addition low level of emulsifiers
improved feed conversion. Addition high level of emulsifiers increased feed consumption but not
improvedfeedconversion.
During5th and6th weeksofagefeedconsumptionrecordedbyallexperimentalgroupswasnear
tothatrecordedbycontrolgroup,withexceptionofgroupreceivednilemulsifier'sdietduringthe
6th week which recorded high feed consumption value. Feed conversion recorded by all groups
during5th weekofagewerenearable,withtheexceptionofthatreceivedhighlevelofemulsifiers
recordedthebestfeedconversion.Dataobtainedduringthe6th weekofageindicatedthataddition
ofloworhighlevelofemulsifiersstronglyimprovedfeedconversion.
During7th weekofage,feedconsumptionrecordedbygroupsreceivedsupplementeddietwas
higherthanthatreceivedcontroldietwithabout100gm/birdormorethancontrol.Feedconversion
recordedbythesegroupswithexceptionwhichreceivedlowemulsifierswasbetterthancontrol.
Generally, during whole experimental period (27 week) data in Table (17) showed that
supplementation of broiler diet with fat without emulsifier's increased feed conversion, but not
improvedfeedconversion.
When lowor high levelsofemulsifierswereaddedtosupplementeddiet feedconversion was
improved. Results obtained in present study in aspect of effect of emulsifiers on feed conversion
maybeduetotheeffectofemulsifiersusedinthisstudy(Lecithinandbilesalts)aspromotertofat
digestionandabsorption.
60
TheseresultsaresupportedbythosereportedbyEdwards,(1962)andEyssenetal,(1965)had
somepositiveresponseusingbilesalts.GarlichandNesheim,(1965)reportedthat3and6%ofa
bilesalts improved fatabsorptionofchicksfed unheatedsoybean meal.GomezandPolin(1974)
found that both apparent absorption of fat and metabolizable energy were improved for several
lipidsby0.2% cholicacid diets for youngchicks.Polinetal (1980)reportedthatthecholicacid
improvedtheabsorptionoftallow.
Kussaibati et al, (1982) reported that the addition of bile salts had no effect on the
metabolizableenergyvaluesofthefatfreediet.However,inthecaseofthedietrichinsaturated
fats,theycompensatedeitherforinsufficientbilesecretionorforedogenousbilesaltsdegradedby
theintestinalmicroflora.Thus,thedigestiveutilizationofdietaryfatespeciallythatofthesaturated
fatty acids, palmitve and stearic acids was increased. In addition metabolizable energy was
significantlyimprovedbytheadditionofbilesaltswhenthedietaryintakelevelincreasedtothead
libitumlevel.
Properdigestionoflipidsolublecompoundsishighlydependentonanadequateconcentration
ofbilesalts inthesmall intestinetoprovideproper lipidemulsificationandactivationof lipolytic
enzymes(Knarreborgetal,2004).
4 2 : Effect of both emulsifiers and fat level in the diet on carcass

characteristicsofbroilers:
421:Liver:
61
Data presented in Table (18) and illustrated in Fig. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19) showed that
addition of fat at either 8% or 12% without emulsifiers on broiler diet significantly decreased
relative liver weight. Relative weight of liver did not affected by supplementation level of
emulsifiers.Theeffectsoffatleveloremulsifier'strendareobservedonmales,femalesorunsexed
broilerschicks.
Ma
le
Sex
62
Items
Absolute
Control
Table(18):Effectofbothemulsifiersandfatlevelsinthedieton
absolute(gm)andrelative(%)weightofliver.
AabA
34.7
Leveloffatsupplementation
12%
8%
Levelofemulsifiersaddition
Overmean
Levelofemulsifiers
addition
nil
low
high
mean
nil
low
high
mean
nil
low
high
b
28.3
b
28.0
ab
31.0
A
29.1
b
26.3
a
39.0
a
39.0
A
34.2
A
27.3
A
32.7
A
35.0
AaA
2.1
AaA
33.0
AaA
2.11
c
1..5
a
26.0
c
1.51
c
1.4
a
31.3
bc
1.60
bc
1.6
a
29.7
c
1.5
C
1..5
A
28.2
B
1. 5
bc
1 .6
a
26.3
abc
1. 8
ab
1. 9
a
35.0
a
2.02
ab
1. 9
a
35.0
ab
1.90
B
1.8
A
32.2
A
2.0
B
1. 5
A
26.2
B
1. 7
B
1. 7
A
33.2
AB
1. 8
B
1. 7
A
32.3
B
1.7
Absolute
AAbcA
33.8
dc
27.2
bcd
29.7
abcd
30.3
A
29.1
d
26.3
ab
36.2
a
37.0
A
33.2
B
26.8
A
32.9
A
33.7
Relative
AaA
2.1
c
1. 5
c
1. 5
c
1. 6
C
1. 5
bc
1. 7
ab
2.0
ab
1. 9
B
1. 9
B
1. 6
B
1. 7
B
1.7
sexes
Combined
Female
Relative
Absolute
Relative
a,bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat 0.05 level.

A,Bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat 0.05 level
A,meanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat 0.05 level
63
Fig.(14):Effectofemulsifierslevelsat8%fatonrelativeweightofsome
organsinmaleschickscarcass
4.5
4
control
3.5
nil
low
high
3
2.5
%
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
liver
gazzerd
heart
Organs
64
abdominalfat
feather
Fig.(15):Effectofemulsifierslevelat8%fatonrelativeweightofsomeorgans
infemaleschickscarcass
3.5
control
nil
low
high
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
liver
65
gazzerd
heart
organs
abdominalfat
feather
Fig.(16): Effectofem ulsifierslevelat8% fatonrelativew eightofsom e

organsincom binedsesxeschickscarcass
4.5
control
nil
low
high
3.5
2.5
%
2
1.5
0.5
66
0
liver
gazzerd
heart
Organs
abdom inalfat
feather
4.5
Fig.(17):effectofemulsifierslevelat12%fatonrelativesomeorgans
inmaleschickscarcass
3.5
control
nil
low
high
2.5
%
2
1.5
0.5
67
0
liver
gazzerd
heart
Organs
abdominalfat
feather
fig.(18):Effectofemulsifierslevelat12%fatonrelativeweightof
someorgansinfemaleschickscarcass
4.5
3.5
2.5
%
2
1.5
68
1
control
nil
low
high
Fig.(19):Effectofemulsifierslevelat12%onrelativeweightofsomeorgans
incombinedsexeschickscarcass
4.5
3.5
2.5
%
2
1.5
69
0.5
control
nil
low
high
Regardless of emulsifiers level relative males, females and unsexed chicks livers significantly
increasedwhenlevelinthedietincreasedfrom 8%to12%fat(Table18andFig.20,21and22).
Regardlessoffatlevelrelativemales,femalesandunsexedchicksliversdidnotinfluencedby
emulsifier'slevelinthediets.(Table18andFig.23,24and25).
Addition of fat with or without emulsifier tends to decreased liver weight in both males and
females.
Theseresultsmaybeduetoemulsificationeffectoflecithin.Oneofthesubstancescontainedin
thecommercialproductisaninositolcomparedwhichhasabearingonthetransportoffatsfromthe
livertootherpartsofthebody (schaible,1970).
Nishiyama et al (1997) found that liver triglyceride contents was significantly decreased in
groups of chickens received safflower phoshlipid relative to control decreasing liver weight by
additionofemulsifiersinthebroilerdietmaybeduetoeffectoflecithinindecreasetriglyceridein
liver.
KabirandIde(1995)suggestedthatdietarysoybeanphospholipidsredusetheactivitiesoffatty
acidsynthesisrelatedenzymes.Inaddition,ithasbeenreportedthatliverdiacylglyceral,whichisa
70
substratefortriglyceridesynthesiswasdecreasedinratsfedphospholipidssupplementeddiets.This
declinewasattributedtoadecreaseinlivertriglyceridelevel(Ideetal1992).Mostprobably,the
decrease in triglyceride content in the liver of hens fed diets containing phospholipids might be
responsible for reducing the activities of enzymes related to hepatic fatty acid and triglyceride
synthesis.
71
Fig.(20): Effectoffatlevelonrelativew eightofsom eorgansin

m alechickscarcass
4.5
4
control
8% fat
12%fat
3.5
2.5
%
2
1.5
72
0.5
0
liver
gazzerd
heart
abdom inalfat
feather
Fig.(21):Effectoffatlevelonrelativeweightofsomeorgansin
femalechickscarcass
4.5
3.5
2.5
%
1.5
73
0.5
control
8%fat
12%fat
Fig.(22):Effectoffatlevelonrelativeweightofsomeorgansincombined
sexeschickscarcass
4.5
3.5
2.5
%
2
1.5
74
control
8%fat
12%fat
Fig.(23):Effectofemulsifierslevelonrelativeweightofsome
4.5
3.5
2.5
%
2
1.5
75
control
nil
low
high
Fig.(24):Effectofemulsifierslevelsonrelativeweightofsome
organsinfemaleschickscarcass
4
3.5
3
2.5
control
nil
low
high
1.5
1
0.5
76
0
liver
gazzerd
heart
Organs
abdominalfat
feather
Fig.(25): Effectofem ulsifierslevelsonrelativew eightofsom e

