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s r q t u o s l o s s n 3 s p n l r r n 4& o ^ p e qs M U o q Mq r n ( p r o l x ol o ^ 1 r s r 3 ^ u nu) r e 6 ou e l v o 1 ) u e q l o a l , t p n o M a M o s N a l c r ] l e s r q l up a p n s L r r l e u a l au^ ,D e 4 s n lr|a q l or o ] s e a Ms e u o r s L l l ,l o o l o q d
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uo sabeurraql erntreJnuelrlJo eJxlsslt sl ulof,slql lo alnlee, Jellnoadlaqlouv
'aleol rLaqlle suloJro lelaLujo sdeaqqllm elooJnurotr
pue suLolqloq
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roj Moulllun punoluaaqa^eq puabalslq] q]lM uolllepeuro suor oN LGvJlTSAd
aql^lo,r
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tfvfl\Ol
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'iroradLua
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pelu r! slelalu lle ur suror oq] roj ad^l ,&euLpro
eqf suo(lepeurro leleLu,(ue Jo suloo uo puabel slql qllM raqlaool punoJ
uaaq]ou seMasre^arstl.llJo aoeuJlaql Moulllufl ed^l Meue sluasaJdalasla^eraq]
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eq] uO gnv SANVIOuO9
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138

CristianG:zdac,AgnesAlfdldyGAzdac

I\4oreover,
after restoration,this coin provedto be a platedone,with a very thin
poor
foil of
silvercontent over a coppercoree.
On the basisof these argumentsit can be consideredthat this piecerepresents
a crudepfatedcopy of an antoninianus
lt not evena spoiltcoin (see Plate,no. 1).
Owingto its status as an ancientimitation,the date of the obverseuponwhichit
is modefled(post AD 240) may only be ragdedas a teminus post quem fot its
production.Thearchaeological
context in whichthis coinwasfounddoesnot offer for
the moment more informationabout the date when this coin was droooed/ lost.
Anothercoin,whichwasfoundin the samearchaeological
context,is a platddenadus
depictingSeptimiusSeveruson the obverser0.
The study of this coin providesan opportunityto extendthe researchon the
frequencyof Romancoin copiesin the provinceof DaclaWerethesecopiesregarded
as counteffeitcoinsaccordingto the Romanlegislation?
Thefirst lawconcerning
the counterfeiting
of coinageof whichwe are awareis the
edictumcumpoenaet iudlcloof MariusGratidianus
of c, 84 BCrr.Accordingto Grierson
this lawdid not survive"the returnof Sullaandthe praetor'sexecution"1,.
Thebasisof
the Romanlawof counterfeiting
is considered
by the sameauthoras a sectionin Sulla's
lex Comeliade falsis(c. 81 BC)i3,also knownas Lex Corneliatestamentaia nummaia ..
The originaltext is lost, althoughsome of its clausessurvivedin lJlpian'ssummary
quoted in the D,itestaei "Lege Corneliacavetur, ut, qui in aurum vitii quid addideit, qui
argenteosnummosadulterinosflave t, falsi cimine teneri. Eadempoenaadficitu etiam
is qui, cum prchibere tale quid posset, non Wohibuit."1s, lt can be seen that
counterfeitingand connivingat counterfeitingof the silvercoinagewas considereda
crime.At the sametime, the buyingand sellingof coinsmadeof tin and lead,which
were mistakenfor silver,was alsoprohibited.Therewere no specifications
about the
gold coins,as apart from emergencyissuesno other gold was issuedby the mint of
Romeduringthe Republic.OutsideRome,fairly large issueswere struck by military
commanders,
owingto their lmpelum16.
In the contextof this lawgold is addressed
in
the contextof controllingthe qualityof metalusedby the goldsmithsrT.
The punishmentsfor counterfeitingthe silver coinage are describedin the
/rstitutioresl3and consistof deathfor slavesand banishmentfor free meni !...Legis
poena in servos ultimum supplicium est, quod et in lege de sicariis et veneficis
setuatur, liberos vero deportatio4s.
It canbe observedthat accordingto this lawcountefeitingwasconsidered
a form
of fraud and not an offenceagainstthe state. Thissituationwas profoundlychanged
underthe Principate.
'gWewould lke to expressour gratitudeto Mrs. D. Boro$from the Restaurationand Conseryation
Laboratoryof the NationalHistoryMuseumofTransylvaniaCluj-Napoca
who kindlyagreedto do the
restorationwork fof this coin.
'0C. G:zdac,The coin findsfrom the archaological
excavationsin Partos1I9 8 2001 (forthcoming).
rrT. l4ommsen,Histoirede la monnaieromainell, Paris187O,82-A4.
"P. Grierson,The Ronan Law of Counterfeiting,in Essaysin RomanCoinagepresentedto Harold
M a t t i n g l yO, x f o r d1 9 5 6 ,2 4 2 , n . t .
' r l b i d e m2
, 42.
l4ciceto,tn verrem,tt, t,42; P. crierson(n. I2), 242, n. 2.
r5D,lleste48. 1O. 9.
i 6 P .G r i e r s o(ni . 1 Z ) , 2 4 2 ,n . 4 .
rBOueto the ate date of the /nst autio,es,Gierson hasexprcsseddoubts about the accuracyof this source
concerningthe punishmentsin the oiginal version of the lex Comeliade falsb, see lbiderr.,242, n.3.
te lnstit.4. 18. 7-A.

