1.

ELECTROSTATICS (Elektrostatik)
1. Static electricity is electrical charge that is at rest or not
moving.
Electrik statik oalah cas electrik yang pegun atau tidak bergerak.

Cas electrik statik dapat dihasilkan pada objek yang neutral

dengan menggosokkannya dengan satu bahan yang lain seperti
kain bulu dan kain sutera. Bahan yang menerima elektron
menjadi cas negatif manakala bahan yang kehilangan electron
menjadi bercas positif.

2. The study of static electricity is called electrostatics.

Kajian tentang elektrik statik disebut elektrostatik.

3. There are 2 types of static electric charges (positive and

negative charges)
Terdapat dua jenis cas electrik statik (cas positif dan negatif)

4. Positive charges consist of proton and cannot move.

Cas positif terdiri daripada proton dan tidak bergerak.

5. Negative charges consist of electrons that can move or

transfer when two materials are rubbed together.
Cas negatif terdiri daripada electron can boleh bergerak dan
memindah apabila dua bahan berlainan digosokkan bersamasama.

6. Charges of same types repel one another.

Cas yang sama jenis menolak antara satu dengan yang lain.

7. Charges of different types attract each other.

Cas yang berlainan jenis menarik antara sama satu sama lain.

8. The repulsive force and attractive force are called

electrostatic force.
Daya tolakan dan daya tarikan disebut daya electrostatik.

Material positively charged

Material negatively charged
Glass
Silk cloth
Cellulose acetate
Silk cloth, woollen cloth
Silk cloth
Hard rubber
Rubber (Balloon)
Nylon
Woollen cloth
Rubber (Balloon), Polythene
10.An electroscope is used to detect small electric charges or
static electric charges.
Elektroskop digunakan untuk mengesan cas elektrik yang kecil
atau cas-cas eletrik statik.

11.Before it is used, the electroscope should be earthed by

toughing the metal cap with a finger. This is intended to
neutralise the electroscope.
Sebelum digunakan, elektroskop perlu dibumikan dengan
menyentuh ceper logamnya dengan jari. Hal ini bertujuan untuk
meneutralkan elektroskop.

12.When a charged material is brought near the metal disc, its

gold leaf will diverge.
Apabila bahan bercas dibawa dekat kepada ceper logam
elektroskop, kerajang emasnya akan mencapah.

9. Static electric charges can be produced on a neutral object

by rubbing it with different material like a woollen or silk
cloth. One of the material receives electrons while the
other loses electrons.

Langkah keselamatan berkaitan dengan cas electrik statik.

Lightning conductor (Konduktor

kilat)

Metal chain on the oil tanker

Rantai logam pada lori tangki
minyak

13.Phenomenon related to static electric charges in daily life.

Fenomena yang berkaitan dengan cas electrik statik delam
kehidupan harian.
Lightning (Kilat)
Spark plug (palam pencucuh)

Electricity (Keelektrikan)
1. Electrical energy is energy produced when electric current
flows.
Tenaga elektrik adalah tenaga yang terhasil apabila arus elektrik
mengalir.

2. A source of electrical energy is any device that produces

electric charges or electric current.
Sumber tenaga elektrik ialah sebarang alat yagn dapat
menghasilkan cas-cas elektrik atau arus elektrik.

Nylon clothes (Pakaian nilon)

Combing hair (Menyikat rambut)

Electric current (Arus elektrik)

1. Moving electric charges (electrons) produce electric
current.
14.Safety measures related to static electric charges.

Cas-cas elektrik(elektron) yang bergerak menghasilkan arus

elektrik.

2. Electric current is the rate of the flow of negative charges

or electrons through a conductor.
Arus elektrik adalah kadar pengaliran car-car negatif atau
elektron melalui suatu konduktor.

3. Electric current is also defines as the number of charges

which flow through a conductor in one second.
Arus elektrik juga ditakrif sebagai bilangan cas yang mengalir
melalui suatu konduktor dalam masa satu saat.