organsincom binedsexeschickscarcass
4.5
control
nil
low
high
3.5
2.5
%
2
1.5
0.5
77
0
liver
gazzerd
heart
Organs
abdom inalfat
feather
422:Gizzard
As shown in Table (19) and illustrated in Fig. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19) addition of fat with
emulsifiersindietsignificantlydecreasedgizzardweightrelatedtobodyweightforbroilersmales,
this effect was clearly observed when fat level was 12%. Effect of fat with emulsifiers on related
gizzard weight was not trended in broiler females. Low level of emulsifiers with 8% fat
insignificantlyincreasedrelativegizzardweight,butwith 12%fatthisincreasingwassignificant.
Irrespectiveofsextherenotinfluenceoffatwithemulsifierswasobservedonrelativegizzard
weight.
Regardless of emulsifiers level increasing fat supplementation level from 8% to 12% slightly
decreased related gizzard weight in broiler males. For all that fat addition in broiler diet tends to
decreased gizzard weight in males compared to control. On the contrary, fat supplementation
significantly gradually increasedrelative gizzardweight inbroiler females.Consequently,average
relative gizzard weightrecordedby unsexedbroilerchicks hadclose variance. (Table 19and Fig.
20,21and22)
Regardlessoffatlevel,additionemulsifiersonbroilersdietsupplementalwithfatsignificantly
decreasedrelativegizzardweightcomparedtoeithercontrolorsupplementeddietwithfatwithout
emulsifiers for males. Group received low level of emulsifiers gave less gizzard weight in males
78
(Table 19 and Fig. 23,24 and 25).. On the contrary, slightly increase was observed in relative
gizzard weight of females as affected by emulsifiers supplement in diet. Consequently, average
relativegizzardweightasaffectedbyfatandemulsifierstreatmentswaspartlysimilar.
423:Heart:
AsshowninTable(20)andillustratedinFig.14,15,16,17,18and19)inbroilermale'saddition
of fat without emulsifiers on broiler diet significantly decreased relative heart weight in
Table (19): Effect of both emulsifiers and fat levels in the diet on absolute (gm) and relative (%) weight of
gizzared.
Sex Items
Control
8%
Overmean
Levelofemulsifiersaddition LevelofemulsifiersadditionLevelofemulsifiersaddition
mean
nil
low
high
mean
nil
low
high
Male
low high
Absolute
AaA a
26.7 29.3
a
26.0
a
29.7
A
28.3
a
26.0
a
24.7
a
24.7
A
25.0
A
27.7
A
25.2
A
27.2
Relative
AaA abc
1.6 1..4
bc
1.3
ab
1.5
AB
1.4
ab
1. 6
c
1. 2
c
1. 2
B
1..3
AB
1. 5
B
1. 3
B
1. 4
Female
nil
79
12%
Absolute
BaA a
23.3 25.0
a
29.0
a
29.7
A
a
27.9 24. 3
a
32.0
a
29.0
A
28.4
AB
24.7
A
30.5
A
29.3
Relative
AbB b
1..5 1. 5
ba
1.60
b
1. 5
BA
1. 6
a
1..9
ab
1. 60
A
1.7
A
1.6
A
1. 7
A
1.6
ab
1. 6
AaA a
25.0 27.2
a
27.5
a
29.7
A
28.1
a
25.2
a
28.2
a
26.8
A
26.7
A
26.2
A
27.8
A
28.3
Relative
AaA a
1.56 1. 45
a
1. 4
a
1. 5
A
1. 5
a
1. 6
a
1..54
a
1. 4
A
1. 5
A
1. 5
A
1. 5
A
1.4
Combined
sexes
Absolute
a,bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat0.05level.
A,Bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat0.05level
A, Bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat0.05level
Table (20): Effect of both emulsifiers and fat levels in the diet on absolute (gm) and relative (%) weight of
heart.
80
low
high
mean
nil
low
high
mean
AaA
9. 5
AaA
0..59
BabA
6. 3
a
7. 7
b
0.38
ab
7. 3
a
8. 2
ab
0.40
ab
8. 3
a
9. 7
ab
0. 50
a
8. 7
A
8. 5
B
0. 4
A
8. 1
a
9. 0
ab
0.45
a
8. 7
a
9. 0
b
0. 42
ab
8. 3
A
8. 3
B
0. 4
A
8.1
B
7. 3
B
0. 4
B
6.7
AB
8. 6
B
0. 4
A
8. 5
A
9. 3
B
0. 5
A
8. 5
Relative
ABaAB
0.41
ab
0.43
ba
0.43
ab
0. 45
A
0. 4
a
7. 0
b
0.42
b
6. 0
b
0.40
a
0.51
ab
0. 45
A
0. 4
B
0. 4
A
0. 46
A
0. 45
Absolute
ABabA
7. 9
ab
7. 5
ab
8.25
a
9. 2
A
8. 3
b
6. 5
a
8. 8
a
8. 7
A
8. 0
B
7. 0
A
8. 5
A
8. 9
Relative
AaA
0. 5
a
0. 4
a
0.42
a
0. 47
A
0. 4
a
0.41
a
0.48
a
0.44
A
0. 4
B
0. 4
A
0. 5
A
0. 5
Male
Absolute
Absolute
Relative
combinedse
xes
Control
nil
Overmean
Levelofemulsifiers
addition
nil
low
high
Items
Female
Sex
12%
8%
81
proportiontobodyweight.Relativeheartweightslightlyincreasedwhenemulsifier'slevelincreased
with8%fatsupplementeddiet.Thisresponsewasobservedonlywithlowlevelofemulsifierswhen
fatlevelinthedietwas12%.
Irrespective of emulsifiers level related heart weight significantly decreased with fat addition
comparedtocontrol.Averagesrelatedweightofheartsforgroupsreceived8%or12%fatdietwere
similar.(Table20andFig.20,21and22)
Regardless of fat level , related weight of heart did not significantly affected by level of
emulsifiers,groupreviveddietcontaininghighlevelofemulsifiershadslightlyincreaseinrelative
heartweight.(Table20andFig.23,24and25).
Infemales,sametrendofresponseobservedwith maleswasnoticedwithfemalesasaffected
byfatorfatandemulsifierstogether,withexcept,groupreceiveddietcontaininglowbutnothight
levelofemulsifiershadslightlyincreaseinrelativeheartweight.
82
Inunsexedchicks,graduallyinsignificantincreasewasobservedinheartweightrelatedtobody
weight according with increasing emulsifiers level in 8% or 12% fat supplementaled diet . All
experimentedgroupreceivedfatandemulsifier'ssupplementationrecordedrelatedheartweightless
thancontrol.
Netherfatadditionnoremulsifier'ssupplementationeffectonrelativeheartweightcomparedto
control.
424:Totalgiblets:
DatapresentedinTable(21)andillustratedinFig.26,27,28,29,30and31)indicatedthattotal
gibletsweightasacumulatedsummation of liver,gizzardand heartweightor relatedpercentage
proportion to body weight are showed the cumulative effect of fat and emulsifiers on these three
organs. Slightly decreased in total giblets weight was observed when fat or emulsifier's added to
broilermaledietcomparedcontrol.
Male
Sex
83
Items
Control
Table(21):Effectofbothemulsifiersandfatlevelsinthedietonabsolute(gm)andrelative(%)weightof
totalgiblets.
12%
8%
Overmean
nil
low
high
mean
nil
low
high
mean
nil
low
high
Absolute
AbA
70.9
c
65.3
d
62.2
b
70.4
A
65.9
d
59.3
a
72.7
a
72. 7
A
67. 6
A
62. 3
A
66. 4
A
71. 5
Relative
AaA
B
3. 4
B
3. 4
B
3. 6
4. 29
3.2 0
3. 10
3. 60
Female
Absolute
BaB
62. 7
a
58. 3
a
68. 7
a
68. 0
Relative
AaA
4. 02
b
3. 44
b
3. 63
b
3. 43
Combined
sexes
Absolute
AabA
66. 8
ab
61. 8
ab
65. 4
ab
69. 2
Relative
AaA
4. 16
b
3. 35
b
3. 32
b
3. 52
3. 30
A
65. 1
B
3. 5
A
65. 5
B
3. 4
3. 60
3. 60
3. 50
a
56.7
a
75. 7
a
72. 3
ab
3. 80
a
4. 43
a
3. 95
b
58. 0
a
74. 0
a
72. 5
ab
3. 71
a
4. 00
ab
3. 74
3. 6
A
68. 7
A
4. 1
A
68.2
A
3. 9
B
57. 5
A
72. 2
AB
70. 2
B
3. 7
A
4. 00
B
3. 75
B
60. 0
A
69. 3
A
70. 8
B
3. 6
B
3. 7
B
3. 7
A,Bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineach rawaresignificantlydifferentat0.05level.
A, Bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat0.05level.
84
Fig.(26):Effectofemulsifierlevelat8%faton
dressingpercentageinmalechciks
80
70
60
50
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
% 40
30
20
10
0
Giblets
85
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
dressingpercentageinfemaleschicks
80
70
60
50
% 40
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
30
20
10
0
Giblets
86
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
Fig.(28):Effectofemulsifierslevelat8%faton
dressingpercentageofunsexedchicks
80
60
control
NIL
LOW
% 40
HIGH
20
0
87
Giblets
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
Fig.(29):Effectofemulsifierlevelat12%fatondressing
percentageinmalechicks
80
70
60
50
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
% 40
30
20
10
0
Giblets
88
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
dressingpercentageoffemaleschicks
80
70
60
50
% 40
30
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
20
10
0
Giblets
89
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
dressingpercentageofcombinedesxeschicks
80
70
control
NIL
60
LOW
50
HIGH
% 40
30
20
10
0
Giblets
90
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
In females addition 8% fat with or without low and high level of emulsifiers significantly
decreasedtotalgibletsweightrelatedtobodyweight.Addition12%fatwithorwithoutlowerhigh
level of emulsifiers did not affect related total giblets weight. Regardless of emulsifier's level
increased fat addition from 8% to 12% significantly increased related total giblets in female's
broiler.
Infemaleschicks,regardlessoffatleveladditionlowlevelofemulsifiersdidnoteffectedtotal
giblets, but addition 12% fat without emulsifiers or with high level significantly decreased total
giblets.Inunsexedchicks,testedlevelofemulsifierswith8%fator12%fatdidnotinfluencetotal
giblets, but group of broiler feed 8% only (but not 12% fat) with all tested level of emulsifiers
significantlydecreasedtotalgiblets.
Results obtained in present study are in agreement to those reported byBadawy (1997) who
foundthatthesupplementingofquailgrowingwitheithersunflowerorpalmathigh(10%)orlow
(5%)significanteffectofgibletspercentage.
425:Abdominalfat:
Data shown in Table (22) and illustrated in Fig. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19) indicated that in
broiler male's addition 8% fat without emulsifier's insignificantly increased abdominal fat, but
addition12%withoutemulsifiersdidnotinfluenceabdominalfat.Additionemulsifierswith8%fat
significantlydecreasedrelativeabdominalfat.Additionlowlevelofemulsifiersslightlydecreased
abdominalfat,butadditionhighlevelsignificantlyincreasedrelativeabdominalfat.
91
Regardless of emulsifiers level , fat level are not influence relative abdominal fat, also
regardlessfatlevel,relativeabdominalfatarenotaffectedbyemulsifierslevel(Table18andFig.
20,21and22).
Combined
sexes
Female
Male
Sex
92
Items
Control
abdominalfat.
8%
12%
nil
low
high
mean
nil
low
high
mean
a
b
ab
A
b
ab
a
A
AbB
Absolute
27. 2
28. 2
33. 3 23.7 24. 7
22.7 25.0
37.0
22. 7
ab
c
c
A
bc
c
a
A
AbcA
Relative
1.
4
1.
5
1.
6
1.
2
1.
3
1.
4
1.
3
1.
8
1. 4
c
b
a
B
b
b
a
A
BbB
Absolute
22. 6
25. 4
17.0
20.3 30. 7
21.3 22.7 32. 0
21. 7
ABbAB
d
cd
ab
B
ab
bc
a
A
Relative
1. 2
1. 5
1. 4
0. 99 1.09 1. 55
1.50 1.30 1. 75
b
b
b
A
b
b
a
A
BbA
Absolute
24.
9
26.
8
25.
2
22.0
27.
7
22.0
23.8
34.
5
22. 2
bc
c
b
A
b
c
a
A
ABbA
Relative
1. 3
1. 5
1. 31 1.14
1. 4
1. 4
1.28
1. 8
1. 38
a, bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat0.05 level.
Overmean
Levelofemulsifiers
addition
nil
low
high
A
A
A
28. 0
24. 3
30. 8
A
A
A
1. 5
1. 2
1. 5
B
B
A
19. 2
21. 5
31. 5
B
B
A
1. 2
1. 2
1. 7
B
B
A
23. 6
22. 9
31. 1
AB
B
A
1. 4
1. 2
1. 6
A,Bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat0.05 level
In females, addition8% fat without emulsifiers significantly decreased relative abdominal fat,
but addition 12% fat without emulsifiers slightly increased relative abdominal fat. Increasing
emulsifier's levelwith8%or12% fatsignificantly increasedrelativeabdominal fat. Regardlessof
emulsifier'slevel,increasingfatlevelsignificantlyincreasedrelativeabdominalfat.Also,regardless
offatlevel,increasingemulsifier'slevelsignificantlyincreasedrelativeabdominalfat(Table18and
Fig.20,21and22).
93
Inunsexedchicks,addition8%fat,12%withoutemulsifiersor8%withhighemulsifierslevel
not influence relative abdominal fat. Addition low level of emulsifiers either with 8% or 12% fat
significantlydecreasedrelativeabdominalfat,butadditionhighlevelofemulsifierswith12%fat
significantlyincreasedrelativeabdominalfat.
Regardless emulsifier's level, increasing fat level slightly increased relative abdominal fat.
Irrespective of fat level, increasing emulsifier's level in the diet significantly increased relative
abdominalfat.(Table22andFig.23,24and25).
Results obtained in present study are in agreement to those obtained by Vila and Esteve
Garcia, (1996) who found that abdominal fat deposition increased with increasing fat inclusion
level in birds fed tallow, whearas it remained constant in birds fed sunflower. Sanz et al (1999)
suggestthatdietaryfattyacidprofilecouldaffectabdominalfatdeposition.
Crespo and EsteveGarcia, (2001) reported that in male's abdominal fat increased with
increased fat concentration. Similar results obtained by Deaton et al, 1981, but these results is in
contrastwiththeresultsofFullerandRendon,(1977)and SizemoreandSiegel(1993)whodid
not findanyeffectof dietary fatconcentrationwhentheenergytoprotin ratio remainedconstant,
Badawy (1997) foundthatsupplementingof quail growing ratiowitheithersunflowerorpalm at
high(10%)orlow(5%)slightlyreduceabdominalfat.
426:Feather:
94
As shown in Table (23) and illustrated in Fig. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19)in males all
experimental groups received 8% or 12% fat with or without lower high level of emulsifiers
recordedfeatherpercentagesignificantlylessthancontrol.Increasingemulsifier'slevelwith8%oil
insignificantlyincreasedfeatherpercentage,whenoillevelbecome12%increasingemulsifiershad
notanyeffect.Increasingoillevelregardlessemulsifiersorincreasingemulsifier'slevelregardless
ofoillevelbroilermalesdietslightlyincreasedfeatherpercentage.
In females, addition 8% oil with or without high level of emulsifers significantly decreased
featherpercentage,butwithlowlevelfeatherpercentageisnotaffected.Increaseoillevelfrom8%
to12%withoutemulsifierssignificantlyincreasedfeatherpercentage.Inthesameway,increaseof
oil with low or high level of emulsifiers significantly increased feather percentage. Regardless of
emulsifiers increasing oil level from 8% to 12% significantly increased feather percentage. In
contrary, increasing level of emulsifiers from low to high irrespective of oil level significantly
decreasedfeatherpercentage.
Inunsexedchicks,withexceptgroupreceivedlowlevelofemulsifierswith12%oil,alltested
groupsrecordedfeatherpercentagesignificantlylessthancontrolgroup.
Increasing oil level from 8% to 12%, regardless of emulsifier's level feather percentage
significantlyincreased.Levelofemulsifierswasnotinfluencefeatherpercentage.
Results obtained in present study in order to effect of emulsifiers on feather percentage in
broilermalesmaybeduetotheraleofLecithiningrowthoffeathers.
95
Sex
Items
o
n
t
r
o
feather.
Combined
sexes
Female
Male
8%
96
12%
Overmean
Levelofemulsifiers
addition
nil
low
high mean
nil
low
high mean
nil
low
high
c
b
a
A
a
b
b
A
A
A
A
AbcA
Absolute
26. 7
46.7 58. 3 43. 9 63.3 46.7 45. 0 51. 7
45. 0
46. 7
51.7
36. 7
b
b
b
B
b
b
b
B
B
B
B
AaA
Relative
3. 3
3. 6
3. 2
3. 1
3. 6
3. 6
3. 6
3. 5
3. 4
3. 4
3. 6
4. 3
a
a
a
A
a
a
a
A
A
A
A
AaA
Absolute
55.0
55.0 50. 0 53. 3 51.7 43.3 48. 3 47. 7
53. 3
49. 2
49. 2
58. 3
c
bc
c
B
b
a
b
A
B
A
B
AbA
Relative
3. 5
4. 1
3. 4
3. 7
3. 5
3. 9
4. 4
3. 9
3. 6
4. 0
3. 7
4. 0
a
a
a
A
a
a
a
A
A
A
A
AaA
Absolute
48.
6
49.
7
40.
8
50.8
54.
2
57.5
45.0
46.
7
49.
2
47.9
50.
4
47. 5
c
c
c
C
b
a
b
B
B
B
B
AaA
Relative
3. 4
3. 8
3. 32
3. 4
3. 53
3.72 4.00 3. 73
3. 5
3. 7
3. 6
4. 15
A, Bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat0.05 level
Schaible,(1970)reportedthatintheformofLecithin,cholineisparticularlyeffective.Oneof
thesubstancescontainedinthecommercialproductisaninositolcompoundwhichfunctionsinthe
growthoffeathers.
Results obtained in our study in order to effect of oil level on feathers percentage are partly
supportedthoseobtainedbyBadawy,(1997)whofoundthatthesupplementingofquailgrowing
rationwitheithersunfloweroilorpalmathigh(10%)orlow(5%)insignificantlyincreasedfeathers
percentage.
97
427:carcassweight
AsshowninTable(24)andillustratedinFig.26,27,28,29,30and31)inmalesaddition12%
oil without emulsifiers significantly decreased empty carcass percentage, but 8% oil did not
infleunceemptycarcasspercentage.Lowlevelofemulsifierswitheither8%or12%oildecreased
empty carcass percentage compared to high level. Regardless of emulsifiers level increasing oil
levelinthedietsignificantly decreasedemptycarcasspercentage(Table24andFig.32,33and34).
Regarless of oil level, low level of emulsifiers recorded less empety carcass percentage
comparedtonilorhighlevel (Table24andFig.35,36and37).
Infemales,emptycarcasspercentagewasaffectedbyeitheroiloremulsifierslevelsasthesame
trendwhichobservedinmale.Consequentlyunsexedchicksgavethesametrendwitheitheroilor
emulsifierslevels.
428:Dressingpercentage:
AsshowninTable(25)andillustratedinFig.26,27,28,29,30and31)inmales,increasingoil
levelfrom 8%to12%withoutemulsifierssignificantlydecreaseddressingpercentage.Additionlow
level of emulsifiers on the diet containing 8% oil slightly decreased dressing percentage , but
additionlowlevelofemulsifierson 12%oildietsignificantlydecreaseddressingpercentage.
Sex
98
Items
o
n
t
r
o
carcass.
Male
Absolute
Female
Absolute
Combine
dsexes
8%
nil
low high mean
Absolute
Relative
Relative
Relative
BbB
1144
AaA
69. 2
BbcC
1073
AabA
69. 0
BbB
1108
AabA
69. 1
a
1437
a
70. 9
abc
1190
a
69. 4
a
1313
a
70. 18
ab
1360
b
68. 8
ab
1280
ab
68. 6
a
1320
b
68. 72
ab
1347
a
69. 8
a
1340
abc
66. 2
a
1343
ab
69. 0
A
1381
A
69. 8
A
1271
A
69. 1
A
1326
A
69. 3
12%
nil
low high mean
b
1107
c
66. 6
c
983
bcd
67. 1
b
1043
c
66. 9
ab
1275
d
60. 6
abc
1127
d
65. 4
ab
1201
d
65. 02
a
1443
a
69. 1
ab
1217
cd
66. 5
a
1331
bc
67. 8
AB
1275
B
66. 8
B
1109
B
66. 7
AB
1192
B
66. 6
99
Overmean
nil
low
high
AB
1271
A
68. 8
AB
1087
A
68. 3
B
1179
AB
68. 5
AB
1318
B
66. 7
AB
1203
A
67. 0
AB
1260
B
66. 9
A
1395
A
69. 4
A
1278
A
67. 4
A
1337
AB
68. 4
Fig.(32):Effectoffatlevelondressingpercentageinmales
chicks
80
70
60
50
control
8%fat
% 40
12%fat
30
20
10
0
Giblets
100
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
Fig.(33):Effectoffatlevelondressingpercentage
infemalechicks
80
70
60
50
control
8%fat
12%fat
% 40
30
20
10
0
Giblets
101
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
incombinedsexeschicks
80
70
60
control
50
8%fat
12%fat
% 40
30
20
10
0
Giblets
102
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
fig.(35):Effectofemulsifierslevelondressing
80
70
60
50
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
% 40
30
20
10
0
Giblets
103
Carcass
Dressing
percentage
percentageinfemalechicks
80
70
60
control
50
NIL
% 40
LOW
HIGH
30
20
10
0
Giblets
104
Carcass
Dressing
percentage
Fig.(37):Effectofemulsifierlevelondressingpercentagein
combinedsexeschcicks
80
70
60
50
% 40
30
20
10
0
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
Giblets
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
105
Items
n
t
r
S
e
x
totaledibleparts.
Combine
dsesxes
Female
Male
8%
nil
low
high
mean
12%
nil
low
high
mean
Overmean
nil
low
high
Absolute
BbB
1215
a
1502
ab
1422
ab
1417
A
1447
b
1166
ab
1346
a
1516
AB
1343
AB
1334
AB
1384
A
1467
Dressing
percentage
AabA
73. 5
a
74. 2
bc
71. 9
ab
73.4
A
73. 2
d
70. 2
e
68. 2
cd
72. 7
B
70. 4
AB
72. 2
B
70. 1
A
73. 1
BbcB
1136
abc
1248
ab
1349
a
1408
A
1335
c
1040
abc
1202
ab
1289
B
1177
B
1144
AB
1276
A
1349
AaA
73. 0
a
72.9
ab
72. 2
abc
71. 7
AB
72. 2
abc
70. 9
c
69. 8
bc
70. 4
B
70.4
A
71. 9
A
71. 1
A
71. 1
Absolute
BbcB
1175
a
1375
a
1385
a
1413
A
1391
c
1103
ab
1274
a
1403
AB
1260
B
1239
AB
1330
A
1408
Dressing
percentage
AabA
73. 27
a
73. 5
bc
72. 1
ab
72.53
A
72. 7
d
70. 6
e
68.98
cd
71.55
B
70. 4
AB
72. 1
B
70. 5
AB
72. 1
Absolute
Dressing
percentage
a,bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat0.05 level.
106
Dressingpercentagewasimprovedbyincreasingemulsifierslevelinboth8%and12%oildiets
.Regardlessofemulsifier'slevel,increasingofoillevelsignificantlydecreaseddressingpercentage,
but irrespective of oil level, increasing of emulsifier's level significantly increased dressing
percentage(Table25andFig.32,33,34,35,36and37).
In females, the same trend which observed in dressing percentage of males as affected by oil
andemulsifierslevelwasnoticedinfemales,withtheexceptionemulsifier'slevel,irrespectiveofoil
level,arenoteffecteddressingpercentage.
Unsexed chicks, addition 8% oil without emulsifier had not effect on dressing percentage of
chicks, but addition 12% oil without emulsifier's significantly decreased dressing percentage.
Increasing emulsifier's level with 8% oil did not affected dressing percentage, but with 12% oil
significantlyincreasedit.
Regardlessemulsifier'slevel,increasingoilsignificantlydecreaseddressingpercentage.Onthe
otherhand,whenemulsifierlevelincreased,regardlessoillevel dressing percentageincreased.
107
Resultsobtained in presentstudyare inagreement to thoseobtainedbyBadawy, (1997) who