Th
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oe con
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'e6eLlol la^lrspue p 06
Jo 6ull e,ualunolaq]
qtrMpauraluos^llcr.rls^ra^ aq o] su]aasuo lEls6al ueulouaql ',]q6s ]sl J aq] lv
'splei uo aulluelsuo] u6ol
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aqt puo^aqale ^eL]l ]nq
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'szuo
lnrexa pelleMe pue pauosljdu.rleull] eql le seM oq
srrl]rol laqlorqPolu tre]trodleladu aql oulleequ or e pe lleo lq6u) 6uno^e uau/\^
eleae)eJla u6ler aqt 6uunp a^lae llls seM ]uJu]alels slql ,z,esilnlu Lteuedqta^
aeuulel u]essudwt []lsn6nvl wat64]a olnuuelat aaanu, oT lJoaed\ pelaplsuor sem ll
snuaqI lo u6rareqt 6uunptsnruolansol oruapalJeA6 eM ] ezrojeduaeql 6ull3ldap
suratl lluesorrPs se peteart ara/!\se6eulo! ]e^ls pue plo6 aql lJe! ul \zelauow
s/./psaeJasnJero] pemolle^le6a lou are s]alo]6ueer6 aql pue sra)ueq aql lEql LlcrtlM
at 'snquonelndslo llelrldj ap ueveuo) s,uerllv ulo.lj aoessed e ^q osle paLlrrr,tuotr
sr siql aruejJo u paroprsuorosle se,\ llerllod leueoulLaql qllM sulol -la^ls lo
p106tdallp ol lesnlar oqt qrqM ur reeltuatuass, ned Jo asnell aql ul palJeLtereq ^eur
eue3aq e6eurol se uees se/v\.leAls pue ploOleql lllaLLln6rPeql
.,^auoLLrerredLur,,
',zaoeurolpue sralraJreluno3
lou
pue funsearlr lqndeLl]pue le.rauaO
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pue slelaur]o uo lErallnpea|ql ua \912-s1z cv) snlcel ]o sMelaql palellsuoLuap
sell ror,llne eures eql sv !?.,el.loleueslnq lP le euadlll ^lleullol ]ou sPM!,
olets aqt Iq azuorqJo anss aLl]teql 13eiaLl]ol anp 6ulaqse uosraugIq peuldxa
uaoq seq a6euroJezuo]qrro6urta,ualunocaLl]lsule6euorlels6al ^ue ,o >lleleql
'?z,lueqep pupe oDtlddnsoLuans'^Jes B'uep seBsaqpe luns uaql aeptnb
E :tuuaxu!] p^ lu)exul atyed 'tuuasa a\Jed soene sowLunu anbwnrnall q:]eap
eql ul slseaq aql ol paluepuor aq
o] parn]Jol aq 01 e]3^ se^els pue s]alPeq]lLldLue
'a6eulol po6 aql 6lqlefeluno:)
ol araMuaLueerJ:ere^eseroLuuo^a erel sa.rnseauleq]
qslund lelldex pue seJolltLunL!
)aJ uolleoilxnlJ ro sau,*
lo ^llln06asoql rol se^elsrol ]uaLU
)a) aIXa :a6eutolla^ls oql to 6u llafalunol lo fllln6 puno] ssoql jo
ut \)oM 'saJotfseuoLl
'6uldd '6u
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ll
llelLl
sntets lercoseql ot patceuuor araMslueuqslund aql 6uunrul
'6u,!rsle, etap
]eero ur ua^r6ore aBeutocra^ltspue plo6 aql oursnqesa lLlsuo3lqM,to
I

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eql!e^lsaq]se'aMsee6'ur::.,p.1:?:#:3
suo,rlu,ap
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AJAStnllrylAl Aesnn U )ne JnTUepwryPpu ut ne Lualne gaJo|tunLl tnluelJodap

'weuuellnpe Jala%d 'uelauoa aeleu6s
wensu u aepnb se,ol:seuotl:ttJa^eqoJdal
'lltet4lnpe
wndou)d enbnlpA')lJeAetltA'tuadtu)o3'tuasu'lua\elJuo)'lua^etel
saaTua'Je soune sowanu lnb [ ] elpuJoJ a6a_7,,:07seuuoluv aq] ]o su6el aql
6urnp alrtrerd eqt sloelrartxo] aql '0V funtua3p aql 01 ourlec aellu3luass,lned
u uo^16sl lredse sqt uo ecrnospatelap lsou.laql ee\ualuas sined paeslnsuosoJd
op!]la ap lq!1 s,ueld| 'eletsu!^dd anlrtpa pe /lql_7,snre9 se qlns ,^el ]o s enuelu
qbnorql sloure^oo er3ur^ord
aLuoso] sloradLuaaq] ro salddr aql are JlPdrlulrdaq]
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144

