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(TENSES)
[~:Zk
,
:Verb-3
X @*
W{)z CD D V@*
C @*~y
WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
X D xg VerbQD Subject
zDF,
~Zzg QX :iF,
~Z
Subject+Ist form of verb
X DZ esc*
sBVerb(Singular Noun) c*
(He,She,It)Subject Zg
/Z :^
X*
@YH7Z esc* sBverb Plural noun c*
,we,you,they, IgzZ
I write a letter.X Vq~
X :}
{z
X @*
YH7Z es c*s BVerb~]gwEZ DoesX @*
wEZ does not B Singular Noun gzZ He,She,It X :^
X*
@YHwEZ do not BPlural noun c*
,we,you,they, IgzZ
I do not write a letter.X Vq7~
X :}
{z
X 7x ZgzZZ
?Vq~H
? q{zH
X :}
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? {zH
? qZ H
?x ZgzZZ H
@*
W{)z} ~ ,ZD C C @*~y
WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
X D xg ~uz VerbQD Subject
zDF,
~Zzg QX :iF,
~Z
Subject+2nd form of verb
I wrote a letter.X q~
X :}
{z
Q @*
wEZ did Z
# ~ InterrogativegzZ Negative1 CwEZxg ~uz , z~Past Indefinite Tense:^
CwEZ~Past Indefinite Tense(Simple)sgzZsxg ~uz~%Z
/Z ~g7Og c*
X CwEZxg Verb
X @*
wEZ did
q Verbn (Negative)X
I did not write a letter.X q7~
X :}
{z
?q~H
?q{zH
? {zH
?qZ H
X :}
?x ZgzZZ H
X @*
W{)z ~y
WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
X D xg Verb QD shall c*will QD Subject
zDF,
~Zzg QX :iF,
~Z
Subject+will/shall+Ist form of verb
X
ZwEZ shall gzZ will Q:}gzi]!*
/ZgzZX @*
wEZ will B
!*Shall B We gzZ ( W ) I X :^
I shall write a letterX V~
X :}
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{z
X :}
{z
{z
x ZgzZZ
?V ~H
?KH
? {zH
? {zH
?Z H
X :}
?
Kx ZgzZZ H
X @*
W{)z ggV g gV;g ;g ~y
WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
ingQX D xg
zDF,
~Zzg QX :iF,
~Z
X D
Subject+is/am/are+Ist form of verb+ing
X @*
Y1~]g You ~%Z
/ZX @*
wEZ is BuZz areB amB ( W ) I X :^
I am writing a letterX V;g~
X :}
x ZgzZZ
7~
7{z
X :}
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7x ZgzZZ
?V;g ~H
?g?H
? ;g{zH
Is he writing a letter?
Is Aslam writing a letter?
Are Aslam and Akram writing a letter?
X :}
? ;gZ H
?gx ZgzZZ H
X @*
W{)zgg g ;g ~y
WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
ingQX D xg
zDF,
~Zzg QX :iF,
~Z
X D
Subject+was/were+Ist form of verb+ing
~%Z
/ZX D wereBthey,we,you,plural NounsgzZX @*
wEZ was B he,she,it,I,singular nounuZz X :^
X *
@Y1~]g You
X :}
x ZgzZZ
X :}
7{z
7Z
?;g~H
?g?H
X :}
?;g{zH
?;gZ H
?g x ZgzZZ H
X @*
W{)zVg Vg g V;g ;g ~y
WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
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will be/shall be
QD Subject
zDF,
~Zzg QX :iF,
~Z
X D ingQX D xg Verb QD
Subject+will be/shall be+Ist form of verb+ing
ZwEZ shall gzZ will Q:}gzi]!*
/ZgzZX *
@YHwEZ willB
!*
gzZX @*
wEZ shall B wegzZ ( W ) I X :^
X
I shall be writing a letterX V;g~
X :}
x ZgzZZ
X :}
7{z
7Z
?V;g~H
?Vg?H
X :}
?;g{zH
?;gZ H
?Vgx ZgzZZ H
X @*
W{)z } } ~ c*
` _V[ [~y
WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
X D xg ~ Verb QD has/have QD Subject
zDF,
~Zzg QX :iF,
~Z
Subject+has/have+3rd form of verb
yougzZ ( W ) IX @*
wEZ haveBThey, we,you,I,plural nouns gzZ hasBhe,she,it,singular noun uZz X :^
X @*
wEZ have B
I have written a letterX V[~
You have written a letter.X`
He has written a letter.X
Aslam has written a letter.X
Aslam and Akram have written a letter.X `
X :}
[ { z
[Z
x ZgzZZ
X :}
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[ 7{z
[ 7Z
7x ZgzZZ
?V[~H
?` ?H
? [{zH
X :}
? [ Z H
?` x ZgzZZ H
X @*
W{)z} ~ c*
` _ [~y
WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
~ m,
Z TensetX D xg ~ Verb QD had QD Subject
zDF,
~Zzg QX :iF,
~Z
Z~x gzZ @*
YH~Past Perfect TenseF,
k Q Zx ~]g+Z ( [%!%WZ e )X :}X @*
wEZ~V
%
{kZ=Z Z%!%~Zz6,
zZX *
@YH~ Past Indefinite TenseF,
k Q
{kZ c*
W~Z egzZ, Past Perfect Tense ~F,
The patient had died before the doctor came.X,~Past Indefinite Tense
F,
X :}
[ { z
[ Z
x ZgzZZ
X :BVV
%[Z
The bell had rung when I reached the school.X _ #pwj~Z
#
The patient had died before the doctor came.X [%!%WZ e
He had gone out before finished his work.X
H`C
!*
x {z
X @*
wEZ Tenseq
-Zs~XDwEZ
%,Z~Tense kZ
He had never seen the lion before.X 7LkZX :}
I had already finished my work.X 1 x ~
[7 {z
[7 Z
X :}
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7 x ZgzZZ
?[~H
? ` ?H
X :}
?[{zH
? [Z H
?` x ZgzZZ H
X @*
W{)zV` V_ _ V[ [~y
WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
X D xg ~ Verb QD will have/shall have QD Subject
zDF,
~Zzg QX :iF,
~Z
Subject+will have/shall have+3rd form of verb
X @*
YHwEZ will haveB
!*
gzZX @*
wEZ shall haveB wegzZ ( W ) I X :^
I shall have written a letterX V[~
You will have written a letter.X`
He will have written a letter.X
X :}
[{z
[Z
x ZgzZZ
X :}
7?
[7{z
[7Z
7x ZgzZZ
?V[~H
?` ?H
? [{zH
? [Z H
?V` x ZgzZZ H
X :}
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( ~g Yd
$
) PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
]{z @*
W{)zg C gC ;g @*
Vg Cg D V;g @*
~y
Wzg QT:yT
zx
/ZgzZX DwEZ since~f Point of Time
zm{~
/ZX *
@YHf
z~ Tense kZ :^X @*
zV zgzZX @*
wEZ sinceB
zx
V V x X @*
wEZ for ~]g+Z wEZ ( Y:x ) Period of time
X D wEZ for BV[
R
Subject+has been/Have been+Ist form of verb+ing
:iF,
~Z
X @*
wEZ have been B Plural Noun gzZ has been BHe,She,It, singular noun
He has been playng hockey for two hours.X ;g ;V[
Rz {z:}
He has been playng hockey for two days.X ;g ;Vz {z
You have been singing a song since 8'clock.
Xg **
WJW?
~
I have been building this house since 1970.X V;g ykt1970
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative)
Subject+has not been/Have not been+Ist form of verb+ing
He has not been playng hockey for two hours.X ;g7 ;V[
Rz {z:}
He has not been playng hockey for two days.X ; g7 ; Vz {z
Xg 7**
WJ W?
