I.

Power Flow (Load Flow) Analysis:

Purpose of Power System Study:

Power system planning, design, and operations require careful analysis in order to evaluate
the overall performance, safety, efficiency, reliability, and economics. Such analysis helps to
identify the potential system deficiencies of a proposed project. In an existing plant, the
operating limits and possible increase in loading levels can be evaluated. In the equipment
failure analysis, the cause of the failure and mitigating measures to improve the system
performance can be studied.
The modern interconnected power systems are complex, with several thousand buses and
components. Therefore, manual calculation of the performance indices is time consuming.
The computational efforts are very much simplified due to the availability of efficient
programs and powerful personal computers. The introduction of personal computers with
graphic capabilities has reduced computational costs. Also, the available software for various
studies is becoming better and the cost is coming down. However, the results produced by the
programs are sophisticated and require careful analysis.
Several power system studies are performed to evaluate the efficient operation of the power
delivery. Some of the important studies are impedance modelling, load flow, short circuit,
transient stability, motor starting, power factor correction, harmonic analysis, flicker analysis,
insulation coordination, cable ampacity, grounding grid, effect of lightning surge, EMF
analysis, data acquisition systems, and protection coordination.
Power Flow (Load Flow) Analysis:
Power flow studies are used to determine the voltage, current, active and reactive power flow
in a given power system. A number of operating conditions can be analyzed including
contingencies such as loss of generator, loss of a transmission line, loss of a transformer or a
load. These conditions may cause equipment overloads or unacceptable voltage levels. The
study results can be used to determine the optimum size and location of the capacitors for
power factor improvement. Further, the results of the power flow analysis are the staring
point for the stability analysis. Digital computers are used extensively in the power flow
study because of the large-scale nature of the problem and the complexities involved. For the
power flow analysis, the acceptable voltage levels are derived from the industry standards.
The line and transformer loadings are evaluated according to the normal, short-term
emergency and long term emergency ratings.
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II.

SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Purpose of Power System Study:

Power system planning, design, and operations require careful analysis in order to evaluate
the overall performance, safety, efficiency, reliability, and economics. Such analysis helps to
identify the potential system deficiencies of a proposed project. In an existing plant, the
operating limits and possible increase in loading levels can be evaluated. In the equipment
failure analysis, the cause of the failure and mitigating measures to improve the system
performance can be studied.
The modern interconnected power systems are complex, with several thousand buses and
components. Therefore, manual calculation of the performance indices is time consuming.
The computational efforts are very much simplified due to the availability of efficient
programs and powerful personal computers. The introduction of personal computers with
graphic capabilities has reduced computational costs. Also, the available software for various
studies is becoming better and the cost is coming down. However, the results produced by the
programs are sophisticated and require careful analysis.
Several power system studies are performed to evaluate the efficient operation of the power
delivery. Some of the important studies are impedance modelling, load flow, short circuit,
transient stability, motor starting, power factor correction, harmonic analysis, flicker analysis,
insulation coordination, cable ampacity, grounding grid, effect of lightning surge, EMF
analysis, data acquisition systems, and protection coordination.
Short Circuit Studies:
The short circuit studies are performed to determine the magnitude of the current flowing
throughout the power system at various time intervals after a fault. The magnitude of the
current flowing through the power system after a fault varies with time until it reaches a
steady state condition. During the fault, the power system is called on to detect, interrupt and
isolate these faults. The duty impressed on the equipment is dependent on the magnitude of
the current, which is a function of the time of fault initiation. Such calculations are performed
for various types of fault such as three-phase, single line to ground fault, double line to
ground fault and at different location of the system. The data is used to select fuses, circuit
breakers and surge protective relays. The symmetrical component model is used in the
analysis of the unsymmetrical faults and mutual coupling.
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III. MOTOR STARTING ANALYSIS