C r s t i 2 nG a z d a cA, g n e sA l f d d yG d z d a c

The recentanalysesof the nLrm

srnaticmaterialfrom differentsites of this
province
attestveryoftento the presence
of ancientrnitations
andcopies:hybrids,
platedandcastcoins2e.
"barbarous",
ln the caseof the gold,no mistreated
coinshavebeenrecorded
for Dacia.
Thisis
a generapatternfor the Roman
Empire
that besidethe heavypunishment
by aw,the
goldconagewas not reguarly usedin the daly transactions
as the slver coinage
was,".
Forth s studywe take nto accountony thosemaltreated
sivercoins,wh ch bear
the portrats of emperors
startingwithTrajan.Thereis no certanty that s rnilarcoins
depictingearier empeTorswere al struck after the transformaton af Dacia nIo a
Romanprovincen AD 106.
The most comrnonancent irnitations
are plateddenomnations,Concerning
the
co n finds from the Romantowns of Daciaat UlpiaTraianaSarmizegetusa
the platecl
clenariiteptesentI7.3% of the aggregatenurnberof denari found at this site and
7.1o/o
of the antaninianii
findsare alsop ated (seecomparativetables).
Al Apulum,6.8% of the denariifinds are plated. lt shouldbe noted that the
incidenceof plated cons may be higherthan is often recorded,due to thetr
mlsdentficationas genuinecoins, The excavationsfrom the site of Partos
demonstratethat 45.4a/a
of the slver denominations
are plated derarlr (see
comparative
tables)At Potaissa,4.8o/oof denatii and 2.7a/aaf antoninianiiare p ated3, (see
comparative
tables).
At Drobeta,29.1o/o
of dena iarc plated.lt hasto be notedthat all the plated
denarii\Nete
found on the territory of the auxiltaryforts were they represent63.6yo
of this denomnaton finds(seecomparative
tab es).
Al Napoca,Tibiscumand Diena, the plated denariirepresent20%, 21.6tu,
respectively
I Ll% of the tota numberoffindsfromthesesites.owinqtothe stale
of archaeological
research
andthe publicatron
of the numismatic
mater;],the frgures
for theseurbansettlernents
(seecornparative
shouldbe seenas provisional
tables)
Patedcoinsare alsofoundin the best researched
and pubishedauxiliarv
forls
from RomanDacla:at Buciumi:
22.6a/a
of Ihe denariare p atecl:Romta.l t.5yoof
denariiand1 out of 3 antoninianii
are plated;liisua,56.4yaaf denariiand3 out of g
antoninianii
arc plated;Gherla,9_2a/a
of denariiand 1 afi 11 antoninianiiate p ated;
Mehadia,
12.17oof denariiarc
plated(seecornparative
tables).
The numberof ruralsettlementsfrom RomanDaclaw th we I publshedrraterialts
evensmallerthanin the caseof the auxiliary
forts.Fromthis pointof vrewonlytwo
slteswereavalablefor this stldy. At N4icdsasa
andOrea, 28.4yoand 37.7o/rof denant
areplated.At Orlea,also2 out of 2l antoninianiiarc
plated(seecomparatve
tables).
At the first sight,it seemsthat the mitativedenariihavea very high ncidenceIn
the countryside,
blt it must be ernphasized
that thesetwo sitesshouldbe regardedas
unusual
ruralstes. Micesasa
potterycenterwhle Orleawas an
was a welldeveloped
/ ' C . C ; z d a c M o n e t a rcyr c u l a o
t n n D a ca n t h e p e r i o df r o mT r a j a nt o C o n s t a n t i n| e( A D r 0 6 - 3 3 7 )
D P h t h e s i sU
, n i v e r s i toyf O r f o r d( 2 0 0 1 ) ,m a n l s c r p r .
r ! n l o r n r aot n D r .C a t h yK n g .
r C . C ; z d a c , , T h e . o ,rnn d s r r o n r h e a r c h : e o t o q c a
e t c a v a t o n sn p a r t o s1 9 9 8 2 0 0 1 ( f o r r h c o m n g ) .
p n i n . oc ! ( o - n r i o i t h i e r u d , .
16.o_< o. In
rzAt Potaiss,many of the coinsfolnd on"the tetr rory of rhe Romanto;n
and tgo.:ry fort were
part oi the collectionsof Tegas aid Kemeny,thus t can be slpposed thar the ownersof these
L
c
.
o
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p
r
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1 o \ ' a t P o t < r . s<t "dp A o o ; n " " . . \ 4 1 l - . r v o i - o d ,
"nt " "eo-"rs..,,u
I 9 7 3 , 2 7 f f ( K e m n y )4,3 f f ( T 6 g t i s ) .