foundthatthesupplementingofquailgrowingdietwitheithersunflowerorpalmathigh(10%)or
low(5%)reduceddressingpercentage.
43: Effectofoilandemulsifierslevelonsomeplasmacompounds:
431:Cholesterol
AS shown in Table (26) and illustrated in Fig. 38,39,40, 41,42, 43, 44,45, 46,47,48 and 49
addition8%oil in male dietsharplysignificant increasedplasmacholesterol level,this levelwas
stronglyincreasedwhenoillevelincreasedto12% addition.
Fe
m
al
e
Male
sex
108
Blood
compound
Cholestrol
Mg/dI
Totallipids
Mg/dI
Triglyceride
Mg/dI
Cholestrol
Mg/dI
Control
Table(26)Effectofbothemulsifiersandfatlevelinthedieton someplasmacompounds.
12%
8%
Overmean
Levelofemulsifiers
additio
Nil
Low
High
Nil
Low
High
Mean
Nil
Low
High
Mean
DfC
114
c
222
d
181
e
129
B
177
a
340
b
267
d
189
A
265
A
281
B
224
C
159
DfC
446
c
829
d
742
e
539
B
703
a
1087
b
982
b
980
A
1016
A
958
B
862
C
760
CeC
150
c
185
d
177
d
171
B
178
a
204
b
196
c
190
A
197
A
195
B
187
B
181
DgC
122
c
251
e
193
f
145
B
196
a
376
b
293
d
215
A
295
A
314
B
243
C
180
Combined sexes
Totallipids
Mg/dI
Triglyceride
Mg/dI
Cholestrol
Mg/dI
Totallipids
Mg/dI
Triglyceride
Mg/dI
DfC
524
c
841
d
765
e
563
B
723
a
1292
b
1022
b
1012
A
1109
A
1067
B
894
C
788
DfC
154
b
195
c
188
d
179
B
187
a
209
b
201
b
199
A
203
A
202
B
195
C
189
DgC
118
c
236
e
187
f
137
B
187
a
358
b
280
d
202
A
280
A
297
B
234
C
170
DgC
458
d
835
e
754
f
551
B
713
a
1189
b
1002
c
996
A
1062
A
1012
B
878
C
774
DfC
152
c
190
d
182
e
175
B
182
a
207
b
198
b
195
A
200
A
199
B
190
C
185
a,bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat0.05 level .
emulsifiersondietcontaining8%or12%oilstronglydecreasedplasmacholesterol,thisdepression
was more clear gradually with increase of emulsifiers. For all that, plasma cholesterol level in all
experimentalgroupswassignificantlyhigherthancontrol.
Fig.38:Effectofemulsifierslevelat8% fatinmalechicksdietonsomebloodcomponents
109
900
800
control
700
nil
low
mg/dl
600
high
500
400
300
200
100
0
cholestrol
totalliids
triglyceride
Fig.39: Effectofemulsifierslevelat8% fatinfemalechicksdietonsomebloodcomponents
110
900
mg/dl
800
control
700
NIL
600
LOW
HIGH
500
400
300
200
100
0
cholestrol
111
totallipids
triglyceride
Fig.40:Effectofemulsifierslevelat8% fatincombinedsexeschicksdietonsomebloodcomponents
900
800
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
700
mg/dl
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
cholestrol
112
totallipids
triglyceride
Fig.41: Effectofemulsifierslevelat12% fatinmalechicksdietonsome bloodcomponents

