CHEMISTRY : CHAPTER 5 (F4)

Stability of Noble Gases

1.
Group 18 elements (Noble Gases) exist as monoatom in nature.
2.
They are inert in nature and do not react with any other elements (or themselves) to
form any chemical compounds.
3.
In other words, they are chemically very stable (or chemically very non-reactive).
The Octet Rule
1.
The tendency of an atom to achieve an octet arrangement of electrons in the
outermost shell is called the octet rule.
2.
If the outermost shell is the first shell, then the maximum number of electrons is
two, and the most stable electron arrangement will be duplet.
3.
A configuration of two electrons in the first shell, with no other shells occupied by
electrons, is as stable as the octet electron arrangement and therefore is also said to
obey the octet rule.
How Atoms Achieve Duplet or Octet Electron Arrangement?
1.
Atoms can achieve duplet or octet electron arrangement in 3 ways:
a.
throw away the excess electron(s)
b.
receiving electron(s) from other atom if they are lack of electron(s)
c.
sharing electron
Chemical Bond
1.
2 types of chemical bonds are commonly formed between atoms, namely
a.
Ionic Bond
b.
Covalent Bond
The Ionic Bond

1.

By releasing or receiving electron(s), the atoms will become ions and consequently
form ionic bond between the ions.
2.
Ionic bonds are always formed between metal and non-metal. For example, sodium
(metal) react with chlorine (non-metal) will form an ionic bond between sodium ion
and chloride ion.
3.
The compounds formed are called the ionic compounds.
4.
Some time, an ionic bond is also called electrovalent bond.
The Covalent Bond

1.
2.

By sharing electron(s), the atoms will form covalent bond between the atom and the
molecule formed is called the covalent molecule.
Covalent bond is always formed between non-metal with another non-metal.

Formation of Ion
1.
An ion is an atom or group of atoms carrying positive or negative charge. Example
Ca2+, O2-, SO42- etc.
2.
If a particle has equal numbers of protons (+) and electrons (-), the particle charge is
zero, and the particle is said to be neutral.
3.
In a chemical reaction, electron(s) can be transferred from atom to another atom.
4.
The atom losing electrons forms a positive ion (cation) and is usually a metal.
5.
The atom gaining electrons forms a negative ion (anion) and is usually a nonmetallic element.
Ionic Bonding
1.
Ionic bonds (electrovalence bond.) are formed by one atom transferring electrons to
another atom to form ions.
2.
Ions are atoms, or groups of atoms, which have lost or gained electrons.
3.
The atom losing electrons forms a positive ion (a cation) and is usually a metal.
4.
The atom gaining electrons forms a negative ion (an anion) and is usually a nonmetallic element.
5.
Ions of opposite charge will attract one another by strong electrostatic force, thus
creating an ionic bond..
Covalent Bonding
1.
Covalent bonds are formed by atoms sharing electrons to form molecules. This type
of bond usually formed between two non-metallic elements.
2.
In the formation of covalent bonds, atoms of non-metals will combine with each
other to donate one, two or three electrons for sharing.
3.
The compound formed through the formation of covalent bonds is called the
covalent compounds.
Structure Ionic Compound
1.
In an ionic compound, the alternate positive and negative ions in an ionic solid are
arranged in an orderly way .
2.
The ions can form a giant ionic lattice structure with ionic bond between the ions.
3.
The ionic bond is the strong electrical attraction (electrostatic force) between the
positive and negative ions next to each other in the lattice.
Properties of Ionic Compounds
1.
The strong bonding force makes ionic compounds has high melting and boiling
points.
2.
All ionic compounds are crystalline solids at room temperature.
3.
They are hard but brittle, when stressed the bonds are broken along planes of ions
which shear away.
4.
Many, ionic compounds (but not all) are soluble in water.
5.
The solid crystals DO NOT conduct electricity because the ions are not free to move
to carry an electric current.

6.

However, if the ionic compound is melted or dissolved in water, the liquid will now
conduct electricity, as the ion particles are now free.

Physical Properties Of Covalent Compounds - Simple Molecule

Covalent compounds can be divided into 2 types:
Simple Molecules

2.
3.
4.
5.

Each carbon atom forms four covalent bonds in a very rigid giant covalent structure,
which makes diamond the hardest natural substance. This makes diamonds ideal as
cutting tools.
All those strong covalent bonds give diamond a very high melting point.
It doesn't conduct electricity because it has no free electrons.
Diamond is an allotrope of carbon. Allotropes are different forms of the same
element in the same physical state

Graphite

1.

Most covalent compounds are made up of independent molecular units, as shown in

figure above.
2.
The attraction force between molecules is the weak Van der Waals force.
Properties of Simple Covalent Molecular Substances - Small Molecules!
1.
The intermolecular force between the simple covalent molecules is very weak.
Therefore, covalent compounds have low melting and boiling point.
2.
They are also poor conductors of electricity because there are no free electrons or
ions in any state to carry electric charge.
3.
Most small molecules will dissolve in a solvent to form a solution.

Macromolecular Compounds
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The macromolecular compounds have giant, covalent molecules with extremely

large molecular lattices.
They have very high melting and boiling points.
They don't conduct electricity not even when molten (except for graphite).
They're usually insoluble in water.
Examples of such macromolecules are diamond, silica and graphite.

Diamond and Silica(Sand)

(3 dimensional layer structure: graphite)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1.

A diamond crystal or a grain of sand is just one giant molecule. Such molecules,
because they are so rigid and strong, have very high melting points.

Carbon also occurs in the form of graphite. The carbon atoms form joined
hexagonal rings forming layers 1 atom thick.
Graphite is black and opaque.
Each carbon atom only forms three covalent bonds, creating sheets of carbon atoms
which are free to slide over each other. This makes graphite slippery, so it's useful as a
lubricant.
The layers are held together so loosely that they can be rubbed off onto paper to
leave a black mark that's how pencils work.
Graphite has a high melting point the covalent bonds need lots of energy before
they break.
Only three out of each carbon's four outer electrons are used in bonds, so there are
lots of spare electrons. This means graphite conducts electricity it's used for
electrodes.