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'ruap^a
!r6oo.qcre sql lo srseqaLll uoL'
A srarla. +o oRerya^ e 1Eql patsa06nsusaq sPq 1
'01 (t u) eapn9
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'8'''616
r 3 b 6 n r 8 ' a i d l u al n e q
n p a n b o d g it r n o t r n ss ! P u r o ! s a tz q r . r ? r u P n o up o r l s ! P 6 r or,n s a p n r | u n r r o r r o d' i a e l a p s ! ,
r1su6q
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snoqreq 'uollrq 'paleld) sadol are %80 s 'olls slql le punoJttreuapaql p raqLunu
l)o, fuelllxneaql Luo4 aruapr^asDeLuslLrlnu
leql saleJtpu unssrc)od UJ9J+
letol oql LuoJ4
uror]tuolrod onelg aql
aq] lo s|s^leueaqf araql aluasa.rd/tell[L! aq] aq plnol @ns9//orod
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6t, uqund snq!6at snotxouqo suofseJ uJtuepuAdd ele )a^
etudoa n 'aE1u61p stlpaad sunuuou le snqpp6eeJcl e sollsodeerd re slet3ttla soauopt
Jad upof,gn) snwtnlels galtw l sueull! lo 'nssaJJe f^ansuos snqAeu essa )olllae!
onb'sra^e anb oltl wtua soyod, :99 CV Llo]j euroo s.rapell Iq palodsuelt surol
lo ^]tuenb oqt pue ^lrtenb aqt )aaqr ol a6reqcu Jjels e ]noqe uolleurloru ua]]uM ^luo
aqt '^lateunuotuTlLwnuqae a\l otut 5uualua suloJ pe)iel plo^e ol jrels all]ro Luolsna
eq] Xq uorlelncJSuro4 ^auoLr.tJo u]\ erpq]r/l alelaqllap e ro llnsel e lou sl seloo3,to
^trtuenb aq] ]eq] rla)irlLuoaslou I seop 'ese3srql ul sPl/e6llJaeql lsbuoure]uelJodtul
]sorJ pue sasul^ordIq papttdd epued\s pue elrqlJ? eq] o] louedns lou ,l lenba lseal
]e se/!\ aurosursrql lo alor oql teql palse66ns a^eq sloqlne euos rrfunseell oq] roj
so3rnosauro3urluelodui lsolu aql Jo auo se oJldull ueLlou aql ul pelaplsuo3seMsaxel
urolsns tuo.rtXeuouJeLll leql uMou) sr ll anle^ lnoqlL/v\surol lo oulplecslpaq] slrolJo]
',sauo
suror aseq] to ocuoprclraql leLll aq osle ^eur I le sMoH erJllqMe loj lsea ]e
au nuab se possedplnor su ol aseql teq] palsa66ns uaeq seq lt '^lllenb ltaq] se lloMse
'e]rs aq] puno] surocaql xl[uenb e6rel oq] o1 enc
]e
srsoxelulo]sn3 aq] ^ed ol suroa
Jo
qjns 6ursn]o lnsar e se sreloqrs euros Iq pauteldxa^lle3tlaqtod^quaaq seq satdoc]o
'satdo3tuaroue
abetuacradq6rq^ra^ srLlf ,!(/re!ep uollrq9 pue pateld tZ) paleld ^luteLr.r
4e spuu Deuop aql lo %to t9 1loyod o?els) asnoq s,urolsn3eq] ,o oser aql ul
'(solqe] a^rleredLuolaas) eloq^l e se al s aqt
Jo abera^e aql
ueqt ^]ltuenb ra6re! qcnur e ephord alrs aq] lo sl-redeulos uJnssrojod\e'Lunlndv 'o
asereqlul sv paleld e)e uetuuofue lo o/oozpue tueuep +o o/os'62'wnssrcJod fv
'uor] sod reln!
l-red.raql o1 6urMoJrlsuelrereqc c4oads ro aloqn e se a3ul^old slq] ujoJj
sels lernroLllro ula]led e sluaserdarse]rso/vuasaql Luo.lla6eu03 e^lle]rulljo a:ruoplgul
aql raqlaq/v{^es 01 llnl4l|p sl }! 'elqelle^esalrloJeq P/red rto se}ls lernl raq}o urorl
uorleuJrolur
aroL!lrlun uorlenl]|l ^]P]euoLu
lo I]lsue]urq6lqeq]D sauose paraplsuoo
aq p no3 satrs qtoq a.rolaroql e,1eplrnsi
Jo tuauralllos ueqin-lsenbeq] ,o pooqlnoqq6lou
asolsaql u osle seM pue 'ra^r8 aqt re^o !rabplq e qtu eqnuec aql reau oseld]uelrodu.rl
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142