1200
1000
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
mg/dl
800
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
totallipids
triglyceride
Fig.42:Effectofemulsifierslevelat12% fatinfemalechicksdietonsomebloodcomponents
113
mg/dl
1400
1200
control
nil
1000
low
high
800
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
totalliids
triglyceride
Fig.43:Effectofemulsifierslevelat12% fatin combinedsexeschicksdietonsomebloodcomponents
114
1200
1000
control
nil
low
high
mg/dl
800
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
totalliids
triglyceride
Fig.44:Effectoffatlevelinmalechicksdietonsomebloodcomponents.
115
1200
1000
control
8%
mg/dl
800
12%
600
400
200
0
chole s trol
totalliids
triglyce ride
Fig.45: Effectoffatlevelinfemalechicksdietonsomebloodcomponents.
116
1200
1000
control
8%fat
mg/dl
800
12%fat
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
totallipids
triglyceride
Fig.46:Effectoffatlevelincombinedsexeschicksdietonsomebloodcomponents
117
1200
control
8%fat
12%fat
1000
mg/dl
800
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
totallipids
triglyceride
Fig.47:Effectofemulsifierslevelincombinedsexeschicksdietonsomebloodcomponents
118
1000
900
800
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
mg/dl
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
cholestrol
totallipids
triglyceride
Fig.48:Effectofemulsifierslevelinfemalechicksdietonsome
bloodcomponents
119
1200
control
1000
nil
mg/dl
800
low
high
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
totalliids
triglyceride
Fig.49:Effectofemulsifierslevelincombinedsexeschicksdietonsomebloodcomponents.
120
1200
1000
control
nil
mg/dl
800
low
high
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
totalliids
triglyceride
Thesametrendwasobservedinfemalesmoreovervaluesofplasmacholesterollevelrecorded
byallgroupswereclearlyhigherinfemalesthantheirmatchesformales.
Consequently,thesametrendwasnoticedforunsexedchickswithmediatevalues.
121
Results obtained in present study are in agreement to those reported by Weiss and Fisher,
(1957)whoobservedhighplasmacholesterolconcentration,andfriableandfattyliverdevelopment
which suggested that high animal fat diets results in a derangement in lipid metabolism in the
chicken. Badawy, 1997 found that increasing the supplementation level of sunflower oil to 10%
resultedinasignificantincreaseinthecholesterollevel.
AsaspectofeffectofemulsifiersourresultsareinagreementtothoseobtainedbyClarketal,
(1981) who found that soybean Lecithin lowers serum cholesterol when fed in
hypercholestrolplemic diets to rats. Similar results obtained by O' Mullane and Hawthorne,
(1982).
It is well known that dietary phospholipids, especially soybean lecithin, effectively lowers
serumcholesterollevel.Hypocholestrollemiceffectswithdietaryphospholipidsmaybeattributedto
decreasedcholesterolsecretionfromliver,ortoincreaseduptakeofhighdensitylipoproteinintothe
liver(Murataetal,1983).
432:Totallipid:
Data presented in Table (26) and illustrated in Fig. 38,39,40, 41,42 and 43) showed that in
males,femalesandunsexedbroilerchicksadditionoilstronglyincreasedtotallipidlevelinplasma
comparedtocontrol,whenoiladditionriseto12%totallipidinplasmawasextensivelyincreased.
Supplementationthedietcontainingoilwithloworhighlevelofemulsifiersgraduallysignificantly
decreasedplasmatotallipids.
122
Regardlessofemulsifier'slevel,increasingoillevelinthedietstronglyincreasedtotallipidsin
plasma(Table25andFig.44,45and46).Incontraryregardlessofoillevel,increasingemulsifier's
levelclearlydecreasedplasmatotallipids(Table25andFig.47,48and49).
TheseresultsareinagreementtothoseobtainedbyAbdelHakimetal,(1982)whofoundthat
additionofcornoiltochick'sdietincreasedplasmatotallipidscomparedtopraticalration.
433:Triglyceride
Asshowed in Table (26) and illustrated in Fig.38,39,40,41,42and43)additionoil in males,
femalesorunsexedbroilerchicksdietsstronglyincreasedtriglycerideinplasma,whenoiladdition
riseto 12% triglyceride inplasmawasextensively increased.Supplementationthedietcontaining
oilwithloworhighlevelofemulsifiersgraduallysignificantlydecreasedplasmatriglyceride.
Regardlessofemulsifier'slevel,increasingoillevelinthedietstronglyincreasedtotallipidsin
plasma (Table 26 and Fig. 44, 45 and 46). In contrary, irrespective of oil level, increasing
emulsifier's level clearly decreased plasma triglyceride (Table 25 and Fig. 47, 48 and 49). These
results obtained in present study are partly supported by those reported by Badway, (1997) who
recognized that the supplementation of the ration with 5% sunflower oil resulted in reduction of
triglycerideconcentrationbloodwithabout40%comparedtocontrol.Headdedthatincreasingthe
supplementation levelofsunfloweroilto10%resulted inasignificant increaseinthetriglyceride
level.
Fig.38:Effectofemulsifierslevelat8% fatinmalechicksdietonsome
bloodcomponents
123
900
800
control
nil
700
low
mg/dl
600
high
500
400
300
200
100
0
cholestrol
totalliids
triglyceride
Fig.39: Effectofemulsifierslevelat8 %fatinfemalechicksdietonsome

