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Oil & Gas Processing

& Production
Quiz 2

Submitted To:
Submitted By:
Registration #
Date:

Dr. Fahad Rehman

Nauman Tahir
DDP-FA12-BEC-060
30th September, 2016

Department of Chemical Engineering

COMSATS Institute of Information & Technology

Methods for determination of Compressibility Factor:

Standing Katz Method for Compressibility Factor:
In this method the compressibility factor is computed from the graphs. Graphs have been
constructed for binary mixtures and saturated hydrocarbons vapors. This method is widely used
for compressibility factors of sweet natural gas components.
Reference: Gas pipeline Hydraulics by E. Shashi Menon.
Yarborough and Hall Compressibility factor using Carnahan and Starling
Equation:
Another method for calculation of compressibility factor of gases is using the Iterative method
using the Equation of State which is given as follows:
Z =P R V R/T R=Z (T R , V R)
Calculation is made on the iterative basis of the value of VR. Iterations are done up to the
convergence of VR.
Reference: Natural Gas by Alexandre Rojey.
Precise determination of Compressibility Factor of a Gas from Refractive Index:
In this method precise determination of compressibility factor of gas is done using two grating
interferometers which are coupled together. One interferometer issues the signal related to
refractive index of gas under observation and the other interferometer takes on the pressure
information and issues a pressure signal. Then the results are compiled to have a precise
observation of compressibility factor.
Reference: US patent: US4702604 A

Methods to determine specific Gravity of Gas:

Measuring the refractive index and sound speed of a gas of interest:

Specific gravity and Heat quantity of a gas is measured individually in this technique by using
appropriate devices by knowing:
a. Refractive index of a gas
b. Speed of sound in gas
Reference: US patent: US20130233056 A1
Specific Gravity of a Gas Mixture by molecular weights and weight fractions:
Specific Gravity of a gas mixture is calculated firstly by multiplying the fraction of the
component present with its molecular weight. Then secondly, these individually calculated terms
for each component is added and then divided by the molecular weight of air.
Reference: Oil and Gas Pipeline Fundamentals by John L. Kennedy

Methods to determine Moisture Content of Gas:

Method for determination of moisture content using Cartridge that changes color:
In setting up apparatus being described sealed or tubular cartridge is placed in the path of
flowing gas whose one end is attached to the flow meter. Cartridge changes color with the
exposure of water vapors or droplets.
Reference: US patent: US2429694 A
Method for determining Moisture Content by capacitor with an Aluminum Oxide
dielectric:
It has been designed in such a way that moisture can move in to or out of the dielectric
incorporated.
Moisture is absorbed by the dielectric and can be compared later with the moisture content of
gas.
Reference: Handbook of Compressed Gases by Compressed Gas Association, Inc.

Methods for determination of calorific value of Gas:

 Determination of Calorific Value using hydrocarbon detection device:

Caloric value of gas(combustible) in this technique is calculated by passing the specific amount
of gas from a hydrocarbon detection device and the signal received from it is further analyzed
and integrated and thus the calorific value of gas is calculated.
Reference: Patent: WO1994010566 A1
Standard Test Method for determination of Calorific value of gases by Calorimeter:
In this test method from ASTM, the gases are continuously passes from calorimeter and readings
are taken continuously for the determination of calorific value of gas produced or has been sold.
Reference: ASTM D 1826-88

Methods to determine Critical Pressure and Temperature:

Pseudo critical pressure and temperature calculation for gasses:
As we know that in term of gases;
Mol fraction of gas = Volume fraction of gas

At Atmospheric Pressure

We can express the pseudo critical temperature and pressure as follows:

Pc= MFpc=(VFpc)
Tc= ( MFTc )=(VFTc )

Molecular weight is calculated from:

MW = MFMW

Reference: World Wide Practical Petroleum Reservoir Engineering Methods by H. C. Slider.