CristianG;zdac,AgnesAlf6ldy-Gazdac

{Jntilfurther evidencebecomesavailablenoneof thesecriteriacan be exclusively

consideredor totaly ignoredas a possibleexplanationfor the strong presenceof
copiesat the custombuildingftom Porolssum.Moreover,it is alsoplausiblethat the
situationat this olaceto resultfrom a combinationof all these factors.
At this stageof research,the generalsituationof isolatedcoin findsfrom Roman
Daclaindicatesthat 23.60,4
of l6e denariibearingthe portraitsof the emperorsfrom
Trajanto l4aximinus
I Thraxare plated.In the caseof the antoninianus,
6.3% of this
denomination
depicting
emperors
of the periodAD 238 253 areplated.
ls this percentageof the platedsilvercoinflndsfrcm Daciaa characteristic
of this
provinceor is a generalpatternof the RomanEmpire?
An analysis
on the monetarycirculationin the provincesadjacentto Daclbrevealed
the followingresults43.
The platedderall depictingthe emperorsof the periodAD 98238 represent11.8%of the findsin Pannonia
Supetiorand7.3yoof thosein Pannonia
Inferiorfot this denomination.
Due to the state of researchand publication,plated
antoninianii
rcvealedsignificantresultsfor this study only in the provinceol Pannonia
Superiotaa
. Ihe plated antoniniani(illustrating portraits of the emperorsfrom the period
AD 238-253)represents13.2 % of the aggregatenurnberof this denomination.
The hybridsand "barbarous"coins,which may be describedgenerallyas were
foundin muchsmallerquantityat differentsitesof RornanDacla.Apart from the coin
from Aprll/m discussedabove,other ancientimitationsof silvercoinswere identified
in a largenumberat Porolissum4s.
Therealnumberof theseimitations
is muchhigher,
but in manycasesthe analyseswere not carriedout with accuracy.
Theargumentfor a largernumberof ancientimitations
canbe supposed
by the hoard
recentlyfound at Apulum,which contained232 denariibeatingthe portraitsof the
emperors
frornVespasian
to Elagabal.
Allpiecesareancientimitations46.
Suchhoardshave
beenocasionally
found in the Empireat placessuchas Gurnrad4T,
St. SwithinsLane43
(Brtain)andAthensa,.
Thenumberof hoardscontaining
onlyimitationsis muchlargertor
the periodafter 260 (radiates)but no suchhoardhasbeenfoundin Daciato dateso.
In the caseof the bronzecoinage,the Romanlaw seemsnot to regardthe
imitativepiecesas counterfeitsuntil the fourth century5r.Forthe periodof the Roman
administrationin Dacia(2^d 3.dcenturies)the so-calledLimesfalsaarc weil known.
Thesecoinsare light-weightaescastswith a smallthin flan, often composedof low
qualitymetals,.
Someauthorsconsider
thesebronzeissuesas a localcurrencys3.
Thrs
coinageusuallycomprisesissuesin the name of the emperorsfrom Augustusto
! r C .c ; z d a c( n . 2 9 ) ,c h a p . 4 .
aaln the absenceof accurateanalysesof th s denomnatior no platedantoninianus
was noted in the
publicatonof numsmatic materialfrom di fferent stes af Pannonialnfeior. For rhe orovncesof
l'foesiaSuperiorand lnferiorthe scarcityof the plb ishedmarera has led to rrelevantresuts. For
the discussionof a these aspects,se C. cezdac (n. 29)4slbdem,the catalogueof solaredfinds n Dacta PorolissLrm;
N. cudea,Poroissrm,ttt,Sanctuarut
zltui
llpiterOptimusMaxinrus
Dolichenus,
ZaEu2001 (TheCoinsby R.Ardevan),the caralogue
ofcoi. findsaiV. Suci!,
Quelquesconsid6ratianssur les tresas nanqtaires de ]a Daciercnaine, tn Armv and Urban
D " \ " l o p m e ' L_ h p D . n L o , a .P r o v r n ' Fo l r h p c o r d " r n p r e , A l b r n d 2 O O OJ,? 8
17R.Baft, Cawell,A forger'shoard tron Gurnard,isleor rylght, n Coif Hoardsfrom RomanBritaf,
v o l . 6 ( e d s .A . B u r n e t tR
, .B t a n d )L, o n d o nI 9 8 6 , 3 t f f .
A3l. Lawrcnce,An a haardof plated Ramandenarii,in NC,5thseries,20, 1940, I85 ffi U. Zwck er et
alii,Ronan techniquesof nanufacturingsilver-platedcoirs, in MetalPlatng and Patination(eds.S.
L a N e c e ,P .C r a d d o c ko) .x f o r d1 9 9 3 .2 2 3 f f .
r! M. Caramessin
-oecomnides,An a hoardof plated Romsncolns,ANSMUSN
12, 1966,71 ff.
'i Forthe bibiographyof hoardsof radiateimitarons,seeC.King,Rorrrncop,bs,SFMA1a,1996,?47 tl.
: r c . K n s ( n .s 0 ) , 2 a 6 .
'2C. Boo., Ltght weightand t/rresfalsal NC 1965, I61.

Sever
of cas

cast co
with th
foundr
alsoat
andRu
some s
depictr
Plate,n

Spoiltc
sestert

hiswife
lastihr
Bro
of UlpE
portrat
the cas
usro na
ln
counte
are anc
copresr
for the r

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aql lo eele aql ul punoj ,,]salel,,aql ere slsea azuolq ]lroos 00]ql ]seL
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144

