RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

SAKINA
DEPT. ANATOMI DAN HISTOLOGI
FK UNAIR

Cells produce energy:

- For maintenance, growth, defense, and
division

- Through mechanisms that use oxygen and

produce carbon dioxide

WHY DO WE NEED RESPIRATION ?

Obtained from the air by diffusion

Across delicate exchange surfaces of

lungs

Carried to cells by the cardiovascular

system

Returns carbon dioxide to the lungs

Oxygen

1.

Provides extensive gas exchange surface

area between air and circulating blood

2.

Moves air to and from exchange surfaces

of lungs

3.

Protection

4.

Produces sounds

5.

Participates in olfactory sense

5 Functions of the
Respiratory System

Divisions of the Respiratory

Systems

The upper
respiratory tract
consists of the parts
outside the chest
cavity:
The air passages of the
nose.
Nasal cavities
Pharynx
Larynx

Divisions of the Respiratory

Systems

The lower respiratory

tract consists of the parts
found within the chest
cavity:
Trachea
Lungs, which include the
bronchial tubes and alveoli

Pleural membranes
Respiratory muscles
Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles

Consists of a conducting portion:

from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles

Consists of a respiratory portion:

the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Alveoli

Are air-filled pockets within the lungs

where all gas exchange takes place

The Respiratory Tract

How are delicate

respiratory exchange surfaces
protected from pathogens,
debris, and other hazards?

The Respiratory Defense

System

NASOPHARYNX :
larger than 10m, because of hair and
mucous production, irritants substance
cause sneezing
LARYNX, TRACHEA, BRONCHI :
larger than 5m, because of mucous
production
ALVEOLI :
smaller than 5m, by macrophage

The Upper Respiratory System

Figure 233

THE NOSE

Airway

Moistens & warm entering air

Filters

Resonating chamber for speech

Olfactory receptors

THE NOSE & NASAL CAVITY ( fx)

Bone and cartilage covered with skin

May vary in size, & shape
Air enters the respiratory system:
through nostrils or external nares
into nasal vestibule

Nasal hairs:

are in nasal vestibule

are the first particle filtration system

Ala nasi
Dorsum nasi
Apex nasi

The Nose

Nasal cavitieswithin the skull; separated by the nasal

septum( septal cartilage, vomer, os ethmoid).

Connect posteriorly with nasopharynx through the

posterior nasal appertures

Boundaries hard palate & soft palate, ethmoid &

sphenoid

Nasal mucosa (respiratory mucosa) warms and

moistens the incoming air; Dust and microorganisms are

trapped on mucus and swept by the cilia to the pharynx.
Breathing through mouth bypasses this important step

The Nasal Cavity

Nasal mucosa (Olfactory mucosa) respond to

vapors in inhaled air.

Paranasal sinuses in the maxillae, frontal,

sphenoid, and ethmoid bones open into the nasal
cavities; functions are to lighten the skull
and provide resonance for the voice.

The Nasal Cavity

The Nasal Cavity

The Nasal Cavity

The Nasal Cavity (lateral)

PARANASAL SINUSES

Plexus of Kiesselbachs

A chamber shared by digestive and

respiratory systems

Extends from above the level of the soft

palate to entrances to larynx and esophagus

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

The Pharynx and Divisions

a passageway for
air only.
The eustachian
tubes from the
middle ears open
into it.
The adenoid is a
lymph nodule on
the posterior wall
During swallowing,
it closed off by
uvula

NASOPHARYNX

behind the mouth;

a passageway for
both air and food.

Palatine tonsils

are on the lateral

walls.

