Environmental Science and Engineering Lecture Notes

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Environmental Science and Engineering
ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY DEFINITION, SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE Environ
mental science is the study of nature and the facts about environment. Basically
environment can be defined as all the social, economical, physical & chemical fa
ctors that surrounds man (or) all abiotic and biotic components around man-all liv
ing and non living things surrounds man. Environment Components can be divided in
to biotic and abiotic components. According to ancient man the environment was t
he Panchaboodhas (i.e) air, water, land, sky and energy. The human were disciple
s of nature. They were able to protect themselves from harmful one and protect t
he others. But according to modern man the env. is only air land and water. Expl
oitation of various earth resources to satisfy the increasing needs of human pop
ulation has resulted in 1) depletion of various resources of earth 2) pollution.
Principles of environmental education:
Examine the major environmental issues d
iscover the root cause develop problem solving skills promote co-operation in so
lving problems emphasis active participation in prevention and solution to probl
ems.
Scope of environmental science:
Studying the interrelationship between the compo
nents of env. Carrying out impact analysis and env. Audit Preventing pollution f
rom existing and new industries Stopping the use of biological and nuclear weapo
ns Managing unpredictable disasters etc.
Public awareness: Environmental Pollution or problems cannot be solved by mere l
aws. Public participation is an important aspect which serves the environmental
Protection.
Public awareness of environmental Is at infant stage 30-40% of publi
c of developing country are aware of environmental. Problems but they do not bot
her about it. Ignorance and incomplete knowledge has lead to misconceptions Page
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Development and improvement in std. of living has lead to serious environmental
disasters Debate on environmental Issues are treated as anti-developmental
Reasons for environmental Ignorance:
science, technology and economics failed to
integrate the knowledge on environmental Aspects in curriculum the decision mak
ers do not process environmental Angle of decision making consideration of econo
mic growth, poverty eradication has lead to environmental Degradation only few d
evelopmental activities are made considering the environmental Aspects.
Need For Public Awareness: The United Nations Conference on Environment and Deve
lopment held at Reo de Janeiro in 1992 (popularly known as Earth Summit) and world
summit on sustainable development at Johannesburg in 2002, have highlighted the
key issues of global environmental concern. They have attracted the attention o
f people. Any government at its own cannot achieve the goals of clear environmen
t until the public participate in action. Public participation is possible only
when the public is aware about the ecological and environmental issues. Eg. Banthe littering of polythene. Methods to propagate environmental Awareness: 1. Am
ong students through education introducing environmental studies in the curricul
um. 2. Among public through mass media- environmental programmmes through TV, ra
dio etc. 3. Among decision makers, planners, leaders etc. Role of NGOs 1. Advise
the government in interacting with ground level people 2. Organize public meeti
ngs to create environmental awareness Eg. Recent report of centre for science and
environment on permissible limits of pesticides in cola drinks. Public awareness
is needed in the area 1. study of natural resources-conservation and management
2. ecology and biodiversity conservation 3. environmental Pollution and prevent
ion Page 2 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
www.EEENotes.in 4. social issues related to development and environment 5. human

population and environment. Concept Of Ecosystem:
Living organisms cannot be isolated from their non-living environment because th
e later provides materials and energy for the survival of the farmer. An ecosyst
em is therefore defined as a natural functional ecological unit comprising of li
ving organisms and their non-living environment that interact to form a stable s
elf supporting system . Eg. Pond, lake, desert, grassland, forest, etc. Ecosyste
ms Ecology earnest Haeckal- 1869 derived from oikos home , logy study -deals with t
he study of organisms in their natural home interacting with their surroundings.
Ecosystem Tansley (1935) self regulating group of biotic communities of species
interacting with one another and with their non-living environment exchanging e
nergy and matter Ecosystem characteristics Structural features composition and o
rganization of biological communities and abiotic components constitute Structur
e of Ecosystem Biotic structure Plants , animals , microorganisms form biotic co
mponents nutritional behavior and status in the ecosystem producers or consumers
how do they get their food. Structure of Ecosystem 1. Abiotic or non-living com
ponents or physical components 2. Biotic or Living components 3. Energy componen
ts. Abiotic Components: Abiotic components enter the body of living directly or
indirectly take part in metabolic activities and return to environment. Abiotic
components are as follows 1. Atmosphere The cover of air that envelopes the earth
is known as atmosphere. Compostion Nitrogen-78%, oxygen- 2%, other gases- 1% 2.
Lithosphere or Interior of Earth Solid Earth Radius 6371- density -5.5 3. Hydros
phere 97% earths water is in oceans Fresh water 3%.
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www.EEENotes.in Structure of Atmosphere: Five Layers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Troposphere lower portion extends from 0-18 kms, temperatureStratosphere -18- 50
kms- Temperature (-2 C to -56 C )- Ozone layer Mesosphere- extends from 50-85 kms- T
emperature drops to (-95 C) Ionosphere or Thermosphere extends up to 500 kms. Tempe
rature raises up to 1200 C Exosphere extends up to 1600 km- temperature very high
due to solar radiation.
Functions of Atmosphere: It maintains heat balance on the earth by absorbing IR
radiation. Oxygen support life on living organism. Co2 - essential for photosynt
hetic activity of plants. N2 - essential nutrient for plant growth. Interior of
Earth or Lithosphere: Three major Zones 1. Crust top most layer- solid thickness
30 40 Km in continents and 5 6 km in oceans. Rocks of the earth crust 3 types I
gneous , Sedimentary, Metamorphic. 2. Mantle average density 3.3 Thickness 2860
density increases with depth. 3. Core (outer core solid , inner core liquid). de
pth 2900 km from the surface of the earth density -12 not exact composition. Fun
ctions of Lithosphere: 1. It is home for human beings and wild life. 2. It is st
ore house of minerals and organic matter. Functions of Ecosystems Ecosystem char
acteristics Structural features composition and organization components constitu
te Structure of Ecosystem of biological communities and abiotic
Biotic structure Plants , animals , microorganisms form biotic components nutrit
ional behavior and status in the ecosystem producers or consumers how do they ge
t their food. Producers Photosynthesis photoautotroph (auto self, photo- light)
Chemotrops or Chemosynthetic organisms Chemicals Consumers feeding upon other or
ganisms Page 4 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
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Types Herbivores Plant eating animals primary consumers Eg ; rabbit Carnivores F
eed on consumers Secondary Consumers - feed on other carnivores Tertiary / Consu
mers. Omnivores feed on both plants and animals eg. Humans, rat, fox. Detritivor
es - (Detritus feeder or Saprotrophs ) feed on dead on organisms or decomposed m
atter eg; beetles, termites,ants , crabs, earthworms. Decomposers nutrition brea
king down in to complex organic molecules to simpler organic organic compounds b
acteria and fungi. Abiotic Structure. physical and chemical components of an eco
system. Physical factors sunlight , temperature ,annual rainfall, soil type, wat
er availability, water currents etc. strong influence on the ecosystem. Chemical
factors; major essential nutrients C, N, P, H, O, S. Biotic Components Abiotic c
omponents and viceversa linked through energy flow, matter cyling. Functional At
tributes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Food chain, Food web and trophic structure. Energy flow
Cycling of Nutrients (Biogeochemical cycles) Primary and secondary production E
cosystem development programme
Food Chains Grass Sequence of eating and being eaten in an ecosystem. Grasshoppe
r Frog snake Hawk
(Grassland Ecosystem) Grazing food chains Starts with green plants. Grass Rabbit
Fox Zooplanktons Small fish Carnivores (fish)
Phytoplanktons
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ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM: Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. For livi
ng organisms, it is the basic force responsible for running all the metabolic ac
tivities. The flow of energy from producer level to top consumer level is called
energy flow. The flow of energy in an ecosystem is unidirectional. It flows fro
m producer level to consumer level and never in the reverse direction. The proce
ss of energy flow involves transfer of energy from autotrophs to various compone
nts of heterotrophs and help in maintaining bio diversity. The main source of en
ergy in the ecosystem is sunlight. About 80% of energy is lost during flow of en
ergy from one trophic level to the next one. Sun Producer Herbivores Carnivores
Top carnivores Decomposers
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION FOOD CHAIN Plants by photosynthesis convert solar energy i
nto protoplasm. Small herbivores consume the vegetable matter and convert into a
nimal matter which in turn eaten by large carnivores. This sequence of eaten and
being eaten , produces transfer of food energy known as food chain. Producers (
Plants) FOOD WEB: The food relationship between various organisms is being depic
ted by linking all the possible prey and predators of different food level. In a
n ecosystem linking of feeding habit relations will provide a food web. Consumer
I order (Deer) Consumer II order (Tiger, Lion) Decomposers (Bacteria, fungi)
Mouse Grass Rabbit Grasshopper
snake Hawk Lizard
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The energy biomass and number of organisms gradually decreases from the producer
level to the consumer level. The total mass of herbivores in an ecosystem will
generally be less than the total mass of plants. Similarly the total mass of car
nivores will be less than the total mass of herbivores. The graphical representa
tion of the number, biomass and energy of various energy levels is called ecolog
ical pyramid. In any ecological pyramid the producer forms the base and the succ
essive levels form the tires which can make the apex. Types of ecological pyrami
ds: a) pyramid of numbers b) pyramid of biomass c) pyramid of energy Eg. Grassla
nd ecosystem pyramid of number upright pyramid
birds
insects
Worms
grass
Parasite ecosystem pyramid of number inverted pyramid
Bacteria, fungi
Parasites
Birds
Tree
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Definition: It is a natural ecosystem consisting of dense growth of trees and wi
ld animals Types: tropical deciduous, evergreen, wet green Littoral and swamps S
ub tropical Characteristics: Abiotic: soil, sun light, temperature etc Biotic :
forest trees, shrubs and animals Structure: Producer Consumer : : trees and shru
bs Primary elephants, deer etc. Secondary snakes, birds, lizards etc Tertiary li
ons, tigers etc Decomposers : Functional components: Ecological pyramids (uprigh
t) fungi, bacteria
lions
lizards
deers
trees
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dominated by grass few shrubs and trees are also found rainfall average but erra
tic overgrazing leads to desertification. Three types depending on the climate 1
. Tropical grass lands found near the boarders of tropical rain forests. Eg. Sav
annas in Africa. Animals Zebra, giraffes etc. fires are common in dry seasons te
rmite mounds produce methane leads to fire high in photosynthesis deliberate bur
ning leads to release of high CO2 global warming. 2. Temperate grasslands flat a
nd gentle slopes of hills. Very cold winter and very hot summer - dry summer fir
es do not allow shrubs and trees to grow soil is quite fertile cleaned for agric
ulture. 3. Polar grasslands found in arctic polar region organism arctic wolf, f
ox, etc. A thick layer of ice remains frozen under the soil surface throughout t
he year known as permafrost summer insects and birds appear. Components: Structu
ral Components: Abiotic: soil pH, nutrients, soil moisture, temp, climatic condi
tions, etc. Biotic: grass, caterpillar, butterfly, worms, insects, birds, etc. F
unctional components: Ecological pyramid
birds
insects
Worms
grass
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Grass
worms
Insects
small birds
huge birds
Decomposition
sediments c. DESERT ECOSYSTEM Types: 1. tropical desert-found in Africa-Sahara a
nd Rajasthan Thar 2. temperate desert-south California-Majave 3. cold desert-Chin
a-Gobi desert Characteristics: 1. Air is dry 2. Climate is hot 3. Annual rainfal
l is less than 25 cm 4. Vegetation is poor d.AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM Definition: Deals
with water bodies and biotic communities present in them-Classified as fresh wa
ter and marine ecosystems. Fresh water systems are classified as lentic and loti
c ecosystems. Types: 1. Pond ecosystem: Small fresh water ecosystem seasonal in
nature organisms: algae, aquatic plants, insects, fishes etc. Ponds are very oft
en exposed to anthropogenic pressure like cloth washing, bathing, cattle bathing
, swimming etc. 2. Lake ecosystem: Big fresh water ecosystem Zonation or stratif
ication, especially during summer is a common one. Page 10 of 73 Einstein College
of Engineering
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Top layer shallow, warm, prone to anthropogenic activities Littoral zone Second
layer enough sunlight, high primary productivity Limnetic zone Third layer very
poor or no sunlight Profundal zone Eg. Dal lake in Srinagar, Naini lake in Naini
tal Organisms: planktons phytoplankton eg. Algae zooplankton eg. Rotifers Nekton
s that swims in water eg. Fishes Neustons that float on the surface of water Ben
thos that attached to sediments eg. Snails
Types of lakes : Many types- oligotrophic lakes with less nutrient content eutro
phic lakes with very high nutrient content due to fertilizer contamination deser
t salt lakes that contains high saline water due to over evaporation volcanic la
kes formed by water emitted from magma due to volcanic eruptions dystrophic lake
s that contains highly acidic water (low pH) endemic lakes lakes that contain ma
ny endemic species etc. 3. Streams: fresh water ecosystem where water current pl
ays a major role. Oxygen and nutrient content are uniform. Stream organisms have
to face extreme difference in climatic conditions but they do not suffer from o
xygen deficiency as pond and lake organisms. This is because large surface area
of running water provides more oxygen supply. The animals have very narrow range
of tolerance towards oxygen deficiency. Thus stream are worst victims of indust
rial pollution. River ecosystem: large streams flowing from mountain highlands a
re rivers. Three phases: 1. mountain highlands rushing down water fall of water
large quantity of dissolved oxygen plants attached to rocks and fishes that requ
ire more oxygen are found. 2. Second phase gentle slopes of hills warmer support
s the growth of plants and fishes that require less oxygen are seen. 3. Third ph
ase: river shapes the land lots of silts, nutrients are brought deposited in pla
ins and delta very rich in biodiversity. 4. Oceans: Gigantic reservoirs of water
covering >70% of earth surface 2,50,000 species huge variety of sea products, d
rugs etc. provide Fe, Mg, oils, natural gas, sand etc. major sinks of carbon di
oxide regulate biochemical cycles. Two zones: coastal zone warm, nutrient rich,
shallow high sunlight high primary productivity. Open sea away from continental
shelf vertically divided in to 3 zones. 1. euphotic zone abundant sunlight 2. ba
thyal zone dim sunlight 3. abyssal zone dark zone worlds largest ecological unit.
Estuary: coastal area where river meet ocean strongly affected by tidal actions
very rich in nutrients very rich in biodiversity also organisms are highly tole
rant many species are endemic high food productivity however to be protected fro
m pollution. Page 11 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
www.EEENotes.in Characteristics: Structural Components:

Abiotic: pH, nutrients, D.O, temp, climatic conditions, etc. Biotic: Phytoplankt
on, fishes, snails insects, birds, etc. Functional components: Ecological pyrami
d
birds
fishes
Worms, insects
phytoplankton
Energy flow:
Phytoplankton
Insects
small fishes
huge fishes
Decomposition
sediments INTRODUCTION TO BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity is the abbreviated word for b
iological diversity (bio-life or living organisms, diversity-variety). Thus biodi
versity is the total variety of life on our planet, the total number of races, v
arieties and species. The sum of total of various types of microbes, plants and
animals (producers, consumers and decomposers) in a system.
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Biomes can be considered life zones, environment with similar climatic, topograp
hic and soil conditions and roughly comparable biological communities (Eg. Grass
land, forest). The biomes shelter an astounding variety of living organisms (fro
m driest desert to dripping rain forest, from highest mountain to deepest ocean
trenches, life occurs in a marvelous spectrum of size, shape, colour and inter r
elationship). The variety of living organisms, the biodiversity, makes the world
beautiful. There are 1.4 million species known presently. But based on new disc
overies, by research expeditions, mainly in tropics, taxonomists estimate there
are between 3-50 million different species may be alive today. Insects make up m
ore than one half of all known species and may comprise more than 90% of all spe
cies on earth.
The concept of biodiversity may be analyzed in 3 different levels
. They are 1 ecosystem diversity 2 species diversity 3 genetic diversity Ecosyst
em or ecological diversity means the richness and complexity of a biological com
munity, including tropic levels, ecological processes (which capture energy), fo
od webs and material recycling. Species diversity describes the number of kinds
of organisms within individual communities or ecosystems. Genetic diversity is a
measure of the variety of versions of same gene within individual species. Biod
iversity Hotspots: Most of the worlds biodiversity are near the equator especiall
y tropical rain forest and coral reefs. Of all the worlds species, only 10-15% li
ve in North America and Europe. The Malaysian Peninsula, for instance, has at le
ast 8000 species of flowing plants, while Britain, with an area twice as large,
has only 1400 species. South America has 200 000 species of plants. Areas isolat
ed by water, desert or mountain can also have high conc. of unique species and b
iodiversity. New Zealand, South Africa and California are all mid-latitude area
isolated by barriers that prevent mixing up of biological communities from other
region and produce rich, unusual collection of species. Significance of Biodive
rsity: Biosphere is a life supporting system to the human race. Each species in
the biosphere has its own significance. It is the combination of different organ
isms that enables the biosphere to sustain human race. Biodiversity is vital for
a healthy biosphere. Biodiversity is must for the stability and proper function
ing of the biosphere. Page 13 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
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Besides these biodiversity is so important due to having consumptive use values,
productive use values, social values, ethical values and aesthetic values. Bene
fits of biodiversity: We benefit from other organism in many ways. Even insignif
icant organisms can play irreplaceable roles in ecological systems or the source
of genes or drugs that someday become indispensable. Food: Many wild plant spec
ies could make important contributions to human food suppliers either as they ar
e or as a source of material to improve domestic crops. About 80,000 edible plan
ts could be used by human. Drugs and medicine: Living organisms provides many us
eful drugs and medicines. The United Nations Development Programme derived from
developing world plants, animals and microbes to be more than $30 billion per ye
ar. Eg. For natural medicinal products Penicillin fungus is the source Antibioti
c Quinine chincona bark - Malaria treatment Morphine poppy bark Analgesic Twenty
years before, once the drugs were not introduced, childhood leukemia was fatal.
Now the remission rate for childhood leukemia is 99%. Ecological benefits: Huma
n life is inextricably linked to ecological services provided by other organisms
. Soil formation, waste disposal, air and water purification, solar energy absor
ption, nutrient cycling and food production all depend on biodiversity. In many
environments, high diversity may help biological communities to withstand enviro
nmental stress better and to recover more quickly than those with fewer species.
Threats to biodiversity: Due to
Habitat loss Deforestation activities (cutting
trees for timber, removal of medicinal plants) Production of hybrid seeds requir
es wild plants as raw material, farmers prefer hybrid reeds, many plant species
become extinct Increase in the production of pharmaceutical companies made sever
al number of medicinal plants and species on the verge of extinction. Removal of
forest-cover for road laying and also due to soil erosion Illegal trade of wild
life Population explosion, construction of dam, discharge of industrial effluen
ts use of pesticides.
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Poaching of wild life Due to poaching, illegal trade and smuggling activities mo
st of our valuable fauna are under threat organised crime has moved into illegal
wild life smuggling because of huge profit Eg. Tiger, Deer for hides, Rhinocero
s for horns, Elephant for ivory tusk, Sea Horse, Star turtle sold to foreign mar
ket. (Extinction, the elimination of species, is a normal process of the natural
world. Species die put and are replaced by others as part of evolutionary chang
e. Human caused reduction: The climate change caused by our release of green hou
se gases in the atm. could have catastrophic effects. Human disturbance of natur
al habitat is the largest single cause pf loss of biological diversity. Woodland
s and grasslands are converted now use about 10% of the worlds land surface for c
rop production and about twice the amount for pasture and grasslands.) Hunting:
Over harvesting is responsible for depletion or extinction of many species. Eg.
The American passenger pigeon was the worlds most abundant bird. In spite of this
vast population, market hunting and habitat destruction caused the entire popul
ation to crash with in 20 years.
Fragmentation; Habitat fragmentation reduces the biodiversity because many anima

ls like bears and large cats require large territories to subsist. Some forest b
irds reproduce only in deep forest or habitat far from human settlement. A large
island for example, can support more individuals of given species and therefore
less likely to suffer extinction due to genetic problems and natural catastroph
es. Commercial products: Smuggling of fuels, hides, horns and folk medicines als
o affect the biodiversity in an abrupt manner. Conservation of biodiversity: In
general biodiversity is generally disturbed by human activities. To solve the pr
oblems, it is essential to protect our bio diversity by two ways. 1. In-situ or
on-site conversion 2. Ex-situ conservation In-situ conservation:
Conservation of
species in its natural habitat, in place where the species normally occurs
The
strategy involves establishing small or large protected areas, called protected
areas Today in world, there are 9800 protected areas and 1500 national parks
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1. Nature or biosphere reserves (Eg) Nilgiri Bio reserve 2. national parks and s
anctuaries (Eg) Mudumalai, vedanthangal 3. on farm and home garden conservation
for plants, vegetables and fruits to maintain traditional crop varieties. Ex- si
tu conservation:
It involves maintenance and breeding of endangered plant and an
imal species under partially or wholly controlled conditions in zoos, gardens an
d laboratories The crucial issue for conservation is to identify those species w
hich are more at risk of extinction. Methods: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. long term captive b
reeding shortage term propagation and release animal translocation and re introd
uctions seed bank reproductive technology (i) embryo transfer technology (ii) cl
oning
Review questions: 1. Define Environmental science Environmental science is the s
tudy of the environment, its biotic and abiotic components and their interrelati
onships. 2. What are the important components of environment? Abiotic or non-liv
ing components Biotic or living component Energy component 3. What are the proce
sses involved in hydrological cycle? Continuous evaporation, transpiration, prec
ipitation of surface run off and ground water 4. Define biogeochemical cycle. Gi
ve example. The continuous circulation of all the essential elements and compoun
ds required for life, from the environment to the organism and back to the envir
onment.e.g., carbon cycle 5. What are the functions of lithosphere? It is a home
for human beings and wild lives. It is a store house minerals and organic matte
rs Page 16 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
www.EEENotes.in 6. Mention the various types of public participation.

Pressure g
roup Watch dog
Advisory council
Enforcing the environmental laws 7. Explain bios
phere?
The part of lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere in which living organisms li
ve and interact with one another is called biosphere
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UNIT 2: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION-DEFINITION:Any undesirab
le change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of any compone
nt of the environment (air, water, soil) which can cause harmful effects on vari
ous forms of life or property. Types of environmental pollution:a) Air pollution
b) Water pollution c) Soil pollution d) Marine pollution e) Noise pollution f)
Thermal pollution g) Nuclear hazards a)AIR POLLUTION: It is an atmospheric. cond
ition where certain substances are present in conc. which can cause undesirable
effects on man and his environment. Ex. Gases, particulate matter, radioactive s
ubstances etc. Gaseous pollutants sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon oxides
, volatile organic compounds Particulate pollutants smoke, dust, soot, fumes, ae
rosol, liquid droplets, pollen grains Radio active pollutants Radon 222, Iodine
131, Sr 90
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Natural sources 1. Volcanic eruption 2. Forest fires 3. Biological decay
man made sources(anthropogenic) thermal power plants (fly ash, SO2) industrial u
nits vehicle emission(CO-77%, HC-14%, NOX-8%)(Heavy duty diesel vehicles- more N
OX and SPM Petrol vehicles CO & HC)
4. Sea salt spray 5. Pollen grains of flowers
fossil fuel burning Agricultural activities Metallurgical plants (SO2, CO2) Fert
ilizer plants Textile mills Refineries Paper and pulp mills
Classification of air pollutants: Air pollutants
According to origin According to state of matter
Primary pollutants
secondary pollutants
(SO2, NOX, smoke) (PAN, SO3, aldehydes) Gaseous air pollutants (CO2, NOX) partic
ulate air pollutants (dust, mist) Page 19 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
www.EEENotes.in Indoor air pollution:

Radon is an important air pollutant. It can be emitted from building materials l
ike bricks, concrete, tiles etc. which are derived from soil containing radium.
Burning of fuel produce pollutants like CO, SO2, soot and many other like formal
dehyde, benzo(a)pyrene (BAP) are toxic and harmful for health. BAP is also found
in cigarette smoke and is considered to cause cancer. A person using wood as fu
el for cooking inhales BAP equivalent to 20 packets of cigarette a day. Effects
of air pollution: Effects on human: Human respiratory system has a number of mec
hanisms for protection from air pollution. Bigger particles (> 10 micro m) can b
e trapped by the hairs and sticky muscus lining in the nose.
S. No. Pollutant 1 Aldehydes
Sources
Effects on human
Thermal Irritates nasal and respiratory tracts decomposition of fats and oils Ch
emical processes, Upper respiratory passage dye making, explosives and fertilize
rs Coal and oil furnaces Damages kidney, cause jaundice, lung and skin cancer
2
Ammonia
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Arsenic
Carbon Monoxide Motor exhausts, oil damages lungs and heart and coal furnaces Ca
dmium Chlorine Hydrocarbons Hydrogen Sulfide Nitrogen oxides oil and coal furnac
es Chemical industries Unburnt vapours Sewage refineries Motor exhaust Damages k
idney Attacks respiratory tracks, mucous membranes
gasoline Fog formed with combination of NOx affects respiratory system treatment
, Irritates eyes, causes nausea, bad odour vehicle Bronchitis
www.EEENotes.in 10 11 12 Ozone Sulphur dioxide Suspended solids Photochemical re

actions Coal and combustion Industrial manufactures
Environmental Science and Engineering Eye irritation, aggressive asthma oil Obst
ructs breathing, irritates eyes Eye irritation, asthma, suffocation, lung cancer
air
Control of air pollution: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Using non conventional ener
gy Using bio filters Planting more trees Reducing vehicle exhausts Using less po
lluting fuels Using mass transport Removal of particulate matter using electrost
atic precipitator, cyclone filter etc. Setting of industries of EIA Removal of N
OX from vehicle exhaust
b)WATER POLLUTION: Presence of foreign impurities (organic, inorganic, biologica
l) in such quantities so as to constitute a health hazard by lowering the water
quality and making it unfit for use. Causes: Point source Ex: flow of water poll
utants from sewerage system, industrial effluent etc. Non-point source Ex: agric
ultural land (pesticides, fertilizers, mining, construction sites) Classificatio
n of water pollutants: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. suspended matter thermal discharge p
athogens (bacteria, fungi, protozoa fungi) natural organic pollutants synthetic
organic pollutants inorganic chemicals radioactive waste, oil, sediments
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1. Objectionable colour and odour is unacceptable and unsuitable for drinking an
d other purposes. 2. highly turbid and very hard water is unpleasant to drink, f
ood processing 3. acid and alkaline water cause serious health problem 4. water
borne infectious enteric disease like typhoid, cholera, dysentery, are the predo
minant health hazard arising from drinking contaminated water 5. radioactive pol
lution enter human body through food and get accumulated in thyroid gland, liver
, bones and muscles 6. biodegradable waster deplete D O in the receiving stream,
affect the flora cause creates anaerobic conditions 7. non biodegradable waste
and pesticides travel the food chain and ultimately reach human where they accum
ulate in fatty tissues 8. thermal discharge in stream depletes D O 9. phosphate,
nitrate, promote the growth of algae and encourage eutrophication 10. Industria
l effluents result in addition of poisonous chemicals such as arsenic, mercury,
lead may reach human body through contaminated food. Control measures of water p
ollution 1. lay down standard for a. drinking water b. disposal of waste water i
nto water course/sewer/land 2. monitoring 3. treatment a. domestic treatment
scr
eening sedimentation
filtration, pH adjustment
disinfection b. waste water treat
ment preliminary treatment
primary treatment
secondary treatment
advanced treatm
ent
www.EEENotes.in C) SOIL POLLUTION:Environmental Science and Engineering
The contamination of soil by human and natural activities which may cause harmfu
l effects on living beings. Causes:
Effects: Affect human health
Affect soil fert
lity Reduce soil productivity
Cause abnormalities Control measures:
Properly col
ect solid waste Microbial degradation Recovery of products from waste For methan
e generation, use cattle dung For biogas generation, use biodegradable organic w
aste Industrial waste Urban waste Agricultural practices Radioactive pollutants
Biological agent
d) MARINE POLLUTION:The discharge of waste substances into the sea resulting in
harm to living resources, hazards to human health, hindrance to fishery and impa
irment of quality for use of sea water. Causes:
Sources:
Effects:
t area Oil drilling and shipment. waste disposal oil spill thermal pollution (pl
ants located nearby coastal areas) ship breaking activities aquaculture practice
s nuclear test conducted in seas and oceans disturb entire aquatic or marine eco
system oil has suffocation effect on most aquatic animals Page 23 of 73 Einstein
College of Engineering
Rivers
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smaller animals can be caught in oil envelope and die thermal Pollution may incr
ease the temp. of water and DO may be depleted which causes danger.
There may be
chances for bioaccumulation and bio magnification in the food chain due to the
disposal of non-degradable wastes Oil promotes anaerobic conditions by preventin
g diffusion of oxygen from air Disposal of radio active wastes cause chronic, ac
ute and genetic damage Affects the recreational activity along the beaches
Affec
t sensitive flora and fauna
Loss of buoyancy Affect phytoplankton, zooplankton,
algal species, coral reefs, fish, birds and mammals. Control measures: Ban to dum
p the toxic, hazards waste and sewage sludge. Prevent sewer overflows
Minimize c
oastal developmental activities Oil ballast should not be dumped into sea. e) NO
ISE POLLUTION:Sound is mechanical energy from a vibrating source Unpleasant and
unwanted sound is called noise Sound can propagate through air, liquid or solid
Sound is pressure perturbation in the medium through which it travels. Sound pre
ssure creates alternate compression and rarefaction. The number of c and r per u
nit time is called frequency. Sound pressure does not produce linear impact on h
uman. A logarithmic scale has been devised. Noise is measure in terms of SPL whi
ch is a log ratio of sound P to a std. P. It has a dimensionless unit decibel (d
B). The international reference P is 2X10 power -5 Pa. Sound can affect ears eit
her by loudness or by pitch (frequency). The CPCB has recommended the permissibl
e noise levels for various places.
www.EEENotes.in Area
Environmental Science and Engineering Permissible noise level(dB) Day Industrial
Commercial Residential Silent Zone 75 65 55 50 Night 70 55 45 40
Sounds and their decibel scale: 1. Rocket engine 180 dB 2. Jet plane take off 15
0 dB 3. Threshold of pain 140 dB 4. Recorded music (max) 130 dB 5. Construction
works, news paper press 100 dB 6. Motor cycle 90 dB 7. Ordinary conservation 70/
80 dB 8. Air conditioning unit/ Light traffic 60 dB 9. Normal living room 50 dB
10. Library or soft whisper 30 B 11. Threshold of hearing 0 dB Sources of noise
pollution: 1. Industrial units 2. Transportation modes 3. Construction activitie
s 4. Celebrations 5. Electric home appliances Nanjing 105 dB Rome Calcutta Mumba
i Delhi 90 dB 85 dB 82 dB 80 dB
Effects of noise pollution:
Interferes communication Hearing damage (90 dB)
Phys
iological and Psychological disorders Page 25 of 73 Einstein College of Engineeri
ng
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Noise pollution during Diwali: The environmental (protection) (2nd amendment) Ru
le 1999 has given the permissible limit of noise level produced from fire cracke
rs to be 125 dB. According to recent test reports on fire crackers by National P
hysical Laboratory, the fire crackers available in the market produce noise beyo
nd the permissible limit. Atom bomb 135-138 dB Hydrogen bomb
The Union Government and all the state governments shall follow the guidelines o
f amendment 89 of env. (Protection) Rule 1986 framed under Env. (Protection) Act
1986 which says 1. The manufacture, sale or use of fire crackers generating noi
se level exceeding125dB shall be prohibited. 2. For joined fire crackers the lim
it is taken as 5log 10 (N) dB; where N= no. of crackers joined together 3. The u
se of fire crackers shall not be permitted except between 6.00a.m and 10p.m. 4.
No crackers burning is permitted in/near silent zone areas near hospitals, educa
tional institutions, courts, religious places, etc. 5. The State Education Resou
rce Centre shall take appropriate steps to educate students about the ill effect
s of air and noise pollution. Control of noise pollution:
Reduction in source of
noise] Noise making machines should be kept in containers with sound absorbing
media Proper oiling will reduce noise from machinery Using silencers fibrous mat
erial Planting trees Legislation can prevent excess sound production, unnecessar
y horn blowing etc.
f) THERMAL POLLUTION:Addition of excess undesirable heat to water Causes: Nuclear
power plant Domestic sewage
Hydro electric power Effects:
Reduction inn dissolve
d oxygen Increase in toxicity Page 26 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
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Direct mortality Control measures:-

The following methods should be adopted to control thermal pollution
ers Cooling ponds Spray ponds
Cooling tow
g) NUCLEAR HAZARDS:- OR RADIO ACTIVE POLLUTION The physical pollution of air, wa

ter and soil by radio materials. Causes:I) Natural causes: Solar rays
Radio nucl
ides in earths crust Environmental radiation II)Anthrogeneic causes:
Effects:
s skin burns, loss of teeth, vomiting anemia Blood cancer
Brain damage Control m
easures:
Radiation exposure protection Radiation contamination protection Control
led area Disposal of radioactive waste Medical X-rays Radio isotopes Nuclear tes
t Nuclear installations Nuclear reactor
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:Any material that is thrown away or discarded as unwanted
is considered as solid waste. Types: Garbage or food waste
Rubbish
Agricultural
waste Page 27 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
Ca
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Industrial waste Hazardous waste Cause: Over population
Affluence
Technology Effects: Health hazard
Environmental impact Control measures:Environmental Science and Engineering
Solid waste management include the waste generation Solid waste generation
Collection of waste
Transportation
Storage Segregation of waste
Disposal methods
Land fills
Incineration
Composting
Collection of solid waste
Disposal of solid waste Land fill- Disposal of municip
al waste in the upper layers of the earths mantle. Incineration- Burn highly comb
ustible wastes at very high temperature, Composting or Bio degradation- Decompos
e the organic components of the municipal solid wastes. Page 28 of 73 Einstein Co
llege of Engineering
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Waste utilization o Reuse o Recycling o Reclamation Role of an i
ndividual in prevention of pollution;Environmental Science and Engineering
Use stairs instead of elevators Use public transportation walk or ride a bicycle
Plant trees around building Turn off lights, television sets and computer when
not in use. Pay immediate attention to leaks in pipes. Install waste saving equi
pments. Recycle glass metal and paper. Compost garden waste Segregate waste and
recycle Buy locally made long losing material Buy environmentally degradable pro
ducts. Take some bag from home to market to purchase.
POLLUTION CASDE STUDIES:1. Bhopal gas tragedy:- (Air Pollution) Pesticide factor
y-Union Carbide- corporation leak large volume of methyl iso cyanate atmosphere B
hopal- India-midnight on December 3,1984-city- changegas chamber-within a week 1
0,000 people died 1000 people turned blind-lakhs of people still continue to suf
fer various diseases 2. Gulf War: (Marine Pollution) Gulf war was fought between
Iraq and US-Period of 6 weeks in 1991-American fighters dropped a lakh of bombs
-force the Iraq army to withdraw from Kuwaitretreat of Iraq-burning of 700 oil w
ells-near sea shore oil from well spills out into the sea-the floating oil overse
a water nearly 80 km long-burning of oil wells nearly 10 months-released huge am
ounts of pollutants likeCO2 and SO2 into the atmosphere-1 million birds killed.
3. Chernobyl Disaster : ( Nuclear pollution) Occur at Chernobyl in USSR 28 th Ap
ril,1986-the reactor exploded- result of uncontrolled nuclear reactions-radioact
ive fuel spread out in to the surrounding areas killed at least 20,000 people-dam
age to soil, water and vegetation around 60 km. 4. Minamata Disease :( Marine Po
llution) Minamata- Small hostel village in Japan Chicago-chemical company produce
s Venyl polymer plastics-industry release its effluent into Minamata sea-Effluen
ts Page 29 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
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containing mercury ions-converted into methyl mercury- highly toxic consumed by
fishes affect human being through food chain-damage central nervous system-loss o
f vision and hearing-loss of muscular coordination and severe headache- nervous
disorders DISASTER MANAGEMENT; FLOOD: Submergence of waste areas of land under w
ater for many days in continuation Causes: 1.Heavy rainfall 2. Sudden Snow melt
3. Clearing of forest for agriculture 4, Industries increase the value and rate
of water discharge after a storm Effects: 1. Damage to building and property 2.
Soil erosion is the major loss of agriculture 3. Any product submerged by flood
water cannot be rescued Control measures: 1. Building wall prevent spilling out
the flood water over flood pains 2. advance meteorological information will prev
ent flood damage 3. reduction of run off by increasing infiltration through appr
opriate forestation eg.flood in Bangladesh 1974 EARTHQUAKE: Earthquake is the mo
tion of the ground surface caused by wave motion starting from a focal point Cau
ses: 1. Underground nuclear testing 2. Volcanic eruption 3. Pressure of manmade
dams, reservoir and lakes 4. movements of plates of earth Effects: 1. Cause Tsun
ami 2. Deformation of ground surface 3. In hilly and mountain areas may cause la
nd slides which damage the settlement and transport system 4. Depending on the s
everity of the quake collapses house and people died in 1000 eg. Earthquake in B
huj town Page 30 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
www.EEENotes.in Control measures:

