Physical store of Avssovation equation must be stotedl S tau AL Tot the salt sett that's woter soluble. oGouvetury)saUibERIA oa salad ow slate. sat for saturated solution of a sparingly soluble'sat, ie equilrium between undissolved salt and its dissolved ions, {in a saturated solution, rate of dissolution of the sparingly soluble saltisthe-same as the rate of Spas of tesa 2s ong astonperetue remaing conta) ‘ade Sine ake: AgaCeOnts) T22AHi Ce Ohiags ae eee ‘eer * [eg ILer] Kop INT Teor} ‘Kee of @ sparingly soluble ionic compound is the product of the molar concentrations of its ions in a saturated solution cof the compound, each raised to the power of the stoichiometric coefficient in the:dissociation equation at given temperature (ERETOATEETOGTES : - 7 i H dasssution Q=Ky F <—— (MO Ke = no precipitate = No precipitate = Precipitation occurs until = solution isnot saturated =the solution is saturated a= Solution ean dissolve some more | the solutions atthe point of | ~ sautton v cupersat salt precipitation Sensi se Tage] /moldoas Q7| Resp KR precipitation) Equilibrium curve =| zal ston ope ay SCT srt a eres geht 6 res art teen ac ee (Kip AgCl = 1.00 x 107% ee ~ 25933) re ashy’ Ta, ; ee 189 pretiptte some (Soxid") = Sylow Eg. Determine whether @ precipitate wil be formed if §0.0 om? of 0.026 mo dr soition of MSO, is aed 1050.0, ‘em of 0.050 mol dn? solution of S. 8 for fg is 2.0 x 10° mol? dm & Ky of NHy = 1.8 x10° mol * ) 002! abe Tlor” Sie OK aay lao w= omen es P ‘ect oe el Tord: Tere: re ae bl] ‘vandal? ® of equeous NaCI 0.10 mol dis added to 10.0 em® of aqueous AGNOs 0.10 mol dmn®, Calculate the + chloride precipitated. (Ky AgCI= 1.0.x 10" mol dm) “1 amy + NaChey® + NoNO of wIo2 2OxI0 NOs aise ge AgC las 23 cop)....n0, 26 mde. ob srecigitehe = | 10% jee?" Peay viet te vx® wed ® Mass ck Agtlesy = 1998 x10 x (r081354) ad? nie? MS ae » ea tiny” sty oe no ch we ert lasts - Ler [lag] ene ae “ais. ‘core metal(‘Common ion = an ion in common with one ofthe ions already present in equlbrium. ) ‘The common ion has the effect of (i) reducing the degree of dissociation of aweakeelectrolyte OX CH.COOH py + HiOp == CHCOO aa + HOey Addition of CHsCOONa, CHsCOONA%aq) > CH}COO™ + Na” ‘CH;COO™ ion is commoh for Lenssto0"] t > equilibrium positon moves tothe let > 80, dissociation of CHsCOOH | ~ With adcition of HCI (H’ is common ion) , > @ is decreased, i (lreducing the solubility of an fonie compound in aqueous solution and colbiity PoC "Pay + 20h ‘When HCI (aq) ( CI is common fon) is added, -P(Cr' increases ‘> equilibrium position moves tothe le. Solublty of PECI, decreases. When, Po(NOs); (aq) ( Pb" is common ion) is added, (Pb*' increases, ‘equilibrium position moves to the left. Solubility of PbCI, decreases. increasing the ringly soluble ionic compound, Eg: Ags) == ‘Ag"(aq) + CI(aq) At equilibrium, Kip = [Ag'}{CI] When NaC solution is added to the mixture, + AgClis precipitated CI ‘on isthe common ion since itis found in both silver chloride and sodium chloride. ‘The concentration of CI” ions in the:solution increases due tothe addition of CI" ions from NaCl. The ionic product becomes greater than Ke, &> by The equilibrium shifts tothe let to remove the added Ci” ions. The solubilty of AgCI is thus reduced: by the addition of CI” ions from NaCl More AgClis precipitated out. This effect is called the common ion effect ‘ERIGHLEUIaY tH B SUE AR CCRES VEST MORVOTSHER G- Caleulate the solubilty of CaSO, in (a) water, (b) in 0.5 mol dm’ of H:SO4, [ Kap of CaSOg = 2 x 10°° mol? dm’® 1 GSO oy, =O” cay. * Sua, en ASO 8) TC rany + SOR og on) Kp [J $04°] lamer hele pee lth rate l AA 2a = oe seal vege = LOE 11 See] soiblity GSO} = ALT VIO Sel Anis axin® = Cyylyto5) EE Ig Epa det S04, 4? HGS mol eens” rn OSHA 3504‘SeERCISTETaMecuTEOTURINrOrSTEULSTERES T 1 Tormation of complex fon ‘Temperature ‘common ion effect ions which can react with |) lone present = Tthe solubility 7 ie sabi e I essoluton'sexothermi, Se eee ie e Pocornas) Po aa) X¥(9) 2X09) #Y (eq) a = Fac) —_e be ee yao? PoCkis)= bag) + 2criae) Wee NL fe wise When Tt, Em