OROPHARYNX

passageway for
both air and food;

opens anteriorly
into the larynx

and posteriorly
into the
esophagus

LARYNGOPHARYNX

Larynx

the voice box and

the patent airway
between the
pharynx and
trachea

Superior : os hyoid

Inferior : trachea

2 inches

Anatomy of the Larynx

Figure 234

 The thyroid cartilage

The cricoid cartilage
The epiglottis

The arytenoid (2)

The corniculate (2)

The cuneiforme (2)

Cartilages of the Larynx

The guardian of the

airways :
Upward when only
air,
downward
when swallowing
keeps
food
and
liquids
out of the
lower
respiratory
passages, if not
cough reflex

The Epiglottis

3 pairs Cartilages of the Larynx

arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages
cuneiform cartilages
Corniculate and arytenoid cartilages

function in:
opening and closing of glottis
production of sound

Cartilages of the Larynx

Figure 235

The Glottis

(medial opening between vocal folds)

Ligaments of
the Larynx

Vestibular ligaments :
False vocal cords
Help to close glottis

when swallow

Vocal ligaments:
Producing sounds

Is produced by:
phonation:
sound production at the larynx buzzing sounds

articulation:
modification of sound by other structures
quality of voice

Speech

Trachea

extends from
the larynx to
the primary

bronchi

Vertebrae CVI

s/d Th IV/V

16- 20 c- shaped cartilage, in the anterior part

Joined to one another by membranes

Trachea is flexible to permit bending and elongation

Trachea is always open

Open posterior parts contains smooth muscle ( trachealis muscle), and

connective tissue isnt rigid

Carina the point where the trachea branches into the two main bronchi,
cough reflex, bifurcatio trachea

TRACHEA

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35

PRIMARY BRONCHI
LOBAR BRONCHI
SEGMENTAL
BRONCHI
SMALL BRONCHI
BRONCHIOLES
(CARTILAGE(-))
TERMINAL
BRONCHIOLES
a. bronchialis as
the supplier

RESPIRATORY
BRONCHIOLES

ALVEOLAR DUCT

ALVEOLI

ALVEOLAR SACS

THE BRONCHI AND SUBDIVISIONS

(23 ORDERS)

What parts make up the lungs?

Bronchioles : less than 1 mm, have

smooth muscle to dilate/contract
Asthma
Bronchiolconstriction (irritants,
cold air, histamine) and
bronchioldilation

Terminal bronchioles (<0,5mm)

follow after bronchioles
Final branches of conducting
division (region)

Cilia prevent congestion via

mucociliary escalator

Next are respiratory bronchioles

Beginning of respiratory division
Divide into alveolar ducts

End in alveolar sacs

BRONCHIAL TREE

Alveolar sac anatomy

Figure 24.11

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Occupy greatest portion of thoracic cavity

Left lung- 2 lobes (superior, inferior)
Right lung- 3 lobes (superior, media,
inferior)
Lobes made up of lobules, which are
smallest division of lungs.
Bronchi and vessels enter lungs at hilus.

Lung anatomy

Lung - blood supply

Dual supply
1. Bronchial supply
Bronchial arteries supply bronchi, airway walls and
pleura

2. Pulmonary supply
Pulmonary arteries enter at hila and branch with
airways
Deoxygenated blood from right ventricle
pulmonary trunk left and right pulmonary arteries
arterioles capillaries oxygenated blood to
venules pulmonary veins left atrium

Venous return is common (ie. both return via

pulmonary veins)

What are the pleurae and why are they

there?

Moist serous membrane

covering outside of lungs
Visceral pleura inside
Folds out at hillum to form
outer parietal pleura

Pleural cavity: between

parietal and visceral

layers
Filled with pleural (serous)
fluid

Recessus:

Costodiphragmatic

Costomediastinal

EXPIRATION

INSPIRATION

Contraction of
diaphragma and
inspiration muscle
Enlargement of the
thoracic cavity
Deep inspiration
Forced inspiration

Quiet expiration in
healthy people is
chiefly passive

Inspiratory muscles
relax
Rib cage drops under
force of gravity
Relaxing diaphragm
moves superiorly (up)
Elastic fibers in lung
recoil
Volumes of thorax and
lungs decrease
simultaneously,
increasing the pressure
Air is forced out

Forced expiration

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Figure
24.14

49

Thoracic cavity changes