1. Government can inform the earthquake prone zone and caution residence 2. buil
ding should be designed to withstand tremors CYCLONE: Cyclone is meteorological
phenomena intense depressions forming over the open oceans and moving towards th
e land Effects: 1. Depends on the intensity of the cyclone 2. Damage to human li
fe crops roads, transport, communication could be very heavy Control measures: 1
. planting more trees on hostel areas 2. construction of dams 3. Radar system is
used to detect cyclone eg.Cyclone in AP LANDSLIDES; The movement of eart materi
als like coherent rock, mud, soil and debris from higher region to lower due to
gravitational pull is called landslide Causes: 1. Earthquake, shock, vibration 2
. Deep water ground mining 3. movement of heavy vehicles on the unstable sleepy
region Effects: 1. Increase erosion of soil 2. block the roads 3. damage the hou
ses, crop yield, life stock Control measures: 1. Planting of deep rooted vegetat
ion 2. Encouragement for construction of bridges water ways 3. Create national p
arks, sanctuaries biosphere.e.g.land slides in U.P
www.EEENotes.in Review questions

1. Give any three methods of air pollution control equipment
Catalytic converter
s Cyclone collectors
Electrostatic precipitators 2. What is smog? It is a mixtur
e of smoke and fog which forms droplets that remain suspended in the air.
3. What is point source of water pollution? Point source is discharge pollutants
at specific locations through pipes, ditches into bodies of surface waters. 4.
When a sound causes noise pollution? Noise beyond 120 dB 5. What are the types o
f solid waste? Municipal waste
Industrial waste
Hazardous waste What is waste mi
nimization? Industrial manufacturing system the primary concern should be reduci
ng the quantities of waste materials produced. This avoids the necessity to thre
at and disposal off such materials. 6. Name the chemical constituent of gas that
caused death in Bhopal gas tragedy in India. Methyl iso cynaide. 7. Define the
term Tsunami. It is a large wave that are generated in a water body where the se
a floor deformed by seismic activity. This activity displaces the overlying wate
r in the ocean
www.EEENotes.in UNIT 3:NATURAL RESOURCES

Any component of the env. Which has intrinsic value of its own is called as reso
urce. Any component which can be transferred in a way such that it becomes more
valuable and useful is termed as resource.
Resources Renewable Non renewable Continuous Extrinsic
Eg. Clean air, clean Ground water minerals Considered to be renewable with consi
derable life span-as long as they have the capacity to renew unless they are aff
ected by catastrophes or anthrophogenic activity.
water, Solar energy, wind Human skills energy
Available only in Considered to be finite quantity available always. their rate
of renewal is so slow that they are considered as non-renewable
FOREST RESOURCES: Forests are one of the most important resources of the world.
Apart from having high commercial importance they provide high environmental ser
vices also. They act as a blanket on the surface of the earth. Around 1/3rd of w
orld land area was found to be forests. 1/5 th of world forests were found in Br
azil and 6-7% was in Canada and USA. But the matter under high concern is the de
clination of forest cover year by year. USES OF FOREST: Commercial uses: Forests
provide timber, fire wood, food material, resin, gum, non edible oils, drugs, m
edicine, rubber, fibers, bamboo and many other important items. Ecological uses:
1. 2. 3. 4. Production of Oxygen: Photosynthesis earths lungs Reducing global wa
rming sink for carbon di oxide Wild life habitat 7 million species in tropical f
orests alone Regulation of hydrological cycle prevent surface run off giant spon
ges 50-80% moisture Page 33 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
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5. Soil conservation hold solid particles tightly and prevent soil erosion wind
breaks 6. Pollution moderators: absorb toxic gases and purify air reduce noise p
ollution OVER EXPLOITATION OF FORESTS: Human beings depend heavily on forests fo
r food, shelter, wood, fuel and medicine with growing civilization etc. shooted
up resulting in large scale mining, road building and clearing of forests. Exces
sive use of charcoal, fuel wood, expansion of urban, agricultural and industrial
areas and overgrazing have lead to over exploitation and rapid degradation of f
orests. DEFORESTATION: The total forest area of the world in 1900 was 7000 milli
on hectares -1975 2900 mha 2000 2300 mha. Deforestation rate intemperate countri
es are relatively moderate. But it is alarming in tropical countries. It is esti
mated that in next 60 years we would lose more than 90% of our tropical forest.
INDIAN STATUS: Stabilized since 1982, with about 0.04% declaration per year betw
een 1982 - 90. During this period it is estimated that about 1.44 mha land was b
rought under afforestation. As per our NFP, we have a target of achieving 33% fo
rest area. But we still have only 19.27% of our land area covered by forests(sat
ellite data). MAJOR CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION: 1. Shifting of Cultivation 300 mill
ion people 5 lakh hectares of forest for slash and burn culture 2. fuel requirem
ent 3. raw materials for industrial use 4. developmental projects 5. growing foo
d needs 6. overgrazing CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. threatens ma
ny wild life species due to destruction of natural habitat biodiversity is lost
along with that genetic diversity hilly regions are made prone to landslides soi
l erosion and loss of soil fertility hydrological cycle is affected (loss of rai
nfall, flood, drought etc)
www.EEENotes.in TIMBER EXTRACTION AND MINING:

The major activities in forest area are 1. timber extraction 2. mining The impor
tant effects of timber extraction are i) thinning of forests ii) loss of biodive
rsity, particularly tree breading species iii) soil erosion and loss of soil fer
tility iv) migration of tribal people from one place to another in search of new
forest v) extinction of tribal people and their culture MINING: Mining is a pro
cess of removing ores from area which is very much below the ground level. Minin
g is done for the extraction of several minerals of metals like Fe, Mn, Au, Ag,e
tc. The minerals are especially found in thick forests. Mining can be carried ou
t in two ways 1. Surface mining 2. underground mining or sub-surface mining The
effects of under ground mining on forest reserves is comparatively less than tha
t of surface mining Relation between forest and climate change: Forests both inf
luence and influenced by climate change. They play an important role in the carb
on cycle and the way we manage forests could significantly affect global warming
. Forests hold more than 50 per cent of the carbon that is stored in terrestrial
vegetation and soil organic matter. Hence, deforestation contributes significan
tly to net emissions of carbon dioxide into the atm. If the predicted global war
ming occurs, the impact on forests is likely to be regionally varied, dramatic,
and long-lasting. Even now, we can see how any extreme weather has great impact
on forests. For example, the 1999 storms in Europe caused heavy damage to forest
s and also to trees outside forest areas. The Kyoto Protocol on climate change m
ay have a great impact on forest management. Under the Protocol, a country with
forests earns emission credits, since its forests absorb carbon dioxide. These c
redits are tradable, that is, a developing country can sell its credits to an in
dustrialized country that has exceeded its quota of emissions. The latter would
invest in afforestation and reforestation projects in the developing country.
www.EEENotes.in DAMS BENEFITS AND PROBLEMS

River valley projects with big dams are considered to play a key role in the dev
elopment of a country. India has large number of river valley projects 1. These
dams are regarded as symbol of national development. 2. provides large scale emp
loyment of tribal people and increase the std. of living of them 3. contribute f
or economic uplift and growth 4. help in checking flood 5. generate electricity
6. reduce power and water shortage 7. provide irrigation water 8. provide drinki
ng water to remote areas 9. promote navigation and fishery. Environmental proble
ms: The environmental problems can be at upstream as well as downstream Level Up
stream problems 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Displacement of tribal people Loss of fl
ora and fauna siltation and sedimentation near reservoir stagnation and water lo
gging near reservoir growth of aquatic weeds micro climatic changes RIS causes e
arthquakes breeding of disease vectors
Downstream problems 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Water logging and salinity due to over irriga
tion micro climatic changes salt water intrusion at river mouth loss of fertilit
y due to sediment deposits out break of vector born diseases.
www.EEENotes.in WATER RESOURCES

Water is an indispensible resource. Around 97% of world surface is covered with
water. Most of the animals and plants have 60-65% of water in their body. Unique
features of water 1. High specific heat 2. High latent heat of vapourisation 3.
Good solvent for oxygen, nutrients and pollutants 4. Anomalous expansion on fre
ezing 5. High surface tension Global distribution of water is very much random d
epending on the geographical conditions. The availability of water decreases in
the following order. 1. Tropical rain forest 2. Temperate regions 3. Deserts Wat
er is used for domestic, irrigation and also industrial purposes Out of the tota
l available water 75% is used for agriculture, 20% for industrial usage. In our
country ~93% of water is used for agricultural purposes. Ground water: 9.86% of
fresh water is ground water and it is 35-50% greater than surface water. Aquifer
: The layer of soil which is permeable has the ability to store water is called
an aquifer. It is generally made up of gravel, sand etc. Unconfined aquifer: it
is covered by permeable layer. The recharge of this layer is by rainfall or snow
melt. Confined aquifer: sandwiched between impermeable layers. The recharge is t
hrough unconfined aquifer layers. Over utilization of ground water: Over utiliza
tion of water leads to rapid depletion of water resources, ground subsidence, lo
wering of water table and water logging. Effects of over utilization of ground w
ater: Reasons: Economic development, rapid industrial growth and population expl
osion The use of ground water and surface water rates which are higher than that
of recharge ultimately leads to
Water scarcity Water logging Salination alkaliz
ation Page 37 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
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water pollution or contamination

creates declining of water levels crops failure and reduction in agricultural pr
oduction over pumping of ground water create drought, famine and food shortage o
ver pumping of ground water sea water intrusion in coastal aquifers land subside
nce may due to over pumping of ground water river pollution due to industrial ac
tivities and dumping of waste into rivers, which in turn force to utilize the gr
ound water, ultimately leads to over pumping Clean water is universal right. It
is the responsibility of everyone to ensure the purity of water. Water is a valu
able commodity and it has to be conserved. Surface water: When evaporation and t
ranspiration rates are lower than the rainfall, surface water body like lake, ri
ver, pond, streams etc. are formed. Flood: over flow of water, whenever the wate
r in flow is greater than the carrying capacity of the channels flood occurs. Ca
uses: 1. heavy rainfall, snow melt, sudden release of water from dams. 2. Prolon
ged down pour leading to overflowing of rivers and lakes 3. Reduction in carryin
g capacity due to obstructions or sediments etc. 4. Deforestation, overgrazing,
mining increases water run off 5. Removal of dense forests from hilly regions Ef
fects: 1. Submerges the flooded area 2. Loss of soil fertility due to soil erosi
on 3. Extinction of civilization at costal area Flood management: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Dams and reservoirs can be constructed Embankments and proper channel managemen
t Flood way should not be encroached Forecasting or flood warning Decrease of ru
n off by infiltration through afforestation or rain water harvesting etc.
www.EEENotes.in Drought :
Unpredictable delay in climatic condition occurring due to monsoon rain failure.
Types: Meterological : in order of month or year, actual moisture supply at a g
iven place consistently falls below critical level. Hydrological: deficiency in
surface and subsurface water supplies Agricultural: inadequate soil moisture to
meet the need of a particular crop at particular time or susceptibility of crops
during different stages in its development Socioeconomic: reduction in the avai
lability of food and social securing of people Causes:
Deforestation and lesser
rainfalls coupled with cutting of trees for timber leads to desertifictation. Ov
er drafting of ground water, subsidence of soil, drying of wetlands Pollution of
soil with solid waste, industrial effluents etc makes land useless and dry Popu
lation explosion in man and livestock leads to enhanced requirement of timber, f
uel wood, grazing Shifting cultivation
Effects:
Increase of water in stream pond Ground water table get declined Loss o
f agricultural crops Loss of biodiversity Government spent a lot of money as dro
ught relief f und
Control measures
Rain water harvesting Watershed management Prevent deforestatio
n Encourage afforestation
www.EEENotes.in CONFLICTS OVER WATER

