Building Protection

WOOD FLOORING FINISHES

Waterproofing method of protecting

surfaces against the destructive effects of
water

CEILING FINISHES

PAINT FINISHES

Damp-proofing dampness that sometimes

occurs inside the building caused by
penetration of moisture from the outside.

FINISHING MATERIALS

(For Walls) Concrete Surface Finishes:

Anay (Termite) proofing by soil poisoning. It

is important to poison the soil against anay.

Rubbed Finish

Wood Preservative a chemical liquid

painted and applied to lumber to preserve
for years.
Fire Proofing liquid that penetrates into the
wood, when there is fire, it reacts by
despersing the flame, preventing progressive
burning.
Rat proofing intrusion of rats and other
destructive animals
RustProofing method of protecting the
ferrous materials like steel, iron from
corrosion
Three types of Waterproofing:
INTEGRAL TYPE
Medium powder form, added and mixed with
the aggregates of concrete.
Some of the known brands are sakura and
sahara.
MEMBRANE TYPE
Recommended to use where direct rain, or
standing water are eminant.
FLUID APPLIED
To waterproof and preserve substrate like
concrete, wood, brick and steel.
Monolithic, seamless, flexible and elastic
over a temperature range to withstand
thermal movement, settling and crackling.

1.1 Stucco or Cement Plaster Finish

This consists of grinding down the surface of

the concrete a day or two after it is poured.
Brushed Finish
Finished is obtained by scrubbing or brushing
the concrete surface with fiber or wire
brushes and water to remove the surface
mortar.
Tooled Finish
Concrete surface may be finished by tooling
by any methods employed for dressing or
finishing natural stone.
Sand Blast Finish
Very much the same in appearance as that
obtained by brushing the concrete while it is
still green.
Concrete should be thoroughly hardened
before sand-blasting.
Exposed Aggregate Finish
The color is obtained from aggregate and not
by adding coloring material to the mixture.
Wood Float Finish
The concrete aggregate is forced below the
surface, the surface is then leveled with a
straight wood screed and while the concrete
is not firmly set, it is given a float finish with
straight flat wood trowels called float.
Steel-Trowelled Finish

Can be applied by roller, brush, spray, and

squeegee.

Before the concrete finally sets the entire

surface is steel-trowelled.

FINISHES

Integral colored cement finish (floors)

CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHES

TILE FINISHES

FLOOR FINISHES

Granolithic and Terrazzo Floor Finishes

a. Granolithic Finish
It is called granolithic because fine aggregate
chips were originally used in the aggregates.

Finely ground corundum may also be a part

of the aggregates to produce an enduring
and non-clip surface.
b. Terrazzo Finish
- it is used for floor and bases where
durability, resistance to wear and minimal
maintenance are necessary.
Tile Finishes
Cement Tile
Manufactured by pressing in moulds a plastic
mixture of cement and sand.
Thickness of cement tile is 1. Common sizes
are 8x8, 12x12 and 16 x 16.
Ceramic Tile
Are small surfacing units made from clay or
mixture of clay.
Tiles differ principally in
Composition of the body
Surface finish (glazed or unglazed)
Process of manufacture
The degree of vitrification or fusion of tiles
after firing
(1) Composition
Tiles are made of compounded and
natural clay bodies. Those made of
compound bodies contains:
(1) Plastics high bonding power and
fluxing ability
(2) Filler reduces shrinkage in drying and
firing which prevents deformation
under heat.
(3) Flux solvents which melts under
intense heat and fuses the heat
elements into mass. (the most widely
used flux is feldspar)
(2) Surface Finish
Unglazed Tiles derived their color and
texture from materials of which the body is
made.
Glazed Tiles have a glassy surface of
ceramic materials fused upon their face to
give them a decorative appearance.