e— FHC! (CI is common ion) reacts with OH” to form NHs Pequilibrium position moves masts te +4cr Hon to the left. increas » (ear soubily Sa Sarr Peete neve Pec NH OH NHS + HO biter sy reases, | ttl $0 OF} secreases, ee ores Pcoubity of PoCe <— | Sequlrum postion moves decreases ue 1 common ion | fo the right solubltyet PU effect Solubility of PO(OH)2 eae increases. - pal However, when concentrated ig added, Sioa fonvalcombine wi, |. tom compere 9s Helo PC ie or >So [Pb | decreas AER ON 4 se ‘equiibrium positon above moves tothe right Hence, solubilty of PoC Increases, 29. dissolution of CuZNi Co hydroxides in excess NH, cuore ANH > FCUINHG) 4+ 20H Sapte ov 2n{0Hs + 6Ns > nn 200 Caters NUOH)e +, 6NHs_ > INi(NHs)” + 20H" Green = water that contains dissolved minerals especially Ca** end Mg’ ions GLOW), + ONS > Tonia)" 3087 Hard water forms calcium carbonate precipitate and ‘magnesium carbonate precipitate (called scale) on the inside of boilers, water heaters, cooking utensils, ‘and pipes that cary hot water, causing blockage and damaging the apparatus / can foul plumbing and galvanic corrosion ard water aise does not ater easly wih ap Reason: =the dissolved cations form insoluble scums’ with calcium or ‘magnesium carboxylates. For example, wih sodium sgtate (a ingredient fr soap) 2CH,(CH,)eCOONa + Ca" (CH(CHa)COO),Cayst 2Nat 2OH(CHo\eCOONA + Mg = (CHCHjgCOO)Mg. + 2Na’ insoluble scums* softening of hard water is necessary to remove these cations ( Ca®* and Mg" ) aT Temporary Rardneee Fea er cone ~ caused by te presence of dasaved CAHCO), | ~caused by We reseras of Gasaved CaSO, or MgHCO}). or MgSO. Removed by | bling, whee Wie SoUBls hyarogencrbonaies | ~cannal be tmoved by Ealing Cause TS are convotodntonealibircctonnes MgCO; + CO, + H,0° then inslible carbonates ae fired off * HAYSISIESHERRNEMATAWNAREB th per manent hardiess + 30" treat the hard water with aqueous Na;CO; to precipitate | In industries, Caco, silicate, NaAISi,Og(zeolte), where, the ion-exchange resins ere used to replace the Mg" and Ca found in hard Mg" + Co; > Mgco, water with Na" ions 2NAAIS;0s(s) + Cal > Ca(AISLOs)2(6) + 2Na" G50n + Nos(0s > Gls, + NasSO4 2NaAISiO5(s) + Mg? > Mg(AlSi,Oe)2(s) + 2Na" 2. - the water cous ‘ion exchanger is free from. soluble Ca” and Mg” ions “ne on exchanger ean be reSEAGE4 by sting it concentrated sodium chioride solution where the above reactions are reversed. And the zeolite is regenerated. CafAISiOs)2(s) + 2Na” > 2NaAISi0,(s) + Ca” Exercise: 4 (0) (i) Derive an expression forthe solubilty product, Kep, of barium hydroxide, RaW). 6). Balen t 22H agp, ep = [8a] LOH] biti EEE (@ Explain why aqueous barium nite forms a precipitate wih aqueous sodium hydrxise bul not with squedus ‘ammonia. [6] (5c/1999) ~ Fox precipitate, to. cea, fhe, ove. product of BRL must exe Kep fur Rel 04) ~ Sediam. hydrovde 0 stong. base. thot bssaciate completely 2 water. NaOH Net roH” ~The Tou] 2s high enough to. overcome the Kep “fx Ba(OH), , thus predpHtaton ocucs. However, anmonta ic a weak, bese. th lowec degree o& esocation cM HHO & NHyT Od" a ~The low CoH" is insufficient to ovenome. Kep2.2) An aqueous solution containing X™ ions forms @ white precipitate when an aqueous solution of sodium ‘sulphate is added toi: The solubilty of tne white precipitate Is 2.33 x 10°" g dm’® and its solubility product is 4.00 x 10" mol? dm” ai 25°C, {i Catcuate tne relative formula mass ofthe preiptate (earz005) Bova Set, $08 as, ’ on AeA Dotibows e= 288 Se aaa ase daly SSE ape ee hed X = 19 Kesp = DX" Is0,7") i [Aginls), J” 4 Be (ii) Explain why AgBr dissolves in the aqueous solution of ammonia. [1] (34/2008) Famaton, of. compls. ron:.../...deamerinesver O)ion 4.(b) CN ion forms an insoluble salt with Ag’ ion. The value of Ky of the salt formed is 2.3 x 10° mol? dm* at 298 K. ()) Wite the equation forthe solubilty ofthe salt in a saturated solution of ACN. [1] ACUI Llc: ca (i) Calculate the solubility ofthe salt a 298 K. [3] trebr2016), des solublbty at Ag CN be C35 SS AGteagy EEN ag Steblty x x Rep “Tea'ILv “i D3xte =e ELE VIO mics taq)