Due to increase in population and decrease in water resources conflicts over wat
er starts Conflicts over the water around world was classified as
Causes:
cts through use 1. Shipping traffic in international water .2 dam construction C
onstruction of power stations on Conflicts through pollution-rhine river,Europe
Distributional conflict-relative storage Euphrates, Nile, Ganges - plataneous in
upper basin, reduced in lower basin due to extensive use. Anatolian dam project
by turkey Farakka dam in India Distributional conflict: Absolute shortage. Colo
rada and Rio Grande, Jordan Conflicts management:
Enact laws to check practices
to control water pollution Sharing river solved by interlinking river Power must
be given to national water authority and river basin authority and river s-basi
n authority for equitable distribution of basin waterdemand fo0r nationalization
of water needs Control of water resources Military food resources Political res
ources Terrorism Military targets Development disputes
www.EEENotes.in MINERAL RESOURCES

Environmental impacts of over extraction of mineral resources:
Depending on the
conditions of terrain and depth of ore deposits 2 types of mining operations are
carried out. 1. open cast mining and 2. underground mining. In both types each
steps in mining processing produce several environmental effects such as,
Defore
station takes place due to removal of vegetal covers. Great volume of debris has
been generated which disrupt the surface and ground water circulation. It also
reduces the water carrying capacity of streams very close to mining area The sta
cking of over burden and building of soil banks creates problems of landslides
U
nder ground fire in coalmines is a hazard that is difficult to control Mining an
d ore processing normally causes air pollution and water pollution The acid wate
r generated in coalmines can pose a serious problem of water pollution, which ad
versely affects the flora and fauna. Deeper excavation of ground causes lowering
of water table, which leads to drying of wells or sea water intrusion
In stone
quarries, blasting of rocks not only annoying the people nearby, but also cause
hazard from fly rocks and dusts and damage to buildings due to vibrations The di
sposal of waste material produced after concentrations of ore create increase co
ncentration of heavy metals and toxic elements in the environment. FOOD RESOURCE
S: PROBLEMS FACED BY FOOD RESOURCES
Overgrazing
modern agriculture
Land degradation Soil erosion Loss of useful species
high yield variety crops micronutrients imbalance nitrate pollution Eutrophicati
on Pesticide related problems Water logging Salinity
www.EEENotes.in WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS:

Problems mainly under nutrition and malnutrition Natural calamities:-famine, dro
ught, earthquake, flood, gale, storm Disease and medical facilities Pest damage:
-insects, bacteria, viruses, parasites consume 60% of worlds food production Hung
er Population explosion in rural areas Environmental pollution Lack of water for
irrigation Less rainfall due to deforestation Livestock overgrazing Overfishing
CHANGES CAUSED BY OVERGRAZING AND AGRICULTURE: Overgrazing: Process of eating aw
ay the vegetation along with its roots without giving a chance to regenerate Lan
d degradation-leads to organically poor, dry, compacted soil cannot be used for
further cultivation
Soil erosion-cover of vegetation gets removed from soil
Loss
of useful species-good quality grasses and herbs with high nutritive value, whe
n grazed lose even the root stocks which carry the reserve food for regeneration
get destroyed which gives raise to secondary species like parthenium, Lantane,
Xanthium etc To prevent match the forage supplement to the herds requirement.eg.Sw
itch grass Modern agriculture: The practice through which specific plant species
are cared and managed so as to obtain maximum yield of consumable parts of plan
ts agriculture Makes use of hybrid seeds and selected and single crop variety, hi
gh tech equipment and lots of energy subsides in the form of fertilizers, pestic
ides and irrigation water e.g. green revolution
Damage to soil Water contaminati
on Water scarcity
Global climate change
Water logging-results when soil is over
irrigated Soil salinity-increase plant productivity, interferes with water uptak
e by plants Fossil fuels and pesticides produce air pollution Impacts related to
high yielding varieties:
Monoculture ie the same genotype is grown over vast ar
eas. Disease spread easily Micronutrient imbalance e.g Zinc deficiency-affect so
il productivity Page 42 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
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Nitrate pollution-nitrogenous fertilizers applied deep soil contaminates ground

water. cause blue baby syndrome methaemoglobinemia- affects infants
Eutrophicati
on: Over nourishment of lakes due to agriculture field wash out-leads to algal b
loom-dead organic matters increases due to decomposition-leads to oxygen demand
Problems associated with pesticide use:
Evolution of genetic resistance Imb
e in ecosystem Creation of new pest Persistence, Bioaccumulation and Biomagnific
ation Mobility through soil, water, air, washed away into rivers, streams, when
it rains can harm fishes Creating super pest Death of non starget organisms Sali
nity Water logging
Water logging / salinisation: Saturation of soil with irrigation water or excess
ive precipitation. So that water table rises close to surface. Water logging res
ults when soils are over irrigated without drainage. Occurs in clayey soil, soil
root zone becomes saturated with so much water blocking oxygen supply for growt
h and soil becomes unsuitable. Carbondioxide and ethylene accumulate around root
s and affects plants ENERGY RESOURCES Growing energy needs: Population explosion
, Luxurious life, Industries, Agriculture, mining, transportation, lighting, coo
ling, heating, building all need energy. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, natural ga
s produce 95% of energy Sources of energy PrimaryRenewable energy-resources whic
h can be generated continuously in nature and are in exhaustible and can be used
again endlessly.wood, Tidal, Solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, biofuel, geother
mal, hydrogen Non renewable energy- Resources which have accumulated in nature o
ver a long span of time and cannot be quickly replenished when exhausted.coal, p
etroleum, natural gas Secondary-petrol, electrical energy, coal burning
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Energy renewable
Advantage 1. Wide availability 2. Low cost 3. Decentralized power production 4.
Low pollution 5. Available for the future 1. Available in high concentrated form
2. Easy to store 3. Reliable supply 4. Lower cost
Disadvantage 1. Unreliable supply 2. Produced in small quantity 3. Difficult to
store 4. Cost more
Energy non renewable
1.highly pollution Available only in few places High running cost Limited supply
and will one day get exhausted
Use of alternate energy sources: Refers to energy sources which are not based on
the burning of fossil fuels or the splitting of atoms. Solar energy: Total ener
gy from sun per year-35,000 times the energy used by man Used to run car, power
plants and spaceships Energy harvesting devises: Solar heat collectors Solar cel
ls Solar cooker Solar water heater Solar furnace Solar power plants Wind energy:
Average wind velocity of earth -9 m/sec and power produced when a windmill is f
acing the wind od 10 miles/hr-50 watts.eg.largest wind farm-Kanyakumari in tamil
nadu is generating 380 MW electricity
www.EEENotes.in Hydro power:

Comes from damming of rivers and utilization of high pressure, its kinetic energ
y is transformed into turbine blades and used to generate electricity Minimum wa
ter falls height-10 m Hydro power potential of India-4x1011KW/Hr
Tidal Energy Uses the natural motion of tides to fill reservoirs which are then
slowly discharged through electricity producing turbines Ocean thermal energy En
ergy available due to the difference in water temperature. The surface of the tr
opical ocean and at deeper level is called OTE. A difference of 20 0c or more is
required for operating OTE power plants. Geothermal energy Energy harassed from
the hot rocks inside earth. eg. natural geysers in Manikaran,kully,sohana Bioma
ss energy Organic matter produced by plants Types: 1.Energy plantations: Solar e
nergy is trapped by green plants through photosynthesis and converted to biomass
e.g Leucaema,Sugarcane, sweet sorghum, Sweetbeet aquatic weeds like hyacinth, S
ea weeds,potato,cereal-energy plantations Produce energy by burning directly or
by getting converted into burnable gas or converted to fuels by fermentation. Pe
tro crops Latex containing plants Euphorbias, oil palms rich in hydrocarbons and
yield oil like substance under high temperature and pressure-refined to form ga
soline LAND RESOURCE Land is critically important national resource which suppor
ts all living organisms including plants and animals. The soil profile of land d
etermines its ability to serve socio-economic needs. It has been estimated that
more than 5000 million tonnees of top soil is eroded annually along with 5 milli
on tones of nutrients. About 1/3 of this is lost in sea while the rest in reservo
irs and rivers leading to flood. Page 45 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
www.EEENotes.in
About 38% of the area in India suffers from moderate to high degree of water bas
ed erosion. The per capita availability of land in the country has declined from
1.37 hectare in 1901 to 0.33 hectare in 2000. All these lands cannot be utilize
d for agricultural purpose. Some land would be required for other activities (to
maintain urban area). Effective steps have to be taken for preventing diversion
of land suitable for sustainable farming to non-farm uses. Simultaneously, degr
aded lands and waste lands have to be improved by ecological restoration. The De
partment of Land Resources was setup in April 1999 by ministry of Rural Developm
ent to act as nodal agency for land resource management. Land Degradation: Land
degradation is defined as the reduction in soil capacity to produce in terms of
quality, quantity goods and services. The definition is also based on 1. sustain
ability or ability to produce continuously and indefinitely. 2. quality of land
resource that makes it sustainable or resistant to degradation 3. carrying capac
ity or the number of people and animals the land can normally support without si
gnificant stress. Landscapes generally undergo degradation but are usually compe
nsated by natures inherent recovering ability. Whenever degradation occur exceedi
ng natures restorative capacity, the result will be a disaster. Man induced lands
lides: The hill slopes are prone to land slides, landslips, rockslides etc. Thes
e hazardous features have reduced the overall progress of the region as they obs
truct the roads, communication media and water flow. There are two types of slid
es 1. slides due to natural factors 2. slides induced by man and his activities
Some of the human activities that cause land sliding are
massive deforestation e
rratic agricultural practices road building Unscientific quarrying etc. Engineer
ing. Constructions
Soil erosion: 1. Terracing: Terracing reduces soil erosion on steep slopes by co
ncerting the land into a series of broad, level terraces. This retains water for
crops at each level and reduces soil erosion by water run off. 2. Contour Farmi
ng: This method is adopted for gently sloped land. This involves planting crops
in rows across the contour of gently sloped land.
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3. Alley Cropping or Agro forestry: In this method crops are planted together in
strips or alleys between trees and shrubs that can provide fruits and fuel wood
. The trees and shrubs provide shade which reduce water loss by evaporation and
preserve soil moisture. Wind Breaks or Shelter Belts: Wind breaks and shelter be
lts or trees are established to reduce wind erosion and also for retaining soil
moisture. ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL IN CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: Natural resou
rces-forest,water,soil,food,mineral and energy Overuse of these resources cause
problems Conserve water:
Dont keep water taps running
Install water saving toilet
s Check forwater leaks
Reuse soapy water
Use drip and sprinkling irrigation
Cons
erveenergy Turn off lights,fan when not in use
Use solarcooker for cooking
Try r
iding bicycle Protect soil:
Dont uproot plants
Grow grass which binds soil andpre
vent erosion Make compost
Use green manure Dont over irrigate
Use mixed cropping
EQUITABLE USEOF RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE IFE STYLE:
Most developed countries
ke USA, Canada, Japan, Australia have 22% of natural resources, use 88%.73%of it
s energy and command 85%of its income Less developed countries has 78% of popula
tion, 12% Usage of natural resources, 27% of energy, 15% of income Gap arises du
e to increase in population distribution of resources and wealth Problem solved
by equitable distribution of resources and wealth Global consensus has to be rea
ched for more balanced distribution of basic resources like safe drinking water,
food, fuel etc. So poor low developed countries able to sustain their life Two
basic cause of unsustainability are over population in poor countries and over c
onsumption of resources by rich countries generate wastes Rich countries lower d
own their consumption level Poor countries fulfilled by providing them resources
Review questions Page 47 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
www.EEENotes.in 1. What is artesian well?