(3) Manufacture
Dust-press process
a. Tiles shaped in steel dies by
applying heavy pressure to the
damp ceramic mix while it it
finely pulverized.
Plastic Process
b. Tiles are shaped from clay
rendered plastic by mixing with
sufficient water. They are made
by hand moulding or by
extrusion from machine.
(4) Vitrification
The measure of the tiles density and
relative absorption which depends partly
on the tiles composition and partly on
the degree of burning.
Four Degree of Vitrification
a. Non Vitreous Tiles permits
moisture absorption
b. Semi-vitreous tiles limits moisture
absorption
c. Vitreous tiles prevents any
penetration of dirt that cannot
easily be removed.
d. Impervious Tiles the hardest
tiles, readily cleansed of stains
and dirts.
Types of Ceramic Tiles
Glazed Interior Tiles
Non-vitreous product made by the dust-press
process.
Ceramic Mosaic Tiles
Tiles less than 6sq.in in facial area
preponderantly unglazed and having fully
vitrified or fairly dense bodies.
Unglazed Weather proof Tiles
Durable tiles with semi-vitreous body and are
suitable for use on all walls both interior and
exterior and all floors except those subject to
heavy wear.
Pavers

Standard unglazed tiles resembling ceramic

mosaic.
Brand Names of Ceramic Tiles
MARIWASA
EUROTILES
Resilient Floor Finishes
Vinyl Tile and Sheet
Vinyl flooring is recommended where a
colorful, textured tough, durable, easily
maintained type of floor is required.
Should not be used in exterior floor surfaces.
Rubber Tile and Sheet
It is the quietest floor possible with the
exception of thick cork tile
Its color are more brilliant than those of other
types.
Not resistant to soap, oil and many
household solvents.
Linoleum Tile and Sheet
Linoleum is resilient, waterproof floor
covering consist of a backing covered with
thick layer of wearing surface.
It should not be used on concrete slab below
grade and subflooring where dampness can
penetrate from below.
Plank Flooring
Consist of square-edged boards commonly
found in old-spanish period houses.
Usually faced-nailed.
Parquet Tile Flooring

Used for ceiling and wall finishes in rooms

where it is required to control sound by
absorption.
Cellulose Fiber tiles made from compressed
sugar cane or wood fibers
Mineral wool tile felted rock wool with
fissured surface.
Glass Fiber Tile made of fiber glass held
together by binder.
Paint Finishes
Transparent Finishing Materials
Wood Stains
Are composed of pigments and liquid
solvents of water, oil or alcohol.
Oil Stains derived form earth clays
Water Stains made from anilyne dyes and
mineral extracts which have been dissolved
in hot water
Spirit Stains mixed with alcohol- solution
anilyne powders and warmed alcohol
Transparent Finishing Materials
Wood Fillers
Paste Fillers Filler is applied with the grain
and allowed to dry flat for about 10
minutes. It is wiped off across the grain with
burlap or coarse materials.
Crack Filters they are used for filling nails,
holes, cracks and dents.
Shellac made by refining seed lac and its
natural color is orange. Used to cover knots
before priming lead and oil coat is applied to
prevent discoloration.

Also called as block flooring, consists of

square pieces or blocks which have been
built up in several layers like plywood and
having a veneered surface,

Varnish it contains no pigment and

hardens into a smooth, hard and glossy coat
by the oxidation of the oil or by the
evaporation of the alcohol.

Ceiling Finishes

Opaque Finishing Materials

Ceiling Board
Shiplapped boards with a bead running along
the center if the board and along the joint.
Acoustic Tile

Paint
Mixture of pigment and a vehicle.
Pigments is that solid, finely ground portion
which gives the paint the power to obscure,
hide or color the surface.

Vehicle is the fluid portion of the paint.

Consists of

Planning is necessary to provide maximum

design and function.

Binder - which forms the film

Interior and Exterior Doors

Driers speed up formulation of the film

Several door classification systems are used

to identify types of doors.

Volatile solvent known as thinner facilitates

application and distribution.
Types of Paint
Oil Paint- principal paint for exterior wood
surfaces.
Synthetic latex (rubber base) paints
preferred paint for plaster, cement, concrete
and masonry. They have the tendencies to
turn yellow because they absorb very little
oxygen from the air.
Portland cement-base paints water base
paints used for painting concrete and
masonry surfaces.
Enamel Paints paints use varnish as a
vehicle. They have glossy, semi-glossy or
matt finish.
Rust- inhibiting paints protective paints for
metals.
Paint Behaviour and Defects
A paint film will remain an effective
protective coating for a period of three
to five years depending upon the
locality and the characteristics of the
original surface.
3 main cause of defective paint

Two broad classes are interior and exterior

doors.
Doors also may be grouped according to
method of construction, uses, function, or
location.
Doors are typically 6'-8" high and available in
various widths.
Interior Doors
Common types of interior doors include:
Flush, panel, bi-fold, sliding, pocket, doubleaction, accordion, Dutch, and French.
Interior doors should be at least 32" wide for
wheelchair passage.
Lever or pull-handles may be easier for a
handicapped person.
Flush Doors

Smooth on both sides.