bloodcomponents)
124
900
mg/dl
800
control
700
NIL
600
LOW
HIGH
500
400
300
200
100
0
cholestrol
125
totallipids
triglyceride
Fig.40:Effectofemulsifierslevelat8%fatinunsexedchicksdietonsome
900
800
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
700
mg/dl
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
cholestrol
bloodcomponents
126
totallipids
triglyceride
Fig.41: Effectofemulsifierslevelat12% fatinmalechicksdietonsome

1200
1000
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
mg/dl
800
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
totallipids
triglyceride
bloodcomponents
Fig.42:Effectofemulsifierslevelat12 %fatinfemalechicksdietonsome
bloodcomponents
127
1400
1200
control
nil
1000
low
mg/dl
high
800
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
totalliids
triglyceride
Fig.43:Effectofemulsifierslevelat12% fatinunsexedchicksdietonsome
bloodcomponents
128
1200
1000
control
nil
low
high
mg/dl
800
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
totalliids
triglyceride
129
1200
1000
control
8%
mg/dl
800
12%
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
totalliids
triglyceride
130
1200
1000
control
8%fat
mg/dl
800
12%fat
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
131
totallipids
triglyceride
Fig.46:Effectoffatlevelinunsexedchicksdietonsomebloodcomponents.
1200
control
8%fat
12%fat
1000
mg/dl
800
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
132
totallipids
triglyceride
Fig.47:Effectofemulsifierslevelinunsexedchicksdietonsome
1000
900
800
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
mg/dl
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
cholestrol
totallipids
triglyceride
bloodcomponents
bloodcomponents
133
1200
control
1000
nil
low
mg/dl
800
high
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
134
totalliids
triglyceride
Fig.49:Effectofemulsifierslevelinunsexedchicksdietonsomeblood
1200
1000
control
nil
mg/dl
800
low
high
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
totalliids
triglyceride
components.
Fig.(34):Effectoffatlevelondressingpercentageinunsexed
chicks
80
70
60
50
% 40
30
135
20
10
control
12%fat
8%fat
fig.(35):Effectofemulsifierslevelondressingpercentagein
malechicks
80
70
control
60
NIL
LOW
50
HIGH
% 40
30
20
10
0
136
Giblets
Carcass
Dressing
percentage
80
70
60
50
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
% 40
30
20
10
0
Giblets
137
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
80
70
60
50
% 40
30
20
10
0
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
Giblets
138
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
80
60
% 40
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
20
0
139
Giblets
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
80
60
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
% 40
20
0
140
Giblets
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
Fig.(30):Effectofemulsifierlevelat12% faton
80
70
60
50
% 40
30
20
10
0
141
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
Giblets
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
Fig.(31):Effectofemulsifierslevelat112%fat
ondressingpercentageofunsexedchicks
80
70
60
50
% 40
30
20
10
0
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
Giblets
142
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
Fig.(32):Effectoffatlevelondressingpercentagein
maleschicks
80
60
control
8%fat
% 40
12%fat
20
0
143
Giblets
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
infemalechicks
80
60
control
8%fat
12%fat
% 40
20
0
144
Giblets
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
80
70
60
50
% 40
30
20
10
0
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
Giblets
145
Carcass
Dressing
percentage
Fig.(37):Effectofemulsifierlevelondressingpercentage
inunsexedchcicks
80
control
NIL
60
LOW
HIGH
% 40
20
0
146
Giblets
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
Fig.(22):Effectoffatlevelonrelativeweightofsomeorgansinunsexedchickscarcass
4.5
4
control
8%fat
12%fat
3.5
3
2.5
%
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
liver
gazzerd
heart
Organs
147
abdominalfat
feather
Fig.(23):Effectofemulsifierslevelonrelativeweightofsomeorgansinmales
chickscarcass
5
control
nil
low
high
4
%
3
2
1
0
liver
gazzerd
heart
organs
148
abdominal feather
fat
Fig.(24):Effectofemulsifierslevelsonrelativeweightofsomeorgans
4
3
control
% 2
nil
low
high
liver
gazzerd
heart
Organs
149
abdominal feather
fat
5
control
4
%
nil
low
high
2
1
0
liver
gazzerd
heart
Organs
150
abdominal feather
fat
4
3.5
3
2.5
% 2
1.5
1
0.5
0
control
liver
gazzerd
nil
low
heart
organs
151
high
abdominal feather
fat
Fig.(17):effectofemulsifierslevelat12%fatonrelativesomeorgansinmales
chickscarcass
5
4
control
nil
low
high
3
2
1
0
liver
gazzerd
heart
Organs
152
abdominal feather
fat
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
% 2
1.5
1
0.5
0
control
nil
low
high
liver
gazzerd
heart
Organs
153
abdominal
fat
feather
inunsexedchickscarcass
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
% 2
1.5
1
0.5
0
control
liver
154
gazzerd
nil
heart
Organs
low
high
abdominal
fat
feather
control
nil
low
high
4
%
3
2
1
0
155
liver
gazzerd
heart
Organs
abdominalfat
feather
Fig.(19):Effectofemulsifierslevelat12%onrelativeweightofsome
organsinunsexedchickscarcass
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
% 2
1.5
1
0.5
0
control
nil
low
high
liver
156
gazzerd
heart
Organs
abdominal
fat
feather
157
Fig.(20):Effectoffatlevelonrelativeweightofsomeorgansinmale
chickscarcass
4.5
4
control
8%fat
12%fat
3.5
3
2.5
% 2
1.5
1
0.5
0
liver
gazzerd
heart
abdominal feather
fat
Organs
femalechickscarcass
control
8%fat
12%fat
4
%
3
2
1
0
liver
gazzerd
heart
158
Organs
abdominal
fat
feather
Fig.38:Effectofemulsifierslevelat8% fatinmalechicksdietonsome
bloodcomponents
159
900
800
control
nil
700
low
mg/dl
600
high
500
400
300
200
100
0
cholestrol
totalliids
triglyceride
Fig.39: Effectofemulsifierslevelat8 %fatinfemalechicksdietonsome

bloodcomponents)
160
900
mg/dl
800
control
700
NIL
600
LOW
HIGH
500
400
300
200
100
0
cholestrol
161
totallipids
triglyceride
Fig.40:Effectofemulsifierslevelat8%fatinunsexedchicksdietonsome
900
800
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
700
mg/dl
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
cholestrol
bloodcomponents
162
totallipids
triglyceride
Fig.41: Effectofemulsifierslevelat12% fatinmalechicksdietonsome