C r s t i a nG ; z d a cA
, g n e sA l f d d yG d z d a c

AugustaRauica6T.
In this casethesecoinsprobablyplayedthe role of what wascalled
"monnaiede necessit6"or "Notgeld",whlchA. Kuniszhas definedas monetaryseries
"producedwithout officialauthorization
in order to supplementa shortterm
insufficiency
of circulating
coinwhichhadinhibitedcommercial
exchanges"6s
andG.Boon
addedthat thesefalsecoins"continueuntil,eventuallygood newcoinwasprovided"6e
In this Iight it may be consideredthat eventhe legislationofferedsornemeasure
of support.ln the /ex Corneliade falsis1l is mentionedthat: "Eademlegemexprimitur,
ne quisnummosstanneosplumbeosemerevenderedolomalovellet"70.Accordingto
someauthorsthis couldindicatethat it wasconsidered
an offenceto counterfeit,sale
or buy suchcoin with intentto defraudTr.
floreover,according
to DioCassjus,
the
platedcoinsweresometmes furnishedto the peopleevenby the officialmint. Thus,
Caracalla
was blarnedto havemanufactured
a coinageof a leadcoreplatedwith silver
anda coinage
of a coppercorep atedwith goldTz.
Inthissituation,
periodof shortageof officialcoinin RomanDaciacouldhave
a possible
createdan occasion
whena "legitimatetradein suchcoins"wastemporarily
caniedout.
lf thesecop es wereaccepted,for a while,in dailytransactionsor payments,they
were very rarely consideredto be worth keeping.Apart from the hoardsentirely
consstingof copes73,
whichprobably
hada special
destination,
the imitative
coinsare
very rarey found in other hoardsfrom the areaof the LowerDanube.ln the hoards
from Roman
Dacia,
coincoptesareseldomfound,andonlyin verysmallnumbersTr.
As
Kingsuggested"the falsecoin in any metalwas unpopular
and discarded
at the
earlest opportunity"Ts.
Besidethe imitativesilvercoinage,
a bronzecastcoinagecompletes
the general
pictureof Romancoin copiesin Dacia.Furthermore,
produced
the cast bronze
in Dacla
seemsto havea longerexistence
thanthe similar
issues
foundin Parnania,ln
Pannonia
the mintingof the cast bronzecoins,the so,calledLmesfalsa,ceasedthe rrint from
Viminaciumwas openedin AD 23976.In RomanDaciathis type of coins are still
producedevenafter the openingof the mint of the provincein AD 246 as the spoilt
cast coinsfrom Hoghizproved.The explanationcouldbe a way to fill the needfor a
hypotheticalscarceproductionand supplyof bronzecoinageduringthe reignof philip
I and especiallyafter.
The outbreakof copyingRomancoinagein Dacrarnaysuggestthat this province
was amongstthosewho sufferedin someperiod(s)a shortageof officialcoln,mainly
67M.Peter, Ere Werksbtte zur Herstellungvon subaeratenDenarenin Augusta Raurica,
SFMA7,
1994.74ft.
rrA. Ktnisz, La nannaie de necessift e l'6poque du haut-enpire rcmain: prabtanes et contraverses,
nRhytlrrnesdelaproductionmon6tairede'antiqut6anosjours(eds.c.Depeyrot/T.Hackens,G.
M o u c h a r t L) ,o l v a i nl a N e l v e 1 9 8 7 . 2 5 6 .
6eG.Baon,Counftneit coinsin RamanBritain,in Coinsandth Archaeotogist,
BAR4. 1974.117 lt C.
Kn9 (n. s0), 244.
? oD / g e s t4. 8 . 1 0 .9 .
7 i G .B o o no. o . c t . .I 1 3 .
i ' : D i oC a s s i l s7 8 , ' 1 4 ,4 .
'/rconcerningpresenceof ancent copies in the hoards from
the Lower Danube,it must b,a
acknowledged
that the d-prar,havema nly benconsdrdas rhe separationberweengenuinand
taked antonimanii/tad ates is st ti not c eary ref ctd in the researchin this area.
7aFor the hoards from Oaciasee V. Suciu,Tezauremoner:re dir Dac romanj postroman,,
a
Ctuj,
S
Napoc. 2000, the cata oguei for the provncesfronr rhe LowerDanubesee C. c;zdac (n. 29), the
cataogles of hoardsfrom Dacl.?and the surroundngs provnces, ma.uscripti atsofor the most
r e c e n t yR o m a nh o a r df o u . d i n p a c l ac, o n t a i n n gp a t e d s i t v e r c o i n s ,e eN . G u d a( n . 4 5 ) , 3 5 f f .
? : C .K n s ( n . s 0 ) , 2 4 6 .
: i C . G d z d a{cn . 2 9 ) .c h a o . 3 .

SlVeT, /

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146

AsnesAlfoldy-G,zdac
Cristian
Gazdac,

ftom sitesof Roman

Daob
tablesof the genuineard plateddenorninatiom
Comparative

VLIM TP'4IANA
SARIEGETVSA- SARMIZEGETUSA
Antoniniani
Denadl
Total Genuine
Plated
Pedod
Genuins
Plated
N o % N o
N o % N o %
98-117 24 As.7 4
14.2 ZA
117-138 1 7 8 9 . 4 2
10.5 19
18
l3&t 6l
16 88.8 2
it.]
161-180 7
87.s
1
12.5 8
't80-192 4
4
r00
'|93-Zl8 51 80.9 12
19
63
21a-z3a 5 7 8 r . 4 1 3 1 8 . 5 7 0
z3a-244
3 1 0 0 3 10 83.3
r00
8
24+249
r00
5
249-253

3
Total

176

42,6

37

Antoniniani
Total Genuine
N o %
,I6
19
37
28
6
tzt
2
166 2
1
108
103
118
9s
394 428

