Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DISTRIBUTIONS &
SOBOLEV SPACES
Week 7
Lecture 7.1
DISTRIBUTIONS
A little more on D
Let be an open domain of Rn.
D () = C0().
Lets equip D () with this topology:
U is an open set if
for all K compact, and fU with supp fK,
there exists >0 and a multi index ,
{ gD () | supp gK
and for all xK, |f(x)-g(x)|< } U
The union of such U forms the topology.
Convergence in D
A sequence (fn) of elements of D
converges in D toward fD iff
i. There exists K compact s.t.
for all nN, supp (fn-f) K
ii. For all multi-index
fn(x) converges uniformly toward f on K
Dual space of D
Let D be the dual space of D.
Elements D of are called distributions.
Example:
For f in L1loc define Tf : D R by
Tf () = f
Tf is linear and continuous: Tf D
Functions in L1loc are distributions
They are called regular distributions.
Differentiation
Let TD be a distribution
Define the derivative of the distribution T
T : D R by T() = -T()
For all D, <T,>=-<T,>
This is consistent with the derivative of functions
thanks to the integration by parts.
Differentiation
Let TD be a distribution
Let be a multi-index
Define the derivative of the distribution T
DT : D R by T() = (-1)|| T()
For all D, <DT,>=(-1)|| <T,>
This is consistent with the derivative of functions.
Example
Let TD be a distribution
Let =(1,4,5)
Define the derivative of the distribution T
D(1,4,5)T : D R by (1,4,5)T() = (-1)1+4+5 T(145)
For all D, <D(1,4,5)T,>= <T, 145>
Remark
Lp L1loc
Therefore functions in Lp are regular distributions.
We can now differentiate any function in Lp
The derivative may (or may not) be a function in Lp
When it is the case, it will be called
Wait for the next lecture!
Week 7
Lecture 7.2
WM,P SPACES
Definition
Let m N and p [1,].
The Sobolev Space Wm,p() is defined by
Wm,p () = { f Lp(), f Lp() for any ||m }
(derivative in the distributional sense)
|| f ||m,p = || f ||Wm,p = (||m |f|p)1/p
(for p<)
|| f ||m, = || f ||Wm, = max||m ||f||
With this norm Wm,p is a Banach space
| f |m,p = | f |Wm,p = (||=m |f|p)1/p is a semi-norm
Example
W2,3(]0,1[) = { fL3(]0,1[) s.t. fL3(]0,1[), fL3(]0,1[)}
|| f ||W2,3 = ( ]0,1[ |f|3 + ]0,1[ |f|3 + ]0,1[ |f|3 )1/3
x x3/2 does not belong to W2,3(]0,1[)
x x9/5 belongs to W2,3(]0,1[)
Example
W1,2(R) = { fL2(R) s.t. fL2(R)}
|| f ||W1,2 = ( R |f|2 + R |f|2 )1/2
Week 7
Lecture 7.3
HM SPACES
Definition
Let m N.
Define Hm = Wm,2
For f and g in Hm define <f,g> = ||m f g
With this inner product Hm is a Hilbert space.
|| f ||m = || f ||Hm = (||m |f|2)1/2 deriving norm
| f |m,2 =| f |Wm,2 = (||=m |f|2)1/2 is a semi-norm
Dual Space of Hm
Hm is a Hilbert space
(with the inner product <f,g> = ||m f g)
The Riesz representation theorem yields
(Hm)* = Hm
Reminder: To f Hm corresponds this element of (Hm)*
u <f,u>=||m f u
||f||2Hm = ||m |f|2 = ||m||f||2L2
Dual Space of Hm
Hm L2
L2 is a Hilbert space for <f,g> = f g
Define : L2 (Hm)*
(f) = [ u Hm() <f,u> R ]
||(f)||(H )* ||f||L
is injective
(L2) is dense in (Hm)*
m
Dual Space of Hm
Hm L2
Hm L2 (Hm)*
(L2)*
L2 is called the pivot space.
From now on, we will make this choice.
Trace Operator
Assume that has a sufficiently smooth boundary
Denote = is the boundary of
It is possible to define a boundary measure
and define the space L2()
We admit there exists a continuous linear mapping
tr: H1() L2() s.t. tr(u) = u|
Definition
Define Hm0 as the closure of D in Hm
We admit this characterization of Hm0()
Theorem
H10() = { f H1() s.t. f=0 on }
Hm0() = { f Hm() s.t. for ||<m, f=0 on }
Poincar Inequality
Theorem
Let be a bounded connected subset of Rn
with a Lipschitz boundary
Then there exists a constant C>0
depending only on , such that for all u in H10(),
|| u ||L C || u ||L
Norm Equivalence
Theorem
When the open set is bounded, the semi-norm
| . |m is a norm on Hm0 which is equivalent to || . ||m
Week 7
Lecture 7.4
SOBOLEV EMBEDDINGS
Embeddings
Let be a bounded subset of RN with a smooth
boundary.
Sobolevs embedding theorems give the
fundamental properties of the Sobolev spaces.
These properties are connected with the degree of
smoothness that can be expected in a Sobolev
space.
Continuity
The larger the product mp
the smoother the function!
The critical value is the space dimension N
If mp>N then all functions in Wm,p are continuous
(usual disclaimer: we are dealing with classes)
Example
Let be a subset of R2 (N=2)
H1() = W1,2()
1x2=2 therefore
W1,2() Lq() for any q [1, [
Thus, if ||un||H1 is bounded then, one can extract a
subsequence in L2 that converges strongly in L2
The unit ball of H1 is compact in L2 but not H1.