? ;g ;V[
Rz {zH :}
? ;g ;Vz {zH
?g **
WJW?H
Has Zahid been remaining absent fron school for two days? ? ;g
( ~g Y
q)wjyz @Zi H
@*
f
z~ Tense kZX @*
Past Perfect Continuous Tense ]{zW{)zg D g C ;g @*
~y
Wzg QT:yT
X @*
wEZ for BPeriod of Time gzZ sinceBPiont of Time X
Subject+had been+Ist form of verb+ing
:iF,
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I had not been reading this book for two months.X ;g| 7
,
7 [ t{ z~:}
He had not been sleeping since morning.X ;g @
*
7{z
You had not been playing hockey for two hours.Xg7 ;V[
Rz ?
We had not been reading this lesson since Sunday.Xg| 7
,7
$tg Z Z
X ;g| 7,
[ t{ z~H :}
X ;g @*
{zH
Xg ;V[
Rz ?H
Xg| 7,$tg Z ZH
@*
PAST
E
( ~g YwL )
X @*
wEZwEZ for BPeriod of Time gzZ sinceBPoint of Time ~kZX @*
f
z~TensekZX
X DwEZ will have been B!*
gzZ shall have beenBwe gzZ ( W ) I
Subject+will have been/shall have been+Ist form of verb+ing:i~Z
I shall have been reading this news for two months.X V;g k7
,
t{ z~:}
You will have been playing since noon.XVg Pz\ W
The farmer will have been ploughing the fields since morning.X ;g @
*
`I~VX
Ry
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative)
Subject+will not have been/shall not have been+Ist form of verb+ing
I shall not have been reading this news for two months.X V;g k7
,7 t{ z~:}
You will not have been playing since noon.XVg 7Pz\ W
The farmer will have not been ploughing the fields since morning.X ; g @
*
`7I~VX
Ry
?V;g k7,
t{ z~H :}
?Vg Pz\WH
Will The farmer have been ploughing the fields since morning?
?;g @*
`I~VX
Ry H
10
[~:Zk
,
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
$
T
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Subjective
We
You
You
He/She/It
They
Case
(q
-Z ) {z
( { c*
i ) {z
Objective
Me
Us
You
You
Him/Her/It
Them
Case
7Q
Possessive
My
Our
Your
Your
His/Her/Its
Their
Case
Mine
Ours
Yours
Yours
k Q
Theirs
Zg
Zg v
Zg v
qZ
q B
G4 $
q -G
yQ
X V@*
s {(Y~ } X *
@YHpx ~ Active Voice
X @*
YHs {(Y }X *
@Yc*
Zx ~ Passive Voice
Object Subject gzZD by xg ~ verb is/am/areQ *
@Yc*
Subject Object
X :iF,
~Z
X
by xg ~ Verb is/am/are
verb
Q *
@Yc*
Subject Object
X :i
object
X Object Subject
X V@*
s { (~X :}
Voice)
subject
verb
object
( Active
X *
@YHs {(
The blackboard is cleaned by me.
~ verb
(Passive Voice)
Object
X :iF,
~Z
( Active Voice)
X *
@YH7s {(
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(Passive Voice)
object
Subject by xg ~ Verb Q *
@Yc*
Subject ObjectQD is/am/areObject
X :i
X Object
I polish the shoes.
X V@*
0*
D~X :}
?D YG0*
D H
?D YG 70*
D H
Q *
@Yc*
Subject Object
X :i
Q *
@Yc*
Subject Object
X :i
X
12
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X : M
h7bzt }p Z q
-Z
Narration
X N YybZ!*
t }p Z1
X1
X 0*
W: t
~x|kZYH7bkZw$
+zgZ h~p Z1
X2
6,
p Z-Z1z{zq
-ZX YYH~ Vz
7Z gzZ Reported Speech Z @*
LZZC
zp Z-Z Zz%1 @*
{zzZuzgzZX @*
Y3g~ ( "
Verb{kZgzZ Reporting Speech ZX @
*
C
!*
Inverted Commas
tX @*
6,
p Z 1
X @*
YZ e (,) Commap Z ~y
WReporting speech
zOg c*
]!*
tX Reporting Verb
X N Y Z Z{Vz @*
{%$
+~Indirect Speech Direct speech
Reported
zDsp~Indirect Speech~Future Tense
shall c*
will say ~ Tell say c*
( wB ) Object
c*Present Tense
/Z Reporting Verb
kZ
/ZpX : W,
Z 6,
TenseVerbSpeech
} X s$
+~shall tell c*will tell say
Direct speech: He says, " I am going to the post office." (present Tense)
Indirect speech: He says that he is going to the post office.
