Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Spring 2006
ppt00 1
ppt00 2
Spring 2006
Application
Flow & Leveling
Drying / Curing
ppt00 3
Rheology
ppt00 4
Spring 2006
Honey or mayonnaise?
ppt00 5
Olive Oil
100
Glycerine
1000
Honey
5000
Spring 2006
Viscosity
Viscosity is resistance of a material to flow
ppt00 7
Viscosity
Velocity = V
Velocity = 0
Viscosity
Measure of the resistance of a fluid to an
imposed flow
ppt00 8
Spring 2006
Velocity = V2
Viscosity, Pa s
Shear Stress, Pa
=&
Rate
Viscosity
10
Spring 2006
Bubble Viscometers
Similar in Concept to Falling Ball.
However, Bubble is Deformable Theoretical Analysis is Difficult.
e.g. Gardner Bubble Viscometer
(ASTM D1545)
Falling Body Type has Very Limited
Control Over Measurement
Parameters (Shear Rates, Shear
Stress)
Not Recommended for nonNewtonian Fluids
ppt00 11
11
12
Spring 2006
Rotational Viscometers
ppt00 13
13
RPM
0.5
1
2.5
5
10
20
50
100
ppt00 14
"
14
Spring 2006
Shear-Thinning Behavior
Viscosity Measured with
Brookfield
Viscosity (cps)
4
"
10000
"
"
"
2
"
"
1000
100
0.1
10
100
RPM
ppt00 15
15
Viscosity (cps)
100000
10000
1000
100
10
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
ppt00 16
16
Spring 2006
= K& n (n > 1)
Shear Stress, Pa
=&
= K& n (n < 1)
Shear Rate, s-1
ppt00 17
17
18
Spring 2006
Polymer Conformation
Volume
Rheology
Intrinsic Viscosity, []
Hydrodynamic
= K Mva
ppt00 19
19
Polymer Concentration
Dilute
Critical
(Overlapping)
Rheology
Concentrated
(Entanglements)
20
10
Spring 2006
Log Viscosity
Polymer
3.4
Log Mc
1.0
Critical MW
Polyethylene
4,000
Polystyrene
30,000
Polymethyl methacrylate
28,000
Polycarbonate
13,000
Cis-polyisoprene
10,000
Polyisobutylene
15,000
1,4 polybutadiene
5,000
Polyvinyl acetate
23,000
Polydimethyl siloxane
24,000
Viscosity
Viscosity
21
LSV
HSV
Molecular Weight
Shear Rate
ppt00 22
22
11
Spring 2006
Viscosity
Narrow
Broad
Shear Rate
ppt00 23
23
ppt00 24
HMW
Shear-thinning
LMW
Newtonian
24
12
Spring 2006
ppt00 25
Thixotropy
Viscosity
25
Viscosity
Shear Stress
Time
Shear Rate
ppt00 26
Shear Rate
26
13
Spring 2006
_
_ __
+
+
Positive Edges & Negative
Faces Weak Structure
e.g., Laponite
ppt00 27
27
Viscosity
Cubic Packing
Critical Volume
Fraction - 0.5236
% Volume Solids
64
Hexagonal Packing
Critical Volume
Fraction - 0.7405
28
14
Spring 2006
ppt00 29
29
Monodispersed
Viscosity
Monodispersed
Polydispersed
% Volume Solids 64
Polydispersed
ppt00 30
30
15
Spring 2006
Platelets
Needles
Viscosity
Spheres
% Volume Solids
64
ppt00 31
31
ppt00 32
Inter-Particle Forces
a - Van der Waals, Long-range (Attractive)
b - Electrostatic, Long-range (Attractive or
Repulsive)
c - Steric, Short-range (Repulsive)
d - Solvation, Short-range (Attractive or
Repulsive)
e - Born, Atomic-range (Repulsive)
32
16
Spring 2006
Repulsive
c
e
Attractive
Potential Energy
Repulsive
S
Flocculation/
Agglomeration
Aggregation
ppt00 33
Attractive
33
Viscosity
Non-aggregated
Aggregated
% Volume Solids
ppt00 34
64
34
17
Spring 2006
log (Viscosity)
LowLow-Shear
HighHigh-Shear
Solids
Increases
ppt00 35
35
Viscosity
LowLow-Shear
ppt00 36
%Volume Solids
36
18
Spring 2006
1 / 2 = 01 / 2 + 1 / 2&1 / 2
Casson
Approx.
