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WhatisSynchronousImpedanceMethodmeasurement,calculation&assumptionsCircuitGlobe
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SynchronousImpedanceMethod
TheSynchronousImpedanceMethodisbasedontheconceptofreplacingtheeffectof
armaturereactionbyanimaginaryreactance.Forasynchronousgeneratorfollowingarethe
equationgivenbelow.
Where,
Forcalculatingthesynchronousimpedance,ZsismeasuredandthenthevalueofEaiscalculated.
FromthevaluesofEaandV,thevoltageregulationiscalculated.
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Contents:
DCresistancetest
OpenCircuitTest
ShortCircuitTest
CalculationofSynchronousImpedance
AssumptionsintheSynchronousImpedanceMethod
MeasurementofSynchronousImpedance
Themeasurementofsynchronousimpedanceisdonebythefollowingmethods.Theyareknownas
DCresistancetest
Opencircuittest
Shortcircuittest
DCresistancetest
Inthistest,itisassumedthatthealternatorisstarconnectedwiththeDCfieldwindingopenas
showninthecircuitdiagrambelow.
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ItmeasurestheDCresistancebetweeneachpairofterminalseitherbyusinganammeter
voltmetermethodorbyusingtheWheatstonesbridge.Theaverageofthreesetsofresistance
valueRtistaken.ThevalueofRtisdividedby2toobtainavalueofDCresistanceperphase.
SincetheeffectiveACresistanceislargerthantheDCresistanceduetoskineffect.Therefore,the
effectiveACresistanceperphaseisobtainedbymultiplyingtheDCresistancebyafactor1.20to
1.75dependingonthesizeofthemachine.Atypicalvaluetouseinthecalculationwouldbe1.25.
OpenCircuitTest
Intheopencircuittestfordeterminingthesynchronousimpedance,thealternatorisrunningat
theratedsynchronousspeed,andtheloadterminalsarekeptopen.Thismeansthattheloadsare
disconnected,andthefieldcurrentissettozero.Thecircuitdiagramisshownbelow.
Aftersettingthefieldcurrenttozero,thefieldcurrentisgraduallyincreasedstepbystep.The
terminalvoltageEtismeasuredateachstep.Theexcitationcurrentmaybeincreasedtoget25%
morethantheratedvoltage.AgraphisdrawnbetweentheopencircuitphasevoltageEp =Et/3
andthefieldcurrentIf.ThecurvesoobtainiscalledOpenCircuitCharacteristic(O.C.C).The
shapeissameasnormalmagnetizationcurve.ThelinearportionoftheO.C.Cisextendedtoform
anairgapline.
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TheOpenCircuitCharacteristic(O.C.C)andtheairgaplineisshowninthefigurebelow.
ShortCircuitTest
Intheshortcircuittestthearmatureterminalsareshortedthroughthreeammetersasshownin
thefigurebelow.
Thefieldcurrentshouldfirstbedecreasedtozerobeforestartingthealternator.Eachammeter
shouldhavearangegreaterthantheratedfullloadvalue.Thealternatoristhenrunat
synchronousspeed.Sameasinanopencircuittestthatthefieldcurrentisincreasedgraduallyin
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stepsandthearmaturecurrentismeasuredateachstep.Thefieldcurrentisincreasedtoget
armaturecurrentsupto150%oftheratedvalue.
ThevalueoffieldcurrentIfandtheaverageofthreeammeterreadingsateachstepistaken.A
graphisplottedbetweenthearmaturecurrentIaandthefieldcurrentIf.Thecharacteristicso
obtainediscalledShortCircuitCharacteristic(S.C.C).Thischaracteristicisastraightlineas
showninthefigurebelow.
CalculationofSynchronousImpedance
Thefollowingstepsaregivenbelowforthecalculationofthesynchronousimpedance.
Theopencircuitcharacteristicsandtheshortcircuitcharacteristicaredrawnonthesame
curve.
DeterminethevalueofshortcircuitcurrentIscandgivestheratedalternatorvoltageper
phase.
ThesynchronousimpedanceZ Swillthenbeequaltotheopencircuitvoltagedividedbythe
shortcircuitcurrentatthatfieldcurrentwhichgivestheratedEMFperphase.
Thesynchronousreactanceisdeterminedas
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Thegraphisshownbelow.
FromtheabovefigureconsiderthefieldcurrentIf=OAthatproducesratedalternatorvoltageper
phase.Correspondingtothisfieldcurrent,theopencircuitvoltageisAB
Therefore,
AssumptionsintheSynchronousImpedanceMethod
ThefollowingassumptionsmadeinthesynchronousImpedanceMethodaregivenbelow.
ThesynchronousImpedanceisconstant
ThesynchronousimpedanceisdeterminedfromtheO.C.CandS.C.C.Itistheratiooftheopen
circuitvoltagetotheshortcircuitcurrent.WhentheO.C.CandS.C.Carelinear,the
synchronousimpedanceZSisconstant.
Thefluxundertestconditionsisthesameasthatunderloadconditions.
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Itisassumedthatagivenvalueofthefieldcurrentalwaysproducesthesameflux.This
assumptionintroducesconsiderableerror.Whenthearmatureisshortcircuited,thecurrentinthe
armaturelagthegeneratedvoltagebyalmost90degreesandhencethearmaturereactionis
almostcompletelydemagnetizing.
Theeffectofthearmaturereactionfluxcanbereplacedbyavoltagedropproportionaltothe
armaturecurrentandthatthearmaturereactionvoltagedropisaddedtothearmature
reactancevoltagedrop.
Themagneticreluctancetothearmaturefluxisconstantregardlessofthepowerfactor.
Foracylindricalrotormachine,thisassumptionissubstantiallytruebecauseoftheuniformair
gap.Regulationobtainedbyusingasynchronousimpedancemethodishigherthanthatobtained
byactualloading.Hence,thismethodisalsocalledthePessimisticmethod.
Atlowerexcitations,ZSisconstant,sincetheopencircuitcharacteristicscoincidewiththeairgap
line.ThisvalueofZSiscalledthelinearorUnsaturatedSynchronousImpedance.However,
withincreasingexcitationtheeffectofsaturationistodecreaseZSandthevaluesbeyondthe
linearpartoftheopencircuitcalledasSaturatedValueoftheSynchronousImpedance.
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