MPA
l'lo
2A
l9
l8

70

100

17-3 213

APVIW - AIJA IUUA

Denadi
Pedod
Genulne
Plated
N o % N o %
98-ll7
16 r00
'| | 7-138 't9 100
1 3 8 - l 6 l 36 97.2 1
2.7
l 6 t - 1 8 0 25 89.2 3
10.7
180-192 6
100
193-218 1t2 92.5 9
7.4
214-234 'I53 92.1 13 7.8
234-244
r
100
24+249
249-253
253-268
Total
367 93.1 27
6.8

Total
Total

7.1

8
5
3
28

I
5
3
241

NTIA
NO

19

za
100
100
100
100
I00
100
100

6
123
168
109
103
118
95

azz

- MOIGRAD
rcROUSSt4r
Denadi
Gnuine
N o %
98-ll7
36 73.4
I l7-138 37
86
138n61 71 86.5
t 6 l n 8 0 42 85.7
18G192 lo
50
193-218 '|r9 59.5
214-238 72 67.9

Pedod

Antoninlanl
Platod
Total
Platd
Totrl Gnuine
N o % N o %
l.lo
N o %
'r3 26.5 49
49
43
6
13.9 43
az
11 13.4 aZ
49
7
14.2 49
zo
zo
l0
50
2
50
z 50 4 ZO4
81 40.5 200
'I
.I
50
50
2
108
34
32 106

TDEI

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t0L

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LE

6'E

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I

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ON
Pp1

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I
v
ZL
Sr

9'9I
0 8

L
t

t
I
I

5
o z
%

FloI

t
l

o N
PEleH

o z t
00t
t
506 0t
0 8 t
sl8
I
%

a't

sL

rr
r

% O
Fllld

l.s6

pollad

801

vo
oz
6'

za
E'
5'
ot{
EqO

162
ProI
892-92
ESZ-6'Z

00t
r'68
r'96
00t
00t

L
6
sot
tL
Lz

ttz-sEz
8Z-8lZ
8tz-t6l
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L

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zI

08

I
I

poged

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ptol
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z
t
t

% o N
ulnueg

8Z-8lZ
812-61
26l{81
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st t-1.LL
Lt L-86

vdm- N^ts&l
zLt

I
toL s0l.
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tl

tz

ON

au!nu9
peuac

Ueuluourv

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00t
00t
OOL
/6

601
LI

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N
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N
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00t
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999

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t

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z
r
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% o N
peleld

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8Ez-gtz
8lz-E6l
z6F08l
ost-LgL
L9L-stL
8t-1.IL
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a
sl

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et
t
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g
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Fpt

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tl

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AgnesAlfoldy-Gezdac
Cristian
Gazdac,

148
238-244
249-253

100

75.3

2r.6

37

r00
r00
100
100

3
l
3
7

RotilIT

4
l
3

,rERrr{- ORSOVA
Denaii
Platd
Genuine
N o % N o %
98-ll7
1
100
'|93-2t 8 4
100
214-Z3a 3 7 5

Pedod

Antoniniani
Plat6d
Total Genuine
N o % N o %

88.8

lt,l

= DROBETA-IURNU
D/?OAFIA
SEVERIN
Denarii
Total
Platd
Pedod
Genuine
N o % N o %
98-t17 4
100
2
117-134 Z
100
2
r00
138-161 2
1
180-t92 r
100
2 4 0 5
193-218 3
60
1 0
214-234 5
50
5 5 0
234-244
24+249
249-253
253-264
7
29,1 24
Total
17 70,8

3
1
4
8

5
100
100
88.8

Demdl
Platd
Total
Genulne
o
%
N
N o % N
2a.5 14
9*117 10 71.4 4
6
6
7-t 38
1
33.3 2
138-l61 8
66.6 4
33.3 12
l6ln80
s
83.3 1
1
6
1
18G192 r
100
27
193-214 27 100
3 8 2 1
218-238 13 61.9 8
234-244
24+249
Total
55 77.3 19 22.6 U

z5

4
1

.1

4
I
4
18

llsrA

Antoniniani Total
Genuine
ib
N o %

1
3
r0
2
28
44

100
100
100
100
100
100

2
I
5
ll
3
l0
Glflr

28
68

BIJOUMI
Pedod

ib
l

'I

24+249
249-253
I

Total

Antoniniani Total
Genulne
o
%
N
o
14
.
6
3
3
12
.
5
6
6
1
27
2 1
s
100 5
100 3
3
r00 92
I