Direct speech: They will say, " We have done our duty." (future Tense)
Indirect speech: They will say that they have done their duty.
} X w$
+~told said ~Past Tense
/Z Reporting Verb
Direct speech: He said to me, " I sing a song."
X2
(past Tense)
X3
X4
} X w$
+._
Direct speech: He says to me, " I am ill.
Indirect Speech: He tells me that he is ill.
w$
+._( wB) object Reporting Verb pronoun (you) second person Reported Speech
X
X5
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X6
13
X C7~pn~
Drect speech: She will say, " You are at fault."
Indirect speech: She sill say that you are at fault.
X7
w$
+~Past perfect continuous Present Perfect continuous
present ~past continuous
gzZ~Past Perfect
X w$
+~past perfect continuous present perfect continuousgzZ~past perfect perfect
w$
+~past perfect continuous past continuous gzZ~past perfect indefinite
past
{z kZ
X8
hither
next
X @*
Yc*
sv
. well gzZ all right, No, Yes
X9
X :CVpsfzgq~p Z ZzC
(gzZ
z
X 10
~ then now ~ thence hence ~those these ~ that this ~there here
~ next day tomorrow ~ that day today ~before ago ~ so thus ~ thither
gzZ~ previous day yesterda ~ that night tonight ~ following day day
X s$
+~ night
X :OgwV!*
sfzgq
zDsp~ Indirect Narrations ( iZ c*) Imperative Sentences
X 11
(Z)
X @*
Yc*
w$
+~ proposed c*
X f
e infinitive verb Z To verb Imperative Sentences
( [)
( ~VzL{)z iZ )
X 4 not to verb~]g Negative Sentences
(`)
[~:Zk
,
allow
14
kZgzZX @*
Yc*
w$
+~ suggested
kZw$
+~ Requested Reporting Verb
X 11
( 2)X @*
Yc*
BNo c*yes[ Z yZgzZDqzBshall, has,have,had may, might)
DqzB How c*who, where, when, why, which, whom, whose, what ) Zz wh
X @*
W]~[ ZyZgzZ
X s$
+~ inquired c*asked Reporting Verb
z s$
+~ Indirect Interrogative Sentences, Z
Reporting yZDq z helping verb
}L X that :gzZ @*
Yc*
To :~yZZ h Z commas
X 12
X :cegwV!*
sfzgqn
w$
+~ Exclaimed joyfully c*Exclaimed with joy Reporting Verb kZ g Z p}L
/Z
(Z)
X , that kZX ,
Exclaimed
X 13
X :ce gwV!*
sfzgqn
X , that kZgzZ ,sp~ wished c*Prayed Reporting Verb
(Z)
X 14
X ,w$
+~ bade farewell Reported Speech qz Farewell Reporting speech
/Z
X 15
c*Good morning
/Z Reported speechX 16
+~{)zbade good night c*bade good evening c*bade good morning speech
bade X s$
X @*
wEZ
wished
15
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PERSONS OF PRONOUNS
Cases
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
$
T
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Subjective
We
You
You
He/She/It
They
Case
(q
-Z ) {z
( { c*
i ){z
Objective
Me
Us
You
You
Him/Her/It
Them
Case
7Q
Possessive
My
Our
Your
Your
His/Her/Its
Their
Case
Mine
Ours
Yours
Yours
k Q
Theirs
Zg
Zg v
Zg v
qZ
q B
G4$
q -G
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yQ