Purpose of Power System Study:
Power system planning, design, and operations require careful analysis in order to evaluate
the overall performance, safety, efficiency, reliability, and economics. Such analysis helps to
identify the potential system deficiencies of a proposed project. In an existing plant, the
operating limits and possible increase in loading levels can be evaluated. In the equipment
failure analysis, the cause of the failure and mitigating measures to improve the system
performance can be studied.
The modern interconnected power systems are complex, with several thousand buses and
components. Therefore, manual calculation of the performance indices is time consuming.
The computational efforts are very much simplified due to the availability of efficient
programs and powerful personal computers. The introduction of personal computers with
graphic capabilities has reduced computational costs. Also, the available software for various
studies is becoming better and the cost is coming down. However, the results produced by the
programs are sophisticated and require careful analysis.
Several power system studies are performed to evaluate the efficient operation of the power
delivery. Some of the important studies are impedance modelling, load flow, short circuit,
transient stability, motor starting, power factor correction, harmonic analysis, flicker analysis,
insulation coordination, cable ampacity, grounding grid, effect of lightning surge, EMF
analysis, data acquisition systems, and protection coordination.
About Motor Starting Studies:
The majority of the load in the industrial power system consists of three-phase induction and
synchronous motors. These motors draw five to seven times the rated current during
energization and this causes significant voltage drop in the distribution system. If the terminal
voltage drop is excessive, the motor may not produce enough starting torque to accelerate up
to rated running speed. Also, the running motors may stall from excessive voltage drops or
under voltage relays may operate. Further, if the motors are started frequently, the voltage dip
at the source may cause objectionable flicker in the residential lighting system. By
performing the motor-starting study, the voltage drop- related issues can be predicted. If a
starting device is needed, the required characteristics and rating can be determined. Using a
computer program, the voltage profile at various locations of the system during motor staring
can be determined. The study results can be used to select suitable starting device, proper
motor selection or required system design for minimizing the impact of the motor starting.
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IV. HARMONIC ANALYSIS

Purpose of Power System Study:
Power system planning, design, and operations require careful analysis in order to evaluate
the overall performance, safety, efficiency, reliability, and economics. Such analysis helps to
identify the potential system deficiencies of a proposed project. In an existing plant, the
operating limits and possible increase in loading levels can be evaluated. In the equipment
failure analysis, the cause of the failure and mitigating measures to improve the system
performance can be studied.
The modern interconnected power systems are complex, with several thousand buses and
components. Therefore, manual calculation of the performance indices is time consuming.
The computational efforts are very much simplified due to the availability of efficient
programs and powerful personal computers. The introduction of personal computers with
graphic capabilities has reduced computational costs. Also, the available software for various
studies is becoming better and the cost is coming down. However, the results produced by the
programs are sophisticated and require careful analysis.
Several power system studies are performed to evaluate the efficient operation of the power
delivery. Some of the important studies are impedance modelling, load flow, short circuit,
transient stability, motor starting, power factor correction, harmonic analysis, flicker analysis,
insulation coordination, cable ampacity, grounding grid, effect of lightning surge, EMF
analysis, data acquisition systems, and protection coordination.
Harmonic Analysis:
Nonlinear power system loads such as converters, arc furnaces and vapor lamps draw nonsinusoidal currents from the source. The voltage distortion produced in the system depends
on the system impedance and the magnitudes of the harmonic currents injected. If the system
impedance is low, the voltage distortion is low in the absence of harmonic resonance. In the
presence of harmonic resonance, the voltage distortion is responsible for interference in the
computer system, additional heating effects in the rotating machinery, overheating and failure
of power factor correction capacitors, additional line voltage drop and additional transformer
losses. Also, the harmonic frequencies induce voltage in the communication circuits. The
harmonic analysis is performed using frequency sensitive power system models.
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V.

RELAY COORDINATION STUDIES

Purpose of Power System Study:

Power system planning, design, and operations require careful analysis in order to evaluate
the overall performance, safety, efficiency, reliability, and economics. Such analysis helps to
identify the potential system deficiencies of a proposed project. In an existing plant, the
operating limits and possible increase in loading levels can be evaluated. In the equipment
failure analysis, the cause of the failure and mitigating measures to improve the system
performance can be studied.
The modern interconnected power systems are complex, with several thousand buses and
components. Therefore, manual calculation of the performance indices is time consuming.
The computational efforts are very much simplified due to the availability of efficient
programs and powerful personal computers. The introduction of personal computers with
graphic capabilities has reduced computational costs. Also, the available software for various
studies is becoming better and the cost is coming down. However, the results produced by the
programs are sophisticated and require careful analysis.
Several power system studies are performed to evaluate the efficient operation of the power
delivery. Some of the important studies are impedance modelling, load flow, short circuit,
transient stability, motor starting, power factor correction, harmonic analysis, flicker analysis,
insulation coordination, cable ampacity, grounding grid, effect of lightning surge, EMF
analysis, data acquisition systems, and protection coordination.
Relay Coordination Studies:
The main objective of protection coordination analysis is to minimize the hazards to
personnel and equipment during fault conditions. The studies are performed to select the
fault-clearing characteristics of devices such as fuses, circuit breakers and relays used in the
power system. The short circuit results provide the minimum and maximum current levels at
which the coordination must be achieved in order to protect the system. Traditionally, the
coordination calculations were performed in graphical sheets using the time current
characteristics. With the cheaper and faster microcomputers available at the design and
consulting offices, the time current characteristics of various protective devices can readily be
presented in graphical form. The necessary settings can be calculated and presented along
with the protective device characteristics in order to verify the coordination.
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