Generally 1-3/8" thick.

Hollow-core doors with wood frame.
Available in widths of 2'-0" to 3'-0" in
increments of 2".
Surfaces usually covered with 1/8" Masonite
or plywood of mahogany or birch.

(1) Improper paint formulation

Panel Doors

(2) Inadequate surface preparation

and careless application

Frame and panel construction.

(3) Faulty construction or building

materials

Horizontal frame members are called rails.

Vertical frame members are called stiles.

Doors and Windows

Panels are thinner than frame and fill the

space between stiles and rails.

Doors and windows perform several

functions.

Panels may be wood, glass, metal, etc.

They shield an opening from the elements.

Frame may be made from white pine, plastic,

or other woods.

Add decoration and expand visibility.

Bi-Fold Doors

Emphasize the overall design.

Two-part door, hinged in the center.

Provide light and ventilation.

Supported with conventional hinges or

secured to the head jamb and floor with a
pivot hinge.
May be flush, paneled, or louvered.

Place the door schedule on the sheet with

the floor plan or elevations.
Door Details

Popular as closet doors.

Most interior and exterior doors are placed in

a door jamb.

Installed as pairs (panels 1'-0" to 2'-0" wide).

The door jamb fits inside the rough opening.

Heights of 6'-8" and 8'-0" available.

Jambs may be wood or metal.

Wood or plastic 1-1/8" thick and metal 1"

thick.

A jamb consists of two side jambs and a

head jamb.

Exterior Doors

Exterior jambs are usually 1-1/8" thick and

interior jambs are 3/4" thick.

Residential exterior and interior doors are

similar in many ways, but have decided
differences.
Exterior doors are generally solid core and
thicker than interior doors.

Windows
Windows
Admit light from outside.

Exterior doors may have one or more glass

panels to provide visibility.

Provide fresh air and ventilation.

Exterior door styles include flush, panel, and

swinging or sliding glass doors.

Add detail, balance, and design to the

exterior of the house.

Flush Doors

Window Types

One of the most popular exterior doors.

Many types of windows are available.

Wood flush doors are generally 1-3/4" thick

and 3'-0" wide; other widths are available.

Most types have unique proportions.

Doors are made from birch, mahogany, oak,

or metal.
Moldings or other decorative millwork may
be added to enhance the appearance.
Panel Doors
Exterior panel doors are available in a great
variety of styles.
They are constructed from white pine, oak,
fir, various other woods, metal, and plastics.

Help create an atmosphere inside.

Windows are made from wood, metal, or

plastic.
Construction differs by manufacturer.
It is important to obtain window
specifications from the manufacturer.
There are three basic types of windows used
in residential construction.
Sliding.
Swinging.

Produced in the same sizes as flush doors.

Fixed.

Specifying Doors

Combination windows combine two or more

types.

Each door used in a residential plan should

appear in a door schedule.
The specifications for each door will appear
in the door schedule.
Use manufacturers literature for
specifications.

Skylights and clerestory windows are location

specific.
Sliding Windows
Double-hung and horizontal sliding are the
two types of sliding windows generally used
in residential construction.

Double-hung windows have two major

assemblies called sashes.
Each sash may be opened.
Muntins divide the glass area of a window
into smaller units.
Mullions are placed between window units.
Four different sizes are usually given for each
window
Basic unit size: Overall dimensions of the
window.

Fixed Windows
Fixed windows provide a view and/or admit
light.
They do not permit ventilation.
Usually custom made.
Do not open.
Examples include picture windows, circle top
windows, and special shapes.
Picture Windows

Rough opening size: Dimensions of the

framed space in the wall.

Picture windows are fixed-glass units.

Sash opening: Outside dimensions of sash.

Generally frame a view.

Glass size: Inside dimensions of the sash.

Often the center unit of a group of regular

windows.

Swinging Windows
There are four common types of swinging
windows:

They are usually rather large.

Circle Top Windows

Casement, awning, hopper, and jalousie.

Circle top windows are typically installed

above another window or installed as single
units.

A casement window may have several

sashes or a single sash.

They are available as:

Sashes are hinged at the side and swing

outward.

Quarter circles.

Sashes may be opened using a crank or push

bar.

Ellipses.