9tt
E

I
L

9Zt

t
I

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001
999
00t

L
|
Z
n

80r

rz
ls
r
8
vl
6
8r

LZ
LE
L
?t
6
8t
oN

Frot

z6

Lt
s t
SZt
ll
I|l
ss
%

preE
aunueg lslol
!ue!u!ualuv

0t

I
9
r
I
r
L

o N
Preld

106

zs6
r'98
00r
sz8
826
888
tv6

86

0z
z
L
I
t
I
tt

% o N
ulnuag
!sBUa0

Fllor
89?-eSZ
6r?+tz
vrzQez
gez4Lz
8tz-6t
z6t.08t
08t-t9t
t9t-8t
gr-t[
tLL-86
pouad
\flU]H9

tz
9
9
gt

9t

z9 ,99
9

991
999

L
Z

e8 S
E',EE I

r
zz
z
r
L
s
9

zz
z
,
l-

I
oN

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peretd
utnue9 FpI
luetuluoluv

terol

|
I

00t
0s

9 99

t
L

z 0 s

9Z

;
5

o
N
peleH

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SE

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189 Sr
0s
L
0s
z
gzv
999
%

o N
paleH

S'tt

tgV
Sre
0s
0s
r'ls
001

tZ
Fror
6tz+bz
ttz-sEz
9
l
l
z
r
s
Z

SEZ-SIZ
8tz-6t
z6t.08t
08t-L9t
tgttL
stt-l.tL
tttz6

% o N
auFueg
luEueo

t'88

gZ

vnsnl
|gror

L
%
o
N
eulnu9 tslof

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sgz

888

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001
001

s
z

r
r

8t

6rz'9tz
wz-aEz

.n
P:toI

!ueuuoluv

,
I

8Z-8tZ

8tz-61
z6L{81
t9t-8l
8Fzl I
llt-86

%
o
N % o N
paleld
.u!nua5
!gBUa0

poped

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150

Cristian
Gizdac,AsnesAlfoldy-Gazdac

Denadi
Antonlnlani Total
Genuine
Plated
Total Genulne
N o % N o %
NO
98- 7
s
100
5
5
Il7-t38r
1s0
z
50
138-161 4
r00
4
180-192 r
r 00
I
I
't93-218 6
I
66.6 3
33.3 9
2t8-238 19 95
r
5
20
m
234-244
3
100 3
24+249
7
100 7
249-253
I
100 I
r00
253-268
I
I
Total
36 87.8
5
12.1 41
12 r00
Pedod

s
*

MTCASASA
Donarii
Period
Genuim
Plat6d
N o % N o %
98-l17 6
85.7 |
t4.2
I 17-138 6
r 00
138-161 4
s7.1 3
42.A
t6l-180 3
7s
|
25
t80-192 3
100
193-218 11 61.r 7
38.8
z1a-234 s
27.7 3
16.5
Total
38 71.6 15 28.3

Total

N o
7
6
7
4
3
18
I
53

.9

!,

->
E

ORTTA

D,enarii
Period
Gnuine
Plated
Total
N
o
%
N
o
%
98-117 1
100
1
I l7-138 4 8 0 ' , r
2 0 5
138-161 7
63.6 4
35.3
16l-180 5
71.4 Z
28.5 7
180-192 s
15.6 6
83.3 1
193-218 31
19
s0
62
38
214-234 24 53.3 2t
46.6 45
234-244 2
2
100
24+249
249-253
253-268
Totaf
79 62.2 48 37-7 127

Antonlnlanl
Gnulne
Platd
N
o
% N o %

Total

NO
1
l1
7

7
s
2
3
16

5
100
100
100
88,8

I l.l

50
45
l0

l8

144

F
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ol
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d

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s

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d'

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a
t9 L

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152

Cristiancrzdac, AgnesAlfdldy-G;zdac

5e3iE .-

, E S C IS8 " .

!t

!E!E6
!E:EgEs;83#siEpt;EI
"sE3
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jse i $ EB; d I ii g Eb tsg ri6driEg E 6 i 4 d B i

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t

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.;E.!E

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ral

d tt+o

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J9&.
:t o'

Map1. Findsof mouldsfor castingcoins(after C. King[n. 50])

lltlf,vtd

([OS u] 6u!) f, reue) sruly{ Z de}l]

g;FEEBE;gEEH
i;
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154

a'
<)
",rtl
/i

n;,
i i .

ir
Altars
Oberf
m s0d
Somm
D
mrt o(
Eleme
(Kapi
deutli
anhan
Pflast
entfer

Ausde
nicht r
In etn
geht h
ldenti
durch

oem I

to

ut

Hiera

wider
E5

Gott k
sind d

,o.F
1. Platedmtoninianusfoundat Apulum.2. Bottomof compositemould,showingobverseof
denariusof SeverusAlexander
end reverseof Gordianlll. foundat Pachten(after G. Boon
from
ln. 671 I58-159, pl. ll. no. 7a). 3. Spoiltcastsof sesterti from two-pieceslab-moulds
Brigetio(aher G. Boon[n. 67] 108. fig. 1). 4. Spoiltcast of a sestertiusshowingobverse
andreverseof AntoninusPius,foundIn the auxrliary
fort at lli$ua(after D. Protase,C, Gaiu
reverseof M. Aureliusfor
[n. 60] pl. LyJo(vll/l62).5. Coindie foundat AugustaRaunca:
Lucilla(the genuinecoinwasissudat RomebetweenAD 164-'169,RIClll p. 274, no.759)
(after M. Peter[n. 65] 131 f., pl. 18). 6. Coin-shaped
barsfor denanii
foundat the
(after [1. Peter[n. 65] 104 f., Pl.4)
mint at AugustaRaurica

10. Ft
s In di

Cuh.
5 1 .M

o.,9

d i nD
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