1200
1000
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
mg/dl
800
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
totallipids
triglyceride
bloodcomponents
Fig.42:Effectofemulsifierslevelat12 %fatinfemalechicksdietonsome
bloodcomponents
163
1400
1200
control
nil
1000
low
mg/dl
high
800
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
totalliids
triglyceride
Fig.43:Effectofemulsifierslevelat12% fatinunsexedchicksdietonsome
bloodcomponents
164
1200
1000
control
nil
low
high
mg/dl
800
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
totalliids
triglyceride
165
1200
1000
control
8%
mg/dl
800
12%
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
totalliids
triglyceride
166
1200
1000
control
8%fat
mg/dl
800
12%fat
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
167
totallipids
triglyceride
Fig.46:Effectoffatlevelinunsexedchicksdietonsomebloodcomponents.
1200
control
8%fat
12%fat
1000
mg/dl
800
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
168
totallipids
triglyceride
Fig.47:Effectofemulsifierslevelinunsexedchicksdietonsome
1000
900
800
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
mg/dl
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
cholestrol
totallipids
triglyceride
bloodcomponents
bloodcomponents
169
1200
control
1000
nil
low
mg/dl
800
high
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
170
totalliids
triglyceride
Fig.49:Effectofemulsifierslevelinunsexedchicksdietonsomeblood
1200
1000
control
nil
mg/dl
800
low
high
600
400
200
0
cholestrol
components.
171
totalliids
triglyceride
Fig.(34):Effectoffatlevelondressingpercentageinunsexed
chicks
80
70
60
50
control
8%fat
12%fat
% 40
30
20
10
0
Giblets
172
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
malechicks
80
70
control
60
NIL
LOW
50
HIGH
% 40
30
20
10
0
Giblets
173
Carcass
Dressing
percentage
80
70
60
50
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
% 40
30
20
10
0
Giblets
174
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
80
70
60
50
% 40
30
20
10
0
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
Giblets
175
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
80
60
% 40
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
20
0
176
Giblets
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
80
60
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
% 40
20
0
177
Giblets
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
Fig.(30):Effectofemulsifierlevelat12% faton
80
70
60
50
% 40
30
20
10
0
178
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
Giblets
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
Fig.(31):Effectofemulsifierslevelat112%fat
ondressingpercentageofunsexedchicks
80
70
60
50
% 40
30
20
10
0
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
Giblets
179
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
Fig.(32):Effectoffatlevelondressingpercentagein
maleschicks
80
60
control
8%fat
% 40
12%fat
20
0
80
60
infemalechicks
Giblets
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
control
8%fat
12%fat
% 40
180
20
0
Giblets
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
malechicks
80
70
60
control
50
LOW
NIL
HIGH
% 40
30
20
10
0
Giblets
181
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
Fig.(37):Effectofemulsifierlevelondressingpercentage
inunsexedchcicks
80
70
60
50
% 40
30
20
10
0
control
NIL
LOW
HIGH
Giblets
182
Carcass
Dressingpercentage
Fig.(22):Effectoffatlevelonrelativeweightofsomeorgansinunsexedchickscarcass
4.5
4
control
8%fat
12%fat
3.5
3
2.5
%
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
liver
gazzerd
heart
Organs
183
abdominalfat
feather
Fig.(23):Effectofemulsifierslevelonrelativeweightofsomeorgansinmales
chickscarcass
5
control
nil
low
high
4
%
3
2
1
0
liver
gazzerd
heart
organs
184
abdominal feather
fat
4
3
control
% 2
nil
low
high
liver
gazzerd
heart
Organs
185
abdominal feather
fat
5
control
4
%
nil
low
high
2
1
0
liver
gazzerd
heart
Organs
186
abdominal feather
fat
4
3.5
3
2.5
% 2
1.5
1
0.5
0
control
liver
187
gazzerd
nil
low
heart
organs
high
abdominal feather
fat
Fig.(17):effectofemulsifierslevelat12%fatonrelativesomeorgansinmales
chickscarcass
5
4
control
nil
low
high
3
2
1
0
188
liver
gazzerd
heart
Organs
abdominal feather
fat
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
% 2
1.5
1
0.5
0
control
nil
low
high
liver
gazzerd
heart
Organs
189
abdominal
fat
feather
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
% 2
1.5
1
0.5
0
control
liver
gazzerd
nil
heart
Organs
190
low
high
abdominal
fat
feather
control
nil
low
high
4
%
3
2
1
0
liver
gazzerd
heart
Organs
191
abdominalfat
feather
Fig.(19):Effectofemulsifierslevelat12%onrelativeweightofsome
organsinunsexedchickscarcass
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
% 2
1.5
1
0.5
0
control
nil
low
high
liver
gazzerd
heart
Organs
192
abdominal
fat
feather
Fig.(20):Effectoffatlevelonrelativeweightofsomeorgansinmale
chickscarcass
4.5
4
control
8%fat
12%fat
3.5
3
2.5
% 2
1.5
1
0.5
0
liver
gazzerd
heart
abdominal feather
fat
Organs
193
femalechickscarcass
control
8%fat
12%fat
4
%
3
2
1
0
liver
gazzerd
heart
Organs
194
abdominal
fat
feather
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5SUMMARY
This experiment was conducted at the poultry experimental station, Faculty of Agriculture, Al
Azhar universityNasr city, Cairo, Egypt, in order to studythe effect of use the emulsifiers in high
fatlevelsdietsofHabbardbroilerchicks.
The study aimed also investigate the effect of use different levels of emulsifiers on diets of
broiler chicks containing different levels of fat at different ages and its effect on productive
performance,carcassqualityandsomebloodcomponents.
Atotalnumberof(245dayold)HubbardbroilerchicksweredeliveredfromElSalampoultry
companyin 23/6/2002,anddividedrandomlyinto7experimentalgroups.
212
The group number (1) was fed during the first week to the end of fourth week of age on a
startercommercialdietcontaining(22.56%)crudeprotein,(2933kcal/ME/kg)ofdiet,and(3.24
%)fatatthebeginningofthe5 th weekofageofitwasfedonafinisherdietcontaining(18.14%)
crudeprotein,(3043kcal/ME/kg)and(3.54%)fatofdiet.
onastarterdietcontaining(22.56%)crudeprotein,(2954kcal/ME/kg)and(7.9%)fat.
onastarterdietcontaining(22.54%)crudeprotein,(2952kcal/ME/kg )and(12.05%)fat.
Dietsof 2and5groupsusedwithoutemulsifiers,butadditionof90mglecithin+450bilesalts
/kgdietwereusedindietsof3and6groupsand180mglecithin+900bilesalts/kgdietwereused
indietsof4and7groups,during14weeksofage.Atthebeginningof5th weekthegroupsnumber
(2,3and4)wasfedonfinisherdietcontaining(18.24%)crudeprotein,(3045kcal/ME/kg)
and(8.13%)fat.
Thegroupsnumber(5,6and7)wasfedonfinisherdietcontaining(18.11%)crudeprotein,(
3048kcal/ME/kg)and(12.23%)fatuntiltoendofexpermintalat7th week.
Resultscouldbesummarizedasfollowing:
213
1) Regardlessoffatlevel,noeffectofemulsifierswasobserveduntil2 rd weeksofchick'sage,
butduringthe3rd and4th week'semulsifier'slevelsdietnotaffectedlivebodyweight,butallgroup
fedemulsifiersandfatirrespectiveitslevelsgavesignificantlyheavybodyweight.
2) Regardless of emulsifier level addition fat at 8 or 12% on unsexed broiler chicks significantly
increasedlivebodyweightcomparedcontrol.Increasingfatlevelinsignificantlyincreasedlivebody
weight at 5th week ofage, but at 6th and 7th increasing fat level insignificantly decreased live body
weight.
3) Regardless of emulsifier level live body weight of each males and females was affected by fat
levelasthesametrendcitedaboveduring5th,6th and7th,respectively.
4) During the first four weeks of age addition emulsifiers did not affected body gain of broiler
chicks,butatadvancedageemulsifiersindietimprovedbodyweight.
5) Chicks received experimental diet recorded more feed intake and best feed conversion than
control.With8%fatfeedintakewasdecreasedandfeedconversionwasimprovedwhenemulsifiers
inthedietincreased.Butwith12%fatmostfeedconsumptionwasrecoveredbygroupreceivedlow
emulsifierslevel,butthebestfeedconversionwasrecordedbygroupreceivedhighemulsifiers.
6) Supplementation of broiler diet with 8% fat with emulsifiers increased feed intake during
experimentalperiod(27weeksofage)with455gm/bird.Itfollowsthatincreasedbodygainwith
292gm/birdcomparedtocontrol.Supplementationwith12%fatincreasedfeedconsumptionwith
224gm/birdmorethancontrol,whileitrecordedthesamefeedconversionvaluewhichrecorded
bycontrol.
214
7)Supplementationofbroilerdietwithfatwithoutemulsifiersincreasedfeedconsumption,but
not improved feedconversion.When low or high levelofemulsifierswasaddedto supplemented
dietfeedconversionwasimproved.
8)Regardlessofemulsifierslevelrelativemales,femalesandunsexedchicksliverssignificantly
increased when level in the diet increased from 8% to 12% fat. Regardless of fat level relative
males, females and unsexed chicks livers did not influenced by emulsifiers level in the diets
.Additionoffatwithorwithoutemulsifiertendtodecreasedliverweightinbothmalesandfemales.
9)Inunsexedchicks,testedlevelofemulsifierswith8%fator12%fatdidnotinfluencetotal
giblets, but group of broiler feed 8% only (but not 12% fat) with all tested level of emulsifier's
significantlydecreasedtotalgiblets.
10)Regardlessemulsifier's level, increasing fat levelslightly increasedrelativeabdominalfat.
Irrespective of fat level, increasing emulsifier's level in the diet significantly increased relative
abdominalfat.
11)In unsexedchicks,addition8% fat,12%withoutemulsifiersor8%with highemulsifier's
levelnotinfluencerelativeabdominalfat.Additionlowlevelofemulsifierseitherwith8%or12%
fatsignificantlydecreasedrelativeabdominalfat,butadditionhighlevelofemulsifierswith 12%fat
significantlyincreasedrelativeabdominalfat.
12) In unsexed chicks, with except group received low level of emulsifiers with 12% oil, all
testedgroupsrecordedfeatherpercentagesignificantlylessthancontrolgroup.Increasingoillevel
215
from8%to12%,regardlessofemulsifier'slevelfeatherpercentagesignificantlyincreased.Levelof
emulsifierswasnotinfluencefeatherpercentage.
13) Regardless of fat level, low level of emulsifiers recorded less empty carcass percentage
comparedto nilor high level.In females,emptycarcasspercentage wasaffected byeither oil or
emulsifierslevelsasthesametrendwhichobservedinmale.Consequentlyunsexedchicksgavethe
sametrendwitheitheroiloremulsifierslevels.
14)Anunsexedchicks,addition8%oilwithoutemulsifierhadnoteffectondressingpercentage
of chicks, but addition 12% oil without emulsifier's significantly decreased dressing percentage.
Increasing emulsifier's level with 8% oil did not affected dressing percentage, but with 12% oil
significantly increased it. Regardless emulsifier's level, increasing oil significantly decreased
dressing percentage. On the other hand,, when emulsifier level increased , regardless oil level
decreasingpercentageincreased.
15)addition 8%oilinmaledietsharply significantincreasedplasmacholesterollevel,thislevel
wasstronglyincreasedwhenoillevelincreasedto12% additionemulsifiersondietcontaining8%
or 12%oil strongly decreased plasma cholesterol , this depression was more clear gradually with
increase of emulsifiers . For all that, plasma cholesterol level in all experimental groups was
significantlyhigherthancontrol.
16)Regardlessof emulsifier'slevel,increasingoillevelinthedietstronglyincreasedtotallipids
and triglyceride in plasma. In contrary regardless of oil level, increasing emulsifier's level clearly
decreasedplasmatotallipidsandtriglyceride.
216
17)Forconculotionofpresent invesegation findings,resultsobtainedsuggastedthataddition