Casement Windows
A dashed line may be used in the elevation
to indicate the hinge position.
Awning Windows
Each sash in an awning window is hinged at
the top.

Half circles.
Full circles.

Window Schedules
A window schedule provides information
about each window in the house.
Types of information include:
Type of window and size.
Identifying symbol and quantity.

May have one or more sashes.

Rough opening size.

Usually crank operated.

Manufacturers identification number.

Hopper Windows

See example of window schedule in text.

A hopper window is usually hinged at the

bottom and swings inward.

Hardware

Opened by a lock-handle at the top of the

sash.

Metal products used in construction

such as: bolts, nails, screw, and
fittings such as: catches, hinges, locks.

Usually made as a single unit only.

Classified as

Popular for basements; directs air upward.

Inward swing is the major disadvantage.

(1) ROUGH Hardware meant to be

concealed such as bolts, nails,
screws.
(2) FINISH Hardware hardware
such as hinges, locks, catches,
may be considered as part of
the decorative treatment of a
room.

Bolts
Made of steel with either round, square, or
hexagonal heads and threaded shanks.
Threads may run the full length of the bolt,
or they may stop a certain distance from the
head, and leave a smooth upper shank.

Common Nails

Stronger than nails or screws, but are more

expensive.

Largest in diameter and have thick heads.

Stove bolts

Designed for rough carpentry (like building

framing) and are easy to drive without
bending.

Have either flat or round heads that look like

wood screws but a threaded shank with a nut
like other bolts.

Box Nails

To tighten:

Used wherever common nails might split the

wood.

Use a screwdriver on the head and a wrench

on the nut.

Bend more easily because of the smaller wire

used to form them.

Commonly used with the installation of

hinges.

Casing nails

Carriage bolts

Same weight as box nails, but have a small,

conical head.

Have a round head with a square shank

which pulls into the wood to hold the top of
the bolt while a wrench is used to tighten the
nut.

Used to attach door and window casings and

other wood trim.
Finish Nails
Have the thinnest cross section and the
smallest head.
Head is only slightly larger in diameter than
the body of the nail.

Machine bolts
Have either a square or hexagonal head with
a nut shape that matches the head shape.
Machine bolts are used with metal and
wood.
To tighten:

Slight depression on the top of the head

helps keep the nail set from slipping when
setting the nail.

Use a wrench on the bolt head and another

on the nut.

Screws

Glue

Screws are the second most popular means

of fastening wood.

Properly glued wood joint is stronger than

the wood itself.

They are available with many different types

of heads, lengths and driver sockets.

Clean dirt, paint, and other coatings from

wood with an abrasive such as a scraper,
wire brush, or steel wool.

Wood screws are sized according to diameter

of the shank (wire gauge number) and
length.
Screw-heads
Different styles of screw heads are available
to meet different job requirements.
Screw-drive sockets

Regardless of the type of glue used, a good

fit with both pieces of wood in contact at all
points is necessary for a strong joint.
Hinges
Sold in pairs and serve as a moveable joint
between two pieces of wood.

Butt Hinges
Have two rectangular leaves usually ranging
from one to four inches in length and a
connecting pin.
Strap hinges

Friction catches, Magnetic catches, and

Hasp/lock combinations
Door Locks
May be mortise, cylinder, or rim.

Have two triangular shaped leaves that vary

in size from one to twelve inches in length.

Mortise locks: require a deep mortise or

pocket cut in edge of the door for the locking
mechanism.

Tee Hinges

Used primarily with interior doors.

Has one butt leaf and one strap leaf.

Mortise Locks

When using a tee hinge, the butt leaf is

fastened to the stationary parts, and the
strap leaf is fastened to the swinging piece of
wood.

Require a deep mortise or pocket cut in edge

of the door for the locking mechanism.

Continuous Hinge

Cylinder locks

Also called a piano hinge.

Require drilling a 1 to 2 inch hole in the

door and a slot cut for the working
mechanism.

Really a long butt hinge.

It is often used on desk and piano lids.
Knobs, Pulls, and Handles
Made in various designs and from many
types of materials(wood, glass, wrought iron,
aluminum, and bronze).
Used to keep doors closed:

Used primarily with interior doors.

Used for exterior or interior doors and more

dependable than a mortise lock because
they remove less wood.
Rim locks
Surface mounted on the inside of a door and
are used primarily as night latches or safety
locks.