Plastic
Shear-thinning (Pseudo-plastic)
Newtonian
Yield
Stress
Dilatant (Shear-thickening)
Rate
ppt00 37
37
Summary
Viscosity
Hydrodynamic Volume
Shear Thinning
Chain Entanglements
Flocculation / Aggregation
Thixotropy
Chain Entanglements
Flocculation / Aggregation
Yield Stress
Weak Structure (gel)
ppt00 38
38
19
Spring 2006
log (Viscosity)
Shear-Thinning
Newtonian
39
gt
2
t - film thickness
- density
- viscosity
For a 1.1g cm-3 density, 3 mil
(0.0076cm) thick, 1Pa s (10 poise)
coating,
sag shear rate is 0.4 s-1
ppt00 40
40
20
Spring 2006
Shear Rate =
d/2
3
200x12x10
___________
60x2
ppt00 41
41
Brush/Roll
Pick Up
Mixing
(Slurries)
Roll
Coating
Spray
Coating
42
21
Spring 2006
Viscosity (cps)
10 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0
10 0 0
10 0
10
0 .0 1
0 .10
1.0 0
10 .0 0
10 0 .0 0
10 0 0 .0 0
S h e a r R a te (s -1 )
ppt00 43
43
Viscosity (cps)
16 0 0 0
14 0 0 0
12 0 0 0
10 0 0 0
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 .0 0
50 .0 0
10 0 .0 0
150 .0 0
2 0 0 .0 0
2 50 .0 0
S h e a r R a te (s -1 )
ppt00 44
44
22
Spring 2006
ppt00 45
45
46
23
Spring 2006
Surface Tension
l
Surface tension =
Energy required to
expand soap bubble
(creating surface)
w
Soap Film
dl
Force = w x 2
Energy = w dl x 2
w
Soap Film
ppt00 47
47
Surface Tension
Molecules at the surface are
subject to a net attractive force
towards bulk liquid.
Liquid
Water
Ethyl Alcohol
ppt00 48
Surface Tension
(dyne/cm)
72
22.8
48
24
Spring 2006
H
O
O
H C H
H C H
H
H
Small positive charge
on H atom
H
O
49
Water - 72 dynes/cm
Waxed Surface 32 dynes/cm
ppt00 50
50
25
Spring 2006
hydrophilic
C2H5OH
Surface Tension
C12H25SO4-Na+
CMC
Surfactant concentration
ppt00 51
51
Surface Tension
(dynes/cm)
ppt00 52
Water
72.3
Ethylene glycol
48.4
Propylene Glycol
36.0
O-Xylene
30.0
Toluene
28.4
Dowanol PM
27.7
N-Butanol
24.6
MEK
24.0
Hexane
18.0
52
26
Spring 2006
Surface Tension
(dynes/cm)
>55
Most Organic
Coatings
PMMA
35-50
PP, PE
29-31
PTFE
16
41
ppt00 53
53
Spontaneous Wetting
& Spreading
- Contact Angle
54
27
Spring 2006
ppt00 55
55
Equilibrium vs Dynamic
Surface Tension
What is the surface tension of just mixed
surfactantl/water ?
What is it sometime later ?
What is it in between ?
Surface
Tension
ppt00 56
Time
56
28
Spring 2006
ppt00 57
57
impurities
<
film,
to high ,
Fluid Flow
Fluid Flow
Low Surface Tension
Contaminant
Substrate
ppt00 58
58
29
Spring 2006
CRATERS
ppt00 59
59
DEWETTING
ppt00 60
Courtesy
of Werner Blank, King Ind.
60
30