90 mg lecithin and 450 mg bile salts per kg of broilers high fat diet improved productive
performanceandcarcassqualityandledtosuitabledecreasedplasmalipidscomponents.
Generally from present results may be recommended to use high fat diets supplemented with
emulsifiersforbroilers.
.
.
217

.
245
2002/6/237.
%22.56
2933 %3.24 .
%18.14 3043 %3.54
..
%22.56 2954 %7.9.
%22.54 2952
12.05.

90 450 180
900.

%18.243045%8.13.
%18.113048%12.23.
:
218
1

).(
2 8 %12

.
3
.
4
.
5
)(%8
%12

6 %8 72
455 292%12
224
.
219
7
.
8
%128
.
9
%8
%12.
10
.
11%12%8

.
12 ) (
.
13
.
14 %8 %12

220
15 %8

.
16

.
17 90 450

.
221
)(
1979
)()( 1995
)(
)(
222
1428
2007
)(
223
1979
)()( 1995
)(
)(
1428
2007
:
./)
./()
./ )(
224
1428//
2007//
)(
1979
)()( 1995
)(
)(
225
1428
2007
:
.
/.
Male
Sex
226
Items
Absolute
Relative
Control
Table(18):Effectofbothemulsifiersandfatlevelsinthedieton
Absolute(gm)andrelative(%)weightofliver.
AabA
34.7
AaA
2.1
12%
8%
Levelof emulsifiersaddition
Overmean
Levelofemulsifiers
addition
nil
low
high
mean
nil
low
high
mean
nil
low
high
b
28.3
c
1..5
b
28.0
c
1.4
ab
31.0
bc
1.6
A
29.1
C
1..5
b
26.3
bc
1 .6
a
39.0
ab
1. 9
a
39.0
ab
1. 9
A
34.2
B
1.8
A
27.3
B
1. 5
A
32.7
B
1. 7
A
35.0
B
1. 7
Female
Absolute
AaA
33.0
AaA
2.11
a
26.0
c
1.51
a
31.3
bc
1.60
a
29.7
c
1.5
A
28.2
B
1. 5
a
26.3
abc
1. 8
a
35.0
a
2.02
a
35.0
ab
1.90
A
32.2
A
2.0
A
26.2
B
1. 7
A
33.2
AB
1. 8
A
32.3
B
1.7
Mean
Absolute
AAbcA
33.8
dc
27.2
bcd
29.7
abcd
30.3
A
29.1
d
26.3
ab
36.2
a
37.0
A
33.2
B
26.8
A
32.9
A
33.7
Relative
AaA
2.1
c
1. 5
c
1. 5
c
1. 6
C
1. 5
bc
1. 7
ab
2.0
ab
1. 9
B
1. 9
B
1. 6
B
1. 7
B
1.7
Relative
a,bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat 0.05 level.