A well or hole in aquifer flows freely at the surface 2. What is wetland?give ex
amples and use Wetlands are the natural water storage bodies on ground surface E
g.Swamps, Meadows, Marshes 3. State the major process which have major environme
ntal impact while processing of minerals. Smelting,chemical extractions 4. What
is salinization? During over irrigation, all the water is not absorbed in the so
il. such water evaporates leaving behind a thin crust of dissolved salts in the
top soil. 5. Give two examples of primary and secondary sources of energy? Prima
ry source-fossil fuels, hydro energy Secondary source-petrol, electrical energy
6. What is ocean thermal energy conversation? In oceans, a thermal gradient (i.e
., the temperature difference) of about 200C exists between surface water heated
by sun and colder deep water. This difference can be harnessed to produce power
. This concept is OTEC. 7. Give any four environmental benefits of dam
Source of
cleaner and safer power For irrigation of agricultural lands Helps in rechargin
g of ground water Habitat for many fishes and wildlife
8. What are the sources of water Ground water, surface water, sea water, rain wa
ter 9. What is sardar sarovar Narmada project? It is a multipurpose project on r
iver Narmada, bringing the benefits of irrigation, power and drinking water to G
ujarat, Mathya Pradesh and Rajasthan. 10. What is integrated pest management? Th
e process of controlling crop pests using ecological system Page 48 of 73 Einstei
n College of Engineering
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UNIT 4:SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT From unsustainable to sustainable devel
opment: Brundland commission describes sustainable development as the developmen
t that meet needs of present generation without compromising ability of future g
enerations to meet their own need Concept of sustainable development
A symbiotic
relationship between consumer human race and producer natural system Compatibil
ity between ecology and economics
Aim of sustainable development:
hnology
Inter generational equity Intra generational tec
Significance of sustainable development: Developing appropriate technology

Reduc
e , reuse, recycle of natural resources
Providing environmental education and aw
areness Consumption of renewable resources Conservation of nonrenewable resource
s Population control Urban problems related to energy: Urbanization: Movement of
human population from rural areas top urban areas for betterment of education,
communication, health, employment etc Causes; Cities are main centers of economi
c growth, trade, transportation, education, medical facilities and employment Ur
ban sprawl: Urban growth is fast , so difficult to accommodate with their limite
d area .So cities spread into rural areas
Urban energy requirement: Residential
and commercial lighting Public and private transportation Electrical and electro
nic appliances
www.EEENotes.in Solution: Use public transport instead of motor cycles Energy co

nsumption must be minimized Use solar and wind energy Impose strict laws, penalt
y, and energy audit Water conservation: Process of saving water for future utili
zation Water source:
Fresh water
River
Stream
Pond Ocean Need for water conserva
tion:
Population increases water requirement also increases
Due to deforestation annua
l rainfall decreases Over exploitation of ground water Ways of water conservatio
n Reducing evaporation loss
Reducing irrigation loss Reuse water
Avoid sewage di
scharge Water conservation method
Rain water harvesting
Watershed management Rai
n water harvesting Objective: To meet increasing demands of water Raise water ta
ble by recharging ground water Reduce ground water contamination from salt water
intrusion Roof top rainwater harvesting Involves collecting water that falls on
roof of house Rainwater from roof top, road surface, play ground diverted to su
rface tank Advantages of rainwater harvesting Page 50 of 73 Einstein College of E
ngineering
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Increases the well water availability
inimizes soil erosion Watershed management:
Raise ground water level

It is defined as land area bounded by divide line from which water drains under
influence of gravity in to stream, lakes, reservoir. Eg. Pits, dams, Farm, ponds
, Himalaya. Types 1. Micro 2. Mini 3. Macro Watershed Management; The management
of rainfall & resultant runoff. Forestry Halt deforestation, provide vegetative
cover, degraded land and supplement folder and fuel wood resources available to
rural communities Agriculture Aims to increase agricultural productivity in sus
tained manner and to diversify crop production - Major objective shall be achiev
ed through organizing farmers, training camps and exposure visits. - Construct c
heck dams, water harvesting tanks, storage tanks and channels , repair of old ch
annels , implementing measures to check soil erosion Horticulture
establishment
of private orchard Rejuvenation of existing orchards
Distribution of horticultur
e plant for home garden planting.
Animal husbandry Energy conservation
Community
participation Training and awareness programme Advantages of Watershed projects
Improved access to drinking water in project areas during drought Increase in c
ultivation area leading to increase in employment Increase in crop yield, result
ing better income to rural population Improved availability of fodder for animal
s and increase in milk yield Increase in employment & involvement of women Incre
ase in net returns from all crops. Page 51 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
-
www.EEENotes.in - Decrease in soil erosion. - Restoration of ecological balance.

Resettlement and Rehabilitation of people:
Resettlement simple relocation or displacement of human population. Rehabilitati

on making, system to work again by allowing, system to function naturally. Inclu
des replacing the lost economic assets, Safeguard Employment, Provide safe land
for building Repair damaged infrastructure. Effects:
Loss of land Loss of r
se Unsatisfactory comp[enasation Social and cultura problems Changes in traditio
n of indigenous people Spread of disease Submergence of valuable forest Waterlog
ging Extinction of wild life
Environmental ethics:Over exploitation of forests, land, water as well as variou
s living components of biosphere and failure to tackle the problem of pollution
and environmental degradation are exposing the humanly to the thread of a global
environment crisis. It emphasis that real development cannot occur unless the s
trategies which are formulated are implemented are environmentally sustainable.
Even though our government is formulating several rules, regulations, policies,
laws, it is the duty of each and every one to protect our nature. Therefore huma
n beings are ethically responsible for the preservation of the worlds ecological
integrity. The environment ethics literally means conscious efforts to protect e
nvironment and to maintain its stability from the pollutants. Following are some
of the ways to safeguard environment. 1. To sacrifice the consumption of some o
f the good which reduces environment quality 2. Minimize the resource utilizatio
n and conservation 3. Adopt sustainable and eco friendly development. (e.g) redu
ction of waste, recycling, waste management and harvesting non conventional ener
gy If we change as individuals then the society will also change by itself. The
society is nothing but an extension of the individual.
www.EEENotes.in Green House Effect and Global Warming:

The raise of earths surface temperature due to intense green house effect is call
ed global warming. Causes: Over the last century, the level of carbon dioxide in
the atm. Has increase by 25%, the level of nitrous oxide by 19% and the level o
f methane by 100%. These 3 major global warming gases are released into the atm.
by burning of fossil fuels, industrialization, mining, deforestation, exhaust f
rom increasing automobiles and other anthropogenic activities. Effects: Increase
evaporation of surface water influence climate change Leads to declining biodiv
ersity Melting of mountain glaciers and polar ice, which cause rise in sea level
Change the climate and rainfall reduction in food production The biological pro
ductivity of ocean also decreased due to warming of earths surface With more carb
on dioxide in the air, the plants will grow bigger with increase in yield and re
sulting in the soils getting poor quality 7. If proper precautions are not taken
, the conc. Of green house gases may double in the atom. with in next 50 years,
and will makes the average global temp. to 45 0 C. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Ozone layer
depletion: Ozone is an important chemical species present in the stratosphere.
Its conc. is about 10 ppm. It acts as a protective shield for the life on the ea
rth. Ozone is produced and also broken down by photochemical reactions, thus mai
ntaining equilibrium. Causes for ozone layer depletion: 1. Chlorine released fro
m CFC and Bromine released from halogens are the most important chemicals associ
ated with ozone layer depletion 2. The halogens are used in fore extinguishers a
nd CFC are extensively used in air conditioners and refrigerators. 3. Methyl bro
mide used during packaging of fruits to prevent bacterial action flows out into
the atmosphere as soon as the packing is opened. This cause heavy damage to ozon
e. 4. High altitude aircrafts and chemicals emitted by industrial plants and aut
omobiles. Effects: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Marked rise in cause skin cancer Damage immune
system Eye ailment such as cataract Shorter life of paints and plastics Restric
ted growth and crop damage Page 53 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
www.EEENotes.in 6. Destruction of aquatic life

Waste land reclamation: Any land which is not put to optimal use is defined as w
aste land. The waste land do not fulfill their life sustain potential wasteland
contributes about 20.17% of the total geographical area of India. Reasons for fo
rmation
Over grazing and over exploitation Toxic effluent discharged from sewage
and industrial wastes Mining activities destroy forest and cultivable land Use
of pesticides also produce wasteland Erosion, desertification, water logging als
o degrade land
Wastelands can be reclaimed by the following way Conserving the soil land is bro
ught under vegetal cover. This can be done by growing grasses and shrubs
To recl
aim the land/soil, effective participation of the people, voluntary agencies and
government is very important Consumerism and Waste Products Consumerism refers
to the consumption of resources by the people. Early human societies used to con
sume much less resources. But the consumerism has increased to a very large exte
nt. Consumerism is related to both population size and increase in demands due t
o change in life style. Population has increased tremendously. World Bank estima
tes our population to reach 11 billion by 2045. Two types of conditions of popul
ation and consumerism exists. 1. People over population: When there are more peo
ple than available food, water and other resources in an area causes degradation
of limited resources poverty and under nourishments. Low Developed Countries (L
DC) are more prone to these conditions. There is less per capita consumption alt
hough the overall consumption is high. 2. Consumption over population: These con
ditions occur in more developed countries (MDC). Population size is smaller but
the resource consumption is high due to luxurious life style (i.e.) per capita c
onsumption is high. More consumption of resources lead to high waste generation
greater is the degradation of the environment. According to Paul Ehrlich and Joh
n Hodlren model Overall environmental impact = no. of people x per capita use of
resources x waste generated per unit of resources
www.EEENotes.in Parameter No. of people MDC low LDC High Low Low
Per capita consumption of high resources Waste generated high
Over all environmental impact of these two types of consumerism may be same or e
ven greater in case of MDC.
Comparison of consumption and waste generation Parameter Global value % USA Popu
lation Production of goods Energy use Pollutants and wastes CFC Production 4.7 2
1 25 25 22 India 16 1 3 3 0.7
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 CG is to take action to protect and improve e
nvironment and SG to co ordinate actions. CG to set up 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Std of
quality of ]air, water or soil Maximum permissible limits of concentration of po
llutants (including noise pollutant) procedures and safe guard for handling haza
rdous items Prohibition of using hazardous items Prohibition and restriction of
certain industries in certain area Procedure and safe guard for prevention of ac
cidents
Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 SPCB is to follow the guidelines provided i
n schedule VI. Some are as follows
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1. Advises industries for treating the waste water and gases use of technology a
chieve prescribed std. 2. Encourage recycling and reusing the wastes 3. Encourag
e recovery of biogas, energy and reusable matter 4. Discharge of effluents and e
missions into environment is permitted by SPCB after taking into account capacit
y of the receiving water body 5. To emphasize clean technology to increase fuel
efficiency and decrease environmental pollutants The act provides for environmen
tal Audit for checking complying with the environmental laws and regulations. Ai
r (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Salient features 1. Prevention,
control and abatement of air pollution 2. Air pollution has been defined as the
presence of any solid, liquid or gaseous substance (including noise) in the atmo
sphere in such a concentration that may be or tend to be harmful to human being
or any other living creature or plants or property or environment. 3. Noise poll
ution inserted in 1987 4. CPCB & SPCB similar to water pollution board 5. Sectio
n 20 provides for emission std to auto mobile 6. Section 19 provides for SG to d
eclare air pollution control area in consultation with SPCB 7. Direction of PCB ca
n be appealed in the appellate authority. Water (prevention and control of pollu
tion) Act 1974: Maintaining and restoring the wholesomeness of water by preventi
ng and controlling its pollution. The salient features and provisions of Act are
summed as follows. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Maintenance and Restoration of Quality surfac
e and ground water Establishment of central PCB and state PCB Confers powers and
functions to CPCB and SPCB The act provides for funds, budgets, accounts and au
dits of the CPCB & SPCB The act provides penalties for the defaulters and duties
and powers
Wildlife [protection] act, 1972: Land mark in the history of wildlife legislatio
n. 1976 the powers are transferred from state to central government. [I B of W L
] was created in 1952 in our country which after WLA, 1972, took up the task of
setting National parks and sanctuaries.
www.EEENotes.in Wildlife [protection] Act 1 Defines wild life related terminolog