4. The Van de Graaff generator is a device that can produce

electric charges (electrostatic charges) of very high voltage
on its dome.
Penjana Van de Graaff adalah suatu alat yang dapat
mrnghadilkan cas-cas elektrik ysng bervoltan sangat tinggi

Resistance (Rintangan)
1. Electrons that flow through a conductor constantly
experience obstruction. The characteristic of a material
that opposes the flow of electrons is called resistance.
Elektron yang mengalir melalui suatu konduktor sentiasa
mengalami halangan. Sifat bahan yang menentang pengaliran
elektron ialah rintangan.
2. resistance in a conductor depends on ( Rintangan bergantung
kepada):

a. Length of conductor: the longer the conductor, the

higher the resistance.
Panjang konduktor: semakin panjang konduktor, semakin
tinggi rintangan.

b. Diameter or thickness of conductor: The bigger the

diameter of the conductor, the lower its conductor.
Voltage (Voltan)
1. Voltage is electrical energy that is needed to enable
electrons to flow from one point to another in a conductor.
Valtan ialah tenga elektrik yang diperlukan untuk membolehkan
elektron mengalir dari satu titik ke titik yang lain delam
konduktor.

2. Voltage is the force that pushes electrons through a circuit

to produce electric current.
Voltan merupakan daya yang menolak elektron-elektrok
bergerak melalui suatu litar untuk menghasilkan arus elektrik.

3. A dry cell or battery possesses voltage.

Sel kering atau bateri mempunyai voltan.

Diameter atau ketebalan konduktor: semakin besar

diameter konduktor, semakin rendah rintangan.

c. Type of conductor: Different types of conductor have

different resistance. Copper and aluminium which
are widely used as electric wires are few metals that
have low resistance.
Jenis konduktorL konduktor yang berlainan mempunyai
rintangan yang berbeza. Kuprum dan aluminium sentiasa
digunakan sebagai dawai elektrik kerana sifat rintangan
yang rendahnya.

3. Some conductors have high resistance to current the flows

through them. This type of conductor is called resistor.

Sesetengah konduktor mempunyai rintngan yang tinggi terhadap

arus yang mengalir melaluinya. Konduktor jenis ialah perintang.

1. Voltage can be measured with a voltmeter.

Voltan boleh diukur dengan voltmeter.

2. The unit of measurement for voltage is volt (V).

Direction of electron flow and current in an electric circuit
(Arah pengaliran elektron dan arus elecktrik)

1. In a dry cell, current is produced when electrons flow from

the negative terminal to the positive terminal of the cell
through a wire.

Unit pengukuran voltan ialah volt (V)

3. The voltmeter is connected in parallel to a circuit when

measuring voltage.
Volmeter disambungkan selari dalam litar semasa
menyukat voltan.

Dalam sel kering, arus dihasilkan apabila elektron mengalir dari

terminal negatif ke terminal positif.

2. Electric current flows from the positive terminal to the

negative terminal of a cell.
Manakala Arah arus elektrik dari terminal positif ke terminal
negatif.

Measuring resistance (Menyukat rintangan)

1. Resistance is measured in the unit of ohm. The symbol of
ohm is .
Rintangan disukat dalam unit ohm ()
2. A resistor is a device that is used to reduce the electric
current that flows in a circuit.
Perintang digunakan untuk mengurangkan arus elektrik
yang mengalir dalam litar.
Measuring electric current (the rate at which electron flow)
Pengukuran arus elektrik (kadar pengaliran elektron)

1. Electric current that flows from a source of electrical energy

can be measured with an ammeter.
Arus elektrik boleh diukur dengan menggunakan ammeter.

2. The unit of measurement for current is ampere (A).

Unit arus elektrik ialah ampere (A)

3. The ammeter is connected in series to a circuit when

measuring current.
Ammeter disambungkan secara bersiri dalam litar elektrik.

Measuring voltage (Mengukur voltan)

Relationship between voltage, electric current and resistance

1. The electric current flows increases at the same rate as the
rate of increases in voltage value. The voltage quantity is
directly proportional to the quantity of electric current.
Kuantiti voltan berkadar langsung dengan kuantiti arus elektrik.

VI

or

2. The relationship between voltage, electric current and

resistance is called ohms law.
Hubungan voltan, arus elektrik dengan rintangan disebut Hukum
Ohm.