A,Bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat 0.05 level
A,meanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat 0.05 level
M
al
e
Sex
227
Items
Control
gizzared.
Absolute
AaA
26.7
12%
8%
nil
low
high
mean
nil
low
high
mean
Overmean
Levelofemulsifiers
addition
nil
low
high
a
29.3
a
26.0
a
29.7
A
28.3
a
26.0
a
24.7
a
24.7
A
25.0
A
27.7
A
25.2
A
27.2
Female
Absolute
Mean
Relative
Absolute
Relative
Relative
AaA
1.6
BaA
23.3
AbB
1..5
AaA
25.0
AaA
1.56
abc
1..4
a
25.0
b
1. 5
a
27.2
a
1. 45
bc
1.3
a
29.0
ba
1.60
a
27.5
a
1. 4
ab
1.5
a
29.7
b
1. 5
a
29.7
a
1. 5
AB
1.4
A
27.9
BA
1. 6
A
28.1
A
1. 5
ab
1. 6
a
24. 3
ab
1. 6
a
25.2
a
1. 6
c
1. 2
a
32.0
a
1..9
a
28.2
a
1..54
B
1..3
A
28.4
A
1.7
A
26.7
A
1. 5
c
1. 2
a
29.0
ab
1. 60
a
26.8
a
1. 4
AB
1. 5
AB
24.7
A
1.6
A
26.2
A
1. 5
B
1. 3
A
30.5
A
1. 7
A
27.8
A
1. 5
B
1. 4
A
29.3
A
1.6
A
28.3
A
1.4
Sex
228
Items
Control
heart.
12%
8%
nil
nil
low
high
mean
low
high
mean
Overmean
Levelofemulsifiers
addition
nil
low
high
Male
Absolute
Female
Absolute
AaA
9. 5
AaA
0..59
BabA
6. 3
a
7. 7
b
0.38
ab
7. 3
a
8. 2
ab
0.40
ab
8. 3
a
9. 7
ab
0. 50
a
8. 7
A
8. 5
B
0. 4
A
8. 1
Relative
ABaAB
0.41
ab
0.43
ba
0.43
ab
0. 45
A
0. 4
Mean
Absolute
ABabA
7. 9
ab
7. 5
ab
8.25
a
9. 2
Relative
AaA
0. 5
a
0. 4
a
0.42
a
0. 47
Relative
a
7. 0
b
0.42
b
6. 0
b
0.40
a
9. 0
ab
0.45
a
8. 7
a
9. 0
b
0. 42
ab
8. 3
A
8. 3
B
0. 4
A
8.1
B
7. 3
B
0. 4
B
6.7
AB
8. 6
B
0. 4
A
8. 5
A
9. 3
B
0. 5
A
8. 5
a
0.51
ab
0. 45
A
0. 4
B
0. 4
A
0. 46
A
0. 45
A
8. 3
b
6. 5
a
8. 8
a
8. 7
A
8. 0
B
7. 0
A
8. 5
A
8. 9
A
0. 4
a
0.41
a
0.48
a
0.44
A
0. 4
B
0. 4
A
0. 5
A
0. 5
Sex
229
Items
o
n
t
r
o
totalgiblets.
Levelof emulsifiersaddition
nil
low
high
mean
nil
low
high
mean
nil
low
high
A
65.9
B
3. 30
A
65. 1
B
3. 5
A
65. 5
B
3. 4
d
59.3
a
72.7
a
72. 7
A
62. 3
A
66. 4
A
71. 5
a
3. 60
a
3. 60
a
3. 50
B
3. 4
B
3. 4
B
3. 6
a
56.7
a
75. 7
a
72. 3
B
57. 5
A
72. 2
AB
70. 2
ab
3. 80
a
4. 43
a
3. 95
B
3. 7
A
4. 00
B
3. 75
b
58. 0
a
74. 0
a
72. 5
B
60. 0
A
69. 3
A
70. 8
ab
3. 71
a
4. 00
ab
3. 74
A
67. 6
B
3. 6
A
68. 7
A
4. 1
A
68.2
A
3. 9
B
3. 6
B
3. 7
B
3. 7
Male
Overmean
Absolute
AbA
70.9
c
65.3
d
62.2
b
70.4
Relative
AaA
4. 29
b
3.2 0
b
3. 10
a
3. 60
Female
12%
Absolute
BaB
62. 7
a
58. 3
a
68. 7
a
68. 0
Relative
AaA
4. 02
b
3. 44
b
3. 63
b
3. 43
Mean
8%
Absolute
AabA
66. 8
ab
61. 8
ab
65. 4
ab
69. 2
Relative
AaA
4. 16
b
3. 35
b
3. 32
b
3. 52
A,Bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat0.05level.
A, Bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat0.05level.
230
Mean
Female
Male
Sex
231
Items
Control
abdominalfat.
8%
12%
nil
low
high
mean
nil
low
high
mean
a
b
ab
A
b
ab
a
A
AbB
Absolute
27. 2
28. 2
33. 3 23.7 24. 7
22.7 25.0
37.0
22. 7
ab
c
c
A
bc
c
a
A
AbcA
Relative
1. 4
1. 5
1. 6
1. 2
1. 3
1. 4
1. 3
1. 8
1. 4
c
b
a
B
b
b
a
A
BbB
Absolute
22.
6
25.
4
17.0
20.3
30.
7
21.3
22.7
32.
0
21. 7
ABbAB
d
cd
ab
B
ab
bc
a
A
Relative
1. 2
1. 5
1. 4
0. 99 1.09 1. 55
1.50 1.30 1. 75
A
A
b
b
b
b
b
a
BbA
Absolute
24. 9
26. 8
25. 2 22.0 27. 7
22.0 23.8 34. 5
22. 2
bc
c
b
A
b
c
a
A
ABbA
Relative
1. 3
1. 5
1. 31 1.14
1. 4
1. 4
1.28
1. 8
1. 38
Overmean
Levelofemulsifiers
addition
nil
low
high
A
A
A
28. 0
24. 3
30. 8
A
A
A
1. 5
1. 2
1. 5
B
B
A
19. 2
21. 5
31. 5
B
B
A
1. 2
1. 2
1. 7
B
B
A
23. 6
22. 9
31. 1
AB
B
A
1. 4
1. 2
1. 6
Mean
Female
Male
Sex
232
Items
Control
feather.
8%
12%
nil
low
high
mean
nil
low
high
mean
c
b
a
A
a
b
b
A
AbcA
Absolute
43. 9
51. 7
26. 7 46.7 58. 3
63.3 46.7 45. 0
36. 7
b
b
b
B
b
b
b
B
AaA
Relative
3. 3
3. 6
3. 2
3. 1
3. 6
3. 6
3. 6
3. 5
4. 3
a
a
a
A
a
a
a
A
AaA
Absolute
53. 3
47. 7
55.0
55.0 50. 0
51.7 43.3 48. 3
58. 3
c
bc
c
B
b
a
b
A
AbA
Relative
3.
5
4.
1
3.
4
3.
7
3.
5
3.
9
4.
4
3.
9
4. 0
a
a
a
A
a
a
a
A
AaA
Absolute
48. 6
49. 7
40. 8 50.8 54. 2
57.5 45.0 46. 7
47. 5
c
c
c
C
b
a
b
B
AaA
Relative
3. 4
3. 8
3. 32
3. 4
3. 53
3.72 4.00 3. 73
4. 15
A, Bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineach rawaresignificantlydifferentat0.05 level
Overmean
nil
A
45. 0
B
3. 4
A
53. 3
B
3. 6
A
49. 2
B
3. 5
low
A
46. 7
B
3. 4
A
49. 2
A
4. 0
A
47.9
B
3. 7
high
A
51.7
B
3. 6
A
49. 2
B
3. 7
A
50. 4
B
3. 6
Male
Absolute
Female
Items
Absolute
Mean
Sex
Absolute
Relative
Relative
Relative
Control
emptycarcass.
BbB
1144
AaA
69. 2
BbcC
1073
AabA
69. 0
BbB
1108
AabA
69. 1
8%
nil
low high mean
a
1437
a
70. 9
abc
1190
a
69. 4
a
1313
a
70. 18
ab
1360
b
68. 8
ab
1280
ab
68. 6
a
1320
b
68. 72
ab
1347
a
69. 8
a
1340
abc
66. 2
a
1343
ab
69. 0
A
1381
A
69. 8
A
1271
A
69. 1
A
1326
A
69. 3
12%
nil
low high mean
b
1107
c
66. 6
c
983
bcd
67. 1
b
1043
c
66. 9
ab
1275
d
60. 6
abc
1127
d
65. 4
ab
1201
d
65. 02
a
1443
a
69. 1
ab
1217
cd
66. 5
a
1331
bc
67. 8
AB
1275
B
66. 8
B
1109
B
66. 7
AB
1192
B
66. 6
233
Overmean
nil
low
high
AB
1271
A
68. 8
AB
1087
A
68. 3
B
1179
AB
68. 5
AB
1318
B
66. 7
AB
1203
A
67. 0
AB
1260
B
66. 9
A
1395
A
69. 4
A
1278
A
67. 4
A
1337
AB
68. 4
Mean
Female
Male
Items
Control
Sex
totaledibleparts.
8%
nil
low
high
mean
12%
nil
low
high
mean
Overmean
nil
low
high
Absolute
BbB
1215
a
1502
ab
1422
ab
1417
A
1447
b
1166
ab
1346
a
1516
AB
1343
AB
1334
AB
1384
A
1467
Dressing
percentage
AabA
73. 5
a
74. 2
bc
71. 9
ab
73.4
A
73. 2
d
70. 2
e
68. 2
cd
72. 7
B
70. 4
AB
72. 2
B
70. 1
A
73. 1
BbcB
1136
abc
1248
ab
1349
a
1408
A
1335
c
1040
abc
1202
ab
1289
B
1177
B
1144
AB
1276
A
1349
AaA
73. 0
a
72.9
ab
72. 2
abc
71. 7
AB
72. 2
abc
70. 9
c
69. 8
bc
70. 4
B
70.4
A
71. 9
A
71. 1
A
71. 1
Absolute
BbcB
1175
a
1375
a
1385
a
1413
A
1391
c
1103
ab
1274
a
1403
AB
1260
B
1239
AB
1330
A
1408
Dressing
percentage
AabA
73. 27
a
73. 5
bc
72. 1
ab
72.53
A
72. 7
d
70. 6
e
68.98
cd
71.55
B
70. 4
AB
72. 1
B
70. 5
AB
72. 1
Absolute
Dressing
percentage
a,bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat0.05 level.
234
235

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USEOFEMULSIFIERSINHIGHFATLEVELDIETSOFBROILERS.

Departmentof Animal Production

Effect of emulsifiers level in the diet on average live

Effect of fat level on relative weight of some organs in

Effect of emulsifiers level on dressing percentage in

8to 12weeks ofturkey'sagewas lessthanresponseduringthe 16 to20 weeksof age.Similar

dissolve fattyacidsandWater insolublesoaps.The presenceofbile in the intestineisan important

cholesterol. The HDLcholesterol is particularly important because of its inverse relationship to

chick. Asignificantdifferencebetweensexes inchickserumcholesterolconcentrationat fiveand

safflower phospholipid resulted insomedesirablealterations,suchasthe reduction ofplasmaand

gasheater. Theroom temperature waskept atabout (355c)

Birdsof all experimentalgroups were vaccinatedagainst Newcastle usingHatchner b, strain in

4 2 : Effect of both emulsifiers and fat level in the diet on carcass

a,bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat 0.05 level.

Fig.(16): Effectofem ulsifierslevelat8% fatonrelativew eightofsom e

Fig.(20): Effectoffatlevelonrelativew eightofsom eorgansin

Fig.(25): Effectofem ulsifierslevelsonrelativew eightofsom e

Resultsobtained in presentstudyare inagreement to thoseobtainedbyBadawy, (1997) who

Fig.39: Effectofemulsifierslevelat8% fatinfemalechicksdietonsomebloodcomponents

Fig.41: Effectofemulsifierslevelat12% fatinmalechicksdietonsome bloodcomponents

Fig.43:Effectofemulsifierslevelat12% fatin combinedsexeschicksdietonsomebloodcomponents

Fig.39: Effectofemulsifierslevelat8 %fatinfemalechicksdietonsome

Fig.41: Effectofemulsifierslevelat12% fatinmalechicksdietonsome

Fig.39: Effectofemulsifierslevelat8 %fatinfemalechicksdietonsome

Fig.41: Effectofemulsifierslevelat12% fatinmalechicksdietonsome

Bratov, I., S. Bornstein and P. Budowski, (1971).Variability of cholesterol concentration in

Harper, H. A. V.W. Rodwell and P. A. Mayes (1979): Review of Physiological Chemistry,

Ide, T., M. Murata and H. Moriuchi, (1992).Microsomal triacylglycerol synthesis and

Tuckey,R.B.E.March,andJ.Biely,(1958).Dietsandthe rateof foodpassage inthe growing

17)Forconculotionofpresent invesegation findings,resultsobtainedsuggastedthataddition

a,bmeanslavingthesamecommonletterwithineachrawaresignificantlydifferentat 0.05 level.

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