y.
2 Provide appointments of advisory Board, wildlife warden, their powers & duties
etc. 3 Prohibition of hunting of endangered species [was first] mentioned. 4 Li
st of endangered species is provided. 5 Guides central 200 authorities. 6 Provid
es grants for setting up of national parks, wild life sanctuaries etc. 7 The Act
imposes ban on trade & commence of scheduled animals. 8 Provides legal proves t
o officers to punish the offenders. 9 Provide captive breeding programme for end
angered species. Many conservation projects for endangered species were started
under this act. Lion 1972; Tigers 1973 Crocodile [1974]; Deer 1981. Forest (cons
ervation) Act, 1980 It deals with conservation of forest and includes reserve fo
rest, protected forest and any forest land irrespective of ownership. Salient fe
atures 1. State government can use forest only forestry purpose. 2. Provision fo
r conservation of all types of forests. Advisory committee appointed for funding
conservation 3. Illegal non-forest activity within a forest area can be immedia
tely stopped under this act. Non forest activity means clearing land for cash-cr
op agriculture, mining etc. However construction in forest for wild life or fore
st management is exempted from non forestry activity. 1992 Amendment: 1. This am
endment allows transmission lines, seismic surveys, exploration drilling and hyd
ro electric project in forest area without cutting trees or with limited cutting
of trees prior approval CG to be sought.
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2. Wild life sanctuaries, National parks etc. are prohibited from exploration ex
cept with CG prior approval. 3. Cultivation of coffee, rubber, tea (cash crop),
fruit bearing trees, oil yielding trees, trees of medicinal values are also proh
ibited in reserved forest area with out prior approval from CG. Has this may cre
ate imbalance to ecology of the forest. 4. Tusser (a type of silk yielding insec
t) cultivation in forest area is allowed since it discourages monoculture practi
ces in forests and improves biodiversity. 5. Plantation of mulberry for rearing
silk worm is prohibited. 6. Proposal sent to CG for non-forestry activity must h
ave a cost benefit analysis and environmental impact statement (EIS). Environmen
tal Legislation 1972 June 5th Environment was first discussed as an agenda in UN
conference on Human Environment. There after every year 5th June is celebrated
as Environment Day. Constitutional Provisions: Added in 1976 Article 48A The stat
e shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests
and wildlife of the country Article 51A (g): It shall be the duty of every citize
n of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lak
es, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures. By these two
articles one constitution makes environment protection and conservation as one
of our fundamental duties. Central and state pollution control Board: Central po
llution control Board (CPCB): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Advices CG in matters prev
ention and control of water pollution Co ordinates SPCB and provide technical as
sistance and guidance Training programs for prevention and control of pollution
by mass media and other ways Publishes statistical and technical details about p
ollution Prepares manual for treatment and disposal of sewerage and trade efflue
nts Lays std for water quality parameters plans nation-wide programs for prevent
ion, control or abatement of pollution Laboratories for analysis of water, sewag
e or trade effluents
State pollution control Board (SPCB): SPCB has similar functions as SPCB and gov
erned by CPCB 1. SPCB advises state government w.r.t. location of any industry t
hat might pollute Page 58 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
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2. Lays std for effluents to take samples from streams, wells or trade effluents
or sewage passing through an industry. Samples taken are analysed at recognized
labs. If the sample is not confirming to the water quality std, then the unit i
s neglected 3. Every industry to obtain consent from PCB before commencing an ef
fluent unit by applying in prescribed form with fee. Enforcement of environmenta
l legislation major issues Target of 33% of land to be covered by forest not ach
ieved Rivers turning to open sewers Big towns and cities polluted Wild life enda
ngered EFP (Effluent Treatment Plant) or Air Pollution Control devices are expen
sive leads to closure of units. Government should provide subsidy for small unit
s. 6. Pollution control laws not backed up by policy pronouncements or guideline
s 7. Chairman of PCB political nominee. Hence political interference. 8. Involvi
ng public in decision making envisaged by policy statement of the ministry of en
vironment and forest (1992) is only in paper. Draw backs of wild life (protectio
n) act
Fall out of Stockholm conference not localized
Ownership certificate of a
nimals article illegal trading Trade through J & K. This act not applicable to J
&K Offender to get just 3 years imprisonment and or Rs.25000/- fine. Draw backs
of the forest (conservation) act 1980
Inheritance of exploitative and consumeris
t elements of the British period Tribal people (i.e.) inhabitants of forest are
left by the act Instead of attracting public support (tribal) it has intrigued i
n the human rights. Protection of trees, birds and animals have marginalized poo
r people. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Review Questions 1. Define the term environmental ethics. Environmental ethics r
efers to the issues, principals and guidelines relating to human interactions wi
th their environment 2. What are the effects of global warming?
Increase the sea
level Negative effect on crop production and forest growth
Decrease the water r
esource Increase the drought 3. Explain the factors affecting watershed Overgraz
ing, deforestation, mining, construction activities degrades watershed
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4. What is meant by Environmental audit? Environmental audits are indented to qu
antify environmental performance and environmental position. 5 Write the consequ
ences of ozone layer depletion.
Damage genetic materials in the skin cells which
cause skin cancer. Affect the aquatic forms Global warming
Degradation of paint
s, plastics 6. What is waste land reclamation? The restoration of disturbed land
to ecologically stable condition. To make the land more productive for agricult
ure 7. What are the state enactments of environmental legislations of India
Smok
e control Landuse Pest control Water pollution
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UNIT 5: HUMAN POULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT Population growth: Stone age quite s
table Droughts, outbreak of diseases lead to human deaths. 14 th century A.D exp
erienced large scale mortality due to plague about 50% of people in Asia and Eur
ope died due to the disease. Science and technological advancement has increased
the expectancy of human. People started living with good sanitation food and me
dical facilities increase in population exponentially. In agriculture based fami
lies children are said to be assets who help the parents in fields. Therefore, i
n developing countries the population increase is at a rate of 3.4% per year. Po
pulation characteristics and variation among nations: 1. Exponential growth: 1,3
,5 If a quantity varies by a fixed % 10^1, 10^2 etc. 2. Doubling Time Td = 70/r 2%
3. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is 1.9 developing countries. 4.7 developing count
ries and 6.1 in 1950 4. Infant mortality: % of infants died out of those born in
a year last 50 years. 5. Replacement level: Under low life expectancy and high
infant mortality 2.7 in developing countries and 2 in developed countries. 6. Li
fe expectancy: The average no. of years a new born baby is expected to live. The
life expectancy of global males and females has risen from 40 to 55.5 years. In
India 22.6 and 23.3 in 1900 & 60.3 and 60.5 in 2000. In Japan and Sweden 77-77.
4 & 82-84 years. Population explosion: Population explosion means the tremendous
increase in the number of people. It is a known fact that the increase of popul
ation is playing vital role of all environmental damage. Most of our natural res
ources are under threat because of the population growth. If the exploitation of
resource is going on in this trend, the resources will be exhaust shortly. Popu
lation explosion increase disease, economic inequity and environmental abuse. Th
erefore we need population stabilization to achieve good health, education and p
rosperity. Reason for population explosion: 1. Increase in birth rate in develop
ed countries due to illiteracy 2. Invention of modern medical facilities reduces
mortality rate. Family welfare programme:
Population explosion must be differen
ced Population is not controlled will deplete all resources Family planning
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Allowscouples to describe their family size and also time spacing of their offsp
ring
Provide importance, knowledge and benefits of their small family to people
Education in held and family welfare system Sex education awareness WHO estimate
d 50% of worlds married couples adopted family planning measures, 300 million co
uples not assessed to family planning Environment and human health: Environment
is defined as man along with his surroundings, which consists of biotic, abiotic
and sociological components. Therefore, when we cause danger to these component
s, which surrounds us, they in turn affect our health. The environmental dangers
created by man are many: Population explosion, unregulated urbanization, creati
ng water, air and landscape pollution, deforestation, desertification, use of pe
sticides in agriculture etc. Every one of these has implications for the health
of the individual as well as society as a whole. None can be ignored because the
scale of potential calamity is increasing day by day. Health hazards may be ari
sing from: water contamination or pollution, air pollution, use of pesticides en
ters through food chain, radiation effect of nuclear water, diseases caused from
improper disposal of solid wastes and also due to noise pollution. Human rights
: 1. Human rights means that a human being must enjoy on this earth 2. Foundatio
n of human was laid in 13th century. But positive hopes for all people for a hap
py, dignified and secured living condition wee raised only after Universal Declar
ation of Human Rights (UNDHR) by UNO on 1012.1948 3. It highlights on protection
to all individuals against injustice and human right violation 4. UNDHR defines
specific rights to life, liberty, security, freedom of thought, association, fr
eedom of movement right of equal pay for equal work, right to form or join union
, right to health care, education etc. 5. Universal declaration rights are unive
rsal but disparity between developing and developed countries. 6. Poverty and po
pulation leads to violation of human rights. WHO estimates -One out of every fiv
e is malnourished, lacks clean drinking water, lacks hygienic conditions and hea
lth facilities. -one out of 3 lack fuel for cooking -1/5 is desperately poor -ev
ery year 40 million people die due to contaminated water 7. Acute scarcity of em
ployment Page 62 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
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8. Merit of universal education and child labour prevention is of much less impo
rtance than his struggle for existence 9. Developed and developing country give
importance only to respect to human rights and non social economic rights respective
ly. Value Education: Education is one of the most important tools in bringing ab
out socioeconomic and cultural progress of a country. The objective of education
should not be merely coaching the students to get through the exams with good r
esults and get some good job. Education does not simply mean acquiring informati
on but using the resources within the limits of ethical value. The scientific an
d technological advancements have shrunk the world into a village. But in the dr
ive to development man has become too materialistic, self centered and over ambi
tious. Value based education has a very significant role in providing proper dir
ection to youth to inculcate positive attitude and to teach them the distinction
between right and wrong. It teaches them to be compassionate, peace loving, hel
pful, generous and tolerant so that they can move towards more harmonious, peace
ful, enjoyable and sustainable future. Value education help in arriving value ba
sed judgements based on practical understanding of various natural principles. V
alue education increases awareness about our national history, our cultural heri
tage, national pride, constitutional rights and duties, national integration, ao
mmunity development and environment. It is crucial to the retention of national
identity, peaceful and harmonious society. Education should give overall develop
ment of the student personality. The main of education is to produce citizens wi
th sound character and health. Good citizens are the only hope for the progress
and prosperity of the country. Life based upon good principles is an essential r
equisite. Therefore moral education should be included in the school curriculum.
The curriculum should provide enough opportunity for pupils to acquire a consid
erable amount of knowledge that is essential for morally responsible living in o
ur democratic society. Value education shall prepare individuals for participati
on in social life and acceptance of social rules. Schools should provide a healt
hy environment for sharing responsibilities of community life and relationships.
Value based environmental education: Environmental education is something that
every person should be well versed with. The principles of ecology and fundament
als of environment help to create a sense of earth citizenship and a sense of ca
re for the earth and its resources - a sense of commitment towards the managemen
t of the resources in a sustainable way so that our children and grand children
too have a safe and clean planet.
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Following the Supreme Court directives 1998 environmental education has been inc
luded in the curriculum right from the school stage to university level. The obj
ective of it is to make everyone environment literate. Let us see how environmen
tal education can be made value based one. 1. Preparation of text books material
s on environmental education to built a positive attitude towards environmental
factors. 2. Social values like love, tolerance, compassion can be woven into env
. Education. This will help to nurture all forms of life and biodiversity. 3. Cu
ltural and religious values: Our culture and religions teach us not to exploit n
ature but to perform such functions which project and sacred nature. Therefore t
hese values can be added up with env. Education. 4. Env. Education should stress
on earth centric views rather than human centric view such that it include the
ethical values. 5. Global values: Stress on the concept human is part of nature
and all natural processes are inter linked and they are in harmony. If this harm
ony is disturbed it may lead to imbalance in ecology and catastrophic results. 6
. Spiritual values: highlights on self contentment, discipline, reduction of wan
ts etc. This will reduce our consumerist approach If the mentioned values are in
corporated in env. education, the goal of sustainable development and env. conse
rvation can be easily attained. Value based env. education can bring about a tot
al transformation of our mind set, our attitudes and life style to protect natur
e. HIV/AIDS AIDS-Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome Acquired means disease is n
ot hereditary but develops after birth from contact with a disease causing agent
. Immune deficiency means that the disease is characterized by a weakening of im
mune system HIV-Human immuno deficiency virus cause AIDS disease.virus is passed
through iinfected blood,semen Transmission of AIDS
Prostitution Homosexual acti
vity Use of contaminated syringe in blood transfusion and drug addicts
Maternalfetal transmission Symptoms:
Persistent fever Fatique, weekness Diarrhea Wait lo
ss Low number of T cells in blood Swelling lymph nodes, neck Page 64 of 73 Einste
in College of Engineering
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Susceptible to infections Treatment: AZT-Azidi thymidine
DDI Did
eoxyinosine Screening test:
ELISA-Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay Western blo
t Polymer chain reaction
Saliva and urine test
Branched DNA test
Immuno fluoresc
ent antibody assay The major precautions to avoid AIDS
education prevention of blood borne HIV transmission primary health care counsel
ing services drug treatment
Role Of Information Technology In Environment And Human Health: Computer based i
nstruments for environment studies: There are several on-line use instruments by
which data can be collected automatically at fixed interval of time. Eg. 1. Ins
truments for monitoring and analysis of meteorological parameters, the acoustic
sounding system, radar is used 2. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) perf
orms complex chemical and heavy metal analysis in water and waste water. 3. Indu
ctive coupled plasma spectrometer (ICPS), attached with powerful computers to fa
cilitate easy manipulations, is used for waste water analysis. Application of co
mputers in the field of Environment & human health: 2. Unknown parameters can be
stimulated by computer techniques 3. EIA(Environmental Impact Assessment) probl
ems can be analyzed 4. Inventories of emission sources are compiled and maintain
ed 5. Net-work analysis, statistical analysis and the status of environmental po
llutions can be high lighted 6. Comprehensive administrative system can be devel
oped by using computer network techniques.
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Remote sensing-Graphical Interface System are useful for coral reef mapping and
ocean resources. They are also useful to access the loss of biodiversity/hot spo
ts etc. Review questions: 1. What do you mean by carrying capacity of population
? The maximum popu;lation size that an ecosystem can support under particular en
vironmental condition 2. What are the reasons for population explosion? Improved
sanitary conditions Better heath care increase in productivity of agriculture a
nd industry 3. What are the factors influencing human population Unwanted fertil
ity To increase the income for family and support Lack of knowledge on populatio
n control methods 4. What is silicosis and asbestosis? Silicosis is caused due t
contamination of free silica Asbestosis is due to asbestos fibres deposited in
lungs 5. List any four vector borne disease Malaria Dengue Filaria Encephalitis
6. What is ameobiasis?Give its source. 7. This is a water borne disease, caused
by amoeba i.e., Entameoba histolytica and charecterised by liquid stools with mu
cous and blood Source; food chain-fruits, vegetables, contaminated drinking wate
r, cold drink 8. What are the two primary strains of HIV HIV-1 Strain HIV -2 str
ain
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9. List any two drugs used in treatment of AIDS AZT-Azidothymidine DDi-Dideoxyin
osine 10. List any two applications of information technology in environment Dat
a on environmental degradation will help to restore the conditions Geographic in
formation system by application of information techniology will help in environm
ental conservation FIVE YEARS ANNA UNIVERSITY EXAM QUESTION AND ANSWERS UNIT 1:
ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY 1. Differentiate between a biome and an
ecosystem On earth there are many sets of ecosystems which are exposed to same c
limatic conditions and having dominant species with similar lifecycle,Climatic a
daptations and physical structure. This set of Ecosystem is called Biome (Small
ecosystem) A group of Organisms Interacting among themselves and with environmen
t is known as ecosystem.- is the basic functional unit of Ecology. 2. Define: Fo
od chain and Food Web In linear food chains, if one species gets affected or bec
omes extinct, then the species in the subsequent tropic levels are also affected
. Net work of food chain Food web if one species gets affected, it does not affe
ct other tropic levels so seriously. 3. Differentiate between genetic diversity
and species diversity Genetic diversity diversity within species ie., variations
of genes within the species. Species diversity - diversity between different sp
ecies. The sum of varieties of all the living organisms at the species level is
known as species diversity. 4. Define the terms producers and consumers Producer
s depend on their food themselves through Photosynthesis. Eg. All green plants ,
trees. Consumers. - depend directly or indirectly on the producers eg. Plant ea
ting species, animals eating species. 5. What are ecological pyramids?
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Graphical representation of structural and function of tropic levels of an ecosy
stem is called ecological pyramids. 6. Define Hot spots of biodiversity The hot sp
ots are the geographic areas which possess high endemic species. 7. Define biodi
versity. Biodiversity the variety and variability among all groups of living org
anisms and the ecosystem in which they occur. 8. Define ecology. Ecology study o
f interactions among organisms or group of organisms with their environment (Bio
tic and Abiotic Organisms) 9. What is ecological succession? The progressive rep
lacement of one community by another till the development of stable community in
a particular area is called ecological succession. UNIT 2:ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTI
ON 1. What is marine pollution? Marine pollution is defined as the discharge of
waste substances in to the resulting in harm to living resource, hazards to huma
n health, hindrance to fishery and impairment of quality for use of sea water. 2
. Define a) Decibel b) COD a) Decibel:-Decibel (dB) is defined as the one tenth
of the longest unit Bel. b) COD:-COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) is the amount oxyg
en required for chemical oxidation of organic matter using some oxidizing agent
like K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4. 3. What are the effects of noise pollution?
Interferes w
ith mans communication Hearing damage Physiological and psychological changes
4. How solid wastes are disposed ultimately? Landfill,incineration,composting 5.
What are the causes of water pollution?
Domestic sewage Industrial effluents Pa
ge 68 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
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ff from land fills
Synthetic detergents Agro chemicals Oil Thermal pollutants Run o