Parallel cells

Lamp or bulb

Lights up when current

flows through it

Fixed resistor

Reduces current flow

Variable resistor
(rheostat)

Control current flow

Switch

Completes and breaks a

circuit

Ammeter

Measures current in units

of ampere

Milliammeter

Measure current in units

of milliampere

Microammeter

Measure current in units

of microampere

Voltmeter

Measure voltage in units

of volt

Use

Galvanometer

Detects current

Electric sources that

supply electrical energy

Fuse

Melts when excessive

current flows through it

Earth connector

Sends leaked current to

the earth

3. R is constant for a fixed resistor. Therefore, the ratio of

voltage to electric current, V/I, is always fixed. This fixed
value is called resistance.
R adalah pemalar bagi suatu perintang tetap. Oleh itu, nisbah
voltan dengan arus elektrik adalah sentiasa tetap. Nilai ini
disebut rintangan.

4. The gradient of the graph represents the circuit resistance.

Kecerunan graf mewakili rintangan litar.

Slope of the line = V/I= constant

Parallel and series circuits (Litar selari dan bersiri)

Symbols of electric circuit components (Simbol komponen
litar elektrik)
Circuit
component
Electric cell

Symbol

Series cells

Electric circuit
Series circuit (Litar bersiri)

1. In a series circuit, if one part of the circuit is disconnected

or the bulb is burnt, the circuit becomes incomplete and
other bulbs will also be put out.

Advantages of series circuit (Kebaikan litar bersiri)

Dalam litar bersiri, jika satu bahagian litar terputus atau mentol
terbakar, litar menjadi tidak lengkap dan mentol yang lain akan
terputus.

Parallel circuit (Litar selari)

2. In a parallel circuit, if one bulb or resistor is spoilt or
removed, electric current will still flow through another
path. Other bulbs are still lit.
Dalam litar selari, jika satu mentol rosak, arus elektrik masih
boleh mengalir melalui lintasan yang lain. Mentol lain akan terus
menyala.

Disadvantages of a series circuit

Electric current, voltage and resistance in a

parallel series

Electric current, voltage and resistance in a series circuit

1. Flow of electric current in a series
circuit
(Pengaliran arus elektrik dalam litar bersiri)

1. Voltage of cells in parallel circuit

(Voltan dalam litar selari)
2. Resistance in parallel circuit (Rintangan dalam litar selari)

2. Voltage of cells in series (Voltan dalam

litar bersiri)

Advantages of a parallel circuit

a.
3. Resistance in a series circuit

Medan magnet ialah ruang di sekeliling magnet yang memberi

kesan magnet.

Disadvantages of a parallel circuit

2. A magnetic field is strongest at the two poles of a magnet.

This can be seen if iron filings are scattered on top o a
magnet. Most of the iron filings are attracted to the two
magnetic poles.
Medan magent paling kuat di kedua-dua kutub magnet.

3. A magnetic field consists of magnetic line of force.

Medan magnet terdiri daripada garis-garis daya magnet.

Magnetism (Kemagnetan)
1. A magnet has two poles (north and south pole), that are
situated at each end of the magnet.
Magnet mempunyai dua kutub (Utara dan Selatan), yang terletak
di kedua-dua hujung magnet.

2. A magnet can only attract materials that are made of iron,

nickel and cobalt. Materials that are attracted by magnet
are called magnetic materials. Such as iron nails, paper
clips, shaving blades and needles.

4. Magnetic lines of force do not meet, do not cut or cross one

another.
Garis-garis medan magnet tidak bertemu, tidak memotong atau
bersilang.

5. A magnetic field cannot be seen or felt. Its pattern can be

seen by scattering iron filings on it. The iron filings form the
magnetic lines of force.
Medan magnet tidak dapat dilihat dan dirasa.

6. All magnetic lines of force have direction.

Semua garis daya magnet mempunyai arah.

Bahan yang boleh ditarik oleh magnet disebut bahan magnet

3. Materials that are not attracted by magnet are called nonmagnetic materials. Such as glass plastic, paper, zinc foil
and wood.
Bahan yang tidak dapat ditarik oleh magnet disebut bahan bukan
magnet.

7. The direction of magnetic lines of force can be determined

by using a compass.
Arahnya boleh ditentukan dengan kompas.

Magnetic field (Medan Magnet)

1. A magnetic field is the space around a magnet that gives
the magnetic effect.

Electromagnetism (Elektromagnet)