6. What is disaster? Give few examples Disaster is a geological processes and is
defined as the sudden calamity which brings misfortune and miseries to human co
mmunity e.g., flood, cyclone, landslide, earthquake and Tsunami 7. Differentiate
between pollution prevention and pollution control
Pollution prevention It means using processes, practices, materials, products or
energy that avoid or minimize the creation of pollutants and waste or environme
ntal disturbances and reduse risk to human health
Pollution control The proper control measures practiced to minimize the pollutio
n level.
8. Differentiate between primary and secondary air pollutants with examples:
Primary pollutants
Secondary pollutants
These are emitted directly in the These are pollutants in which atmosphere in ha
rmful form some of the primary air pollutants may react with one Examples:CO,NO,
SO2 another to form new pollutants Examples: NO,NO2------ HNO3/NO3
www.EEENotes.in 9. Give any six air pollutants

ulphur trioxide
Carbon dioxide Hydrocarbons
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon monoxide

UNIT:3 NATURAL RESOURCES 1. Distinguish renewable and non-renewable sources of e
nergy Energy renewable Advantage Disadvantage
Energy non renewable
Wide availability Unreliable supply Low cost Produced in small Decentralized pow
er quantity production Difficult to store Low pollution Cost more Available for
the future Available in high highly pollution concentrated form Available only i
n few places Easy to store Reliable supply High running cost Lower cost Limited
supply and will one day get exhausted
2. What is sustainable development? Sustainable development is defined as meetin
g the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation
s to meet their own needs, or extending progress, without exhausting resources,
beyond the foreseeable future. 3. Write any two adverse effects caused by overgr
azing. Land degradation
Loss of useful species.
4. What is desertification? Give any two reasons for it. Desertification means d
egradation of one fertile land to desert like land. Reason-deforestation, overgr
azing,mining,overgrazing 5. What are the reasons for deforestation? Page 70 of 7
3 Einstein College of Engineering
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Deforestation means increasing agricultural production, increasing industrial ac
tivity, increasing demands for wood resources 6. Define Land Degradation. Land d
egradation means process of deterioration of soil or loss of fertility of soil.
7. What is an aquifer? A highly permeable layer of sediment or rock containing w
ater 8. What does strategic metals and minerals mean? These are the metals and m
inerals that a country uses but cannot produce itself. essential for defence. e.
g., cobalt,iron,manganese 9. What is water logging and how it is prevented? Satu
ration of soil with irrigation water or excessive precipitation so that the wate
r table rises close to surface.
Prevent excessive irrigation Subsurface drainage
and bio drainage by trees like Eucalyptus trees are adopted Leakage from water
pump are detected
10. Write any two effects of ground water depletion. lower the surface water lev
el Land subsidence
Salt water intrusion
Climate change 11. List any four adverse
affects of mining. Scarring and disruption of land surface
Land subsidence
Smel
ting causes air pollution Acid mine drainage contaminates ground water
UNIT 4:SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT 1. Define watershed management. The man
agement of rainfall and resultant run off is called watershed management 2. What
is green house effect? Green house effect may be defined as the progressive war
ming up of the earths surface due to blanketing effect of man made carbondioxide
in the atmosphere 3. What are the advantages of rainwater harvesting?
Reduction
in the use of current for pumping water Mitigation by effects of droughts and ac
hieving drought proofing Page 71 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering
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Increasing the availability of water from well Rise in ground water level Minimi
zing the soil erosion and flood hazards
4. What is acid rain? The presence of excessive acids in rain water is acid rain
. 5. What are the effects of acid rain?
Acid rain corrodes houses, monuments, st
atues, bridges and fences. Deteriorate the paint and stone 6. What are the objec
tives of watershed management?
To minimize the risk of foods, droughts and lands
lides
To develop rural areas in the region with clear plan for improving the eco
nomy To generate huge employment opportunities
To protect the soil from erosion
by run off To rise ground water level UNIT 5 : HUMAN POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONM
ENT 2. Differentiate between HIV and AIDS. HIV-Human innuno deficiency virus cau
se AIDS disease.virus is passed through iinfected blood,semen. AIDS-Acquired Imm
uno Deficiency Syndrome Acquired means disease is not hereditary but develops af
ter birth from contact with a disease causing agent. Immune deficiency means tha
t the disease is characterized by a weakening of immune system 3. What are the m
ajor precautions to avoid AIDS?
education
prevention of blood borne HIV transmis
sion primary health care
counseling services
drug treatment 4. Define Human right
s. Human rights are the fundamental rights, which are possessed by all human bein
g irrespective of their caste, nationality, sex and language. 5. What is populat
ion explosion? The enormous increase in population due to low death rate (mortal
ityt) and high birth rate (natality), is termed as population explosion. 6. Writ
e any two applications of information technology in environment.
Land and water
management Information on type, density, biomass, forest fire, pest and disease.
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7. What are the reasons responsible for population explosion?
Invention of moder
n medical facilities reduces the death rate and increases the birth rate.
Increa
se of life expectancy Illiteracy 8. Write the value of education to the society.
Improve the integral growth of human being
create attitude and improvement towa
rds sustainable lifestyle to understand about natural environment. 9. What are t
he major objectives of family welfare programme in India?
reduce infant mortalit
y rate to below 30/100 infants achieves 100% registration of birth, death and ma
rriage encourage late marriage and later child birth
constrain the spread of AID
S/HIV

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www.EEENotes.in 4. social issues related to development and environment 5. human

www.EEENotes.in Structure of Atmosphere: Five Layers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

www.EEENotes.in Food Web Network of food Chains

www.EEENotes.in ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS:

www.EEENotes.in MAJOR TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS a. FOREST ECOSYSTEM

www.EEENotes.in GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM:

www.EEENotes.in Energy flow:

www.EEENotes.in Characteristics: Structural Components:

Fragmentation; Habitat fragmentation reduces the biodiversity because many anima

Page 15 of 73 Einstein College of Engineering

www.EEENotes.in 6. Mention the various types of public participation.

www.EEENotes.in Sources of air pollution

www.EEENotes.in Indoor air pollution:

www.EEENotes.in 10 11 12 Ozone Sulphur dioxide Suspended solids Photochemical re

www.EEENotes.in Effects of water pollution

www.EEENotes.in C) SOIL POLLUTION:Environmental Science and Engineering

Direct mortality Control measures:-

Environmental Science and Engineering

g) NUCLEAR HAZARDS:- OR RADIO ACTIVE POLLUTION The physical pollution of air, wa

www.EEENotes.in Control measures:

www.EEENotes.in Review questions

www.EEENotes.in UNIT 3:NATURAL RESOURCES

www.EEENotes.in TIMBER EXTRACTION AND MINING:

www.EEENotes.in DAMS BENEFITS AND PROBLEMS

www.EEENotes.in WATER RESOURCES

water pollution or contamination

Environmental Science and Engineering

www.EEENotes.in CONFLICTS OVER WATER

www.EEENotes.in MINERAL RESOURCES

www.EEENotes.in WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS:

Nitrate pollution-nitrogenous fertilizers applied deep soil contaminates ground

www.EEENotes.in Hydro power:

www.EEENotes.in 1. What is artesian well?

Inter generational equity Intra generational tec

Significance of sustainable development: Developing appropriate technology

www.EEENotes.in Solution: Use public transport instead of motor cycles Energy co

Raise ground water level

Environmental Science and Engineering

www.EEENotes.in - Decrease in soil erosion. - Restoration of ecological balance.

Resettlement simple relocation or displacement of human population. Rehabilitati

www.EEENotes.in Green House Effect and Global Warming:

www.EEENotes.in 6. Destruction of aquatic life

www.EEENotes.in Wildlife [protection] Act 1 Defines wild life related terminolog

Synthetic detergents Agro chemicals Oil Thermal pollutants Run o

Environmental Science and Engineering

www.EEENotes.in 9. Give any six air pollutants

Environmental Science and Engineering

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