CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS xi
PREFACE xiii

1 INTRODUCTION TO THE UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE 1

Kevin Lano
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Class Diagrams 1
1.3 Object Diagrams 9
1.4 Use Cases 10
1.5 State Machines 11
1.6 Object Constraint Language 16
1.7 Interaction Diagrams 20
1.8 Activity Diagrams 22
1.9 Deployment Diagrams 22
1.10 Relationships Between UML Models 23
1.11 Summary 24

2 THE ROLE OF SEMANTICS 27

Kevin Lano
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Different Semantic Approaches 28
2.3 Applications of Semantics 29

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2.4 UML Semantics 30

2.5 Applications of Semantics to UML 35
2.6 Application of Semantics to the Use of UML 38
2.7 Summary 39

3 CONSIDERATIONS AND RATIONALE FOR A UML

SYSTEM MODEL 43
Manfred Broy, María Victoria Cengarle, Hans Grönniger,
and Bernhard Rumpe

3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 General Approach to Semantics 43
3.3 Structuring the Semantics of UML 45
3.4 The Math Behind the System Model 47
3.5 What Is the System Model? 48
3.6 Usage Scenarios 55
3.7 Concluding Remarks 56

4 DEFINITION OF THE SYSTEM MODEL 61

Manfred Broy, María Victoria Cengarle, Hans Grönniger,
and Bernhard Rumpe
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 Notational Conventions 62
4.3 Static Part of the System Model 62
4.4 Control Part of the System Model 70
4.5 Messages and Events in the System Model 78
4.6 Object State 81
4.7 Event-Based Object Behavior 84
4.8 Timed Object Behavior 86
4.9 The System Model Definition 89
Appendix A.1 State Transition Systems 90
Appendix A.2 Timed State Transition Systems 91

5 FORMAL DESCRIPTIVE SEMANTICS OF UML AND

ITS APPLICATIONS 95
Hong Zhu, Lijun Shan, Ian Bayley, and Richard Amphlett
5.1 Introduction 95
5.2 Definition of Descriptive Semantics in FOPL 98
5.3 The LAMBDES Tool 108
5.4 Applications Using Model and Metamodel Analysis 111
5.5 Conclusions 119

6 AXIOMATIC SEMANTICS OF UML CLASS DIAGRAMS 125

Kevin Lano
6.1 Introduction 125
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6.2 Real-Time Action Logic 128

6.3 Semantics of Class Diagrams 140
6.4 Application of the Semantics 156
6.5 Related Work 156
6.6 Conclusions 157

7 OBJECT CONSTRAINT LANGUAGE: METAMODELING

SEMANTICS 163
Anneke Kleppe
7.1 Introduction 163
7.2 Metamodeling Semantics 164
7.3 OCL Semantics: Types and Values 168
7.4 OCL Semantics: Expressions and Evaluations 171
7.5 Summary and Conclusions 176

8 AXIOMATIC SEMANTICS OF STATE MACHINES 179

Kevin Lano and David Clark

8.1 Introduction 179

8.2 State Machine Semantics 181
8.3 Extended State Machines 186
8.4 Semantics for Extended State Machines 187
8.5 Solutions for Semantic Problems 191
8.6 Structured Behavior State Machines 194
8.7 Related Work 200
8.8 Summary 200

9 INTERACTIONS 205
María Victoria Cengarle, Alexander Knapp, and Heribert Mühlberger

9.1 Introduction 205

9.2 Trace-Based Semantics 206
9.3 Alternative Semantics 235
9.4 Implementation and Refinement 240
9.5 Verification and Validation 242

10 CO-ALGEBRAIC SEMANTIC FRAMEWORK FOR

REASONING ABOUT INTERACTION DESIGNS 249
Sun Meng and Luís S. Barbosa

10.1 Introduction 249

10.2 Why Co-algebras? 250
10.3 A Semantics for UML Sequence Diagrams 260
10.4 New Sequence Diagrams from Old 266
10.5 Coercions and Designs 270
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10.6 A Calculus for Interactions 273

10.7 Concluding Remarks 277

11 SEMANTICS OF ACTIVITY DIAGRAMS 281

Kevin Lano
11.1 Introduction 281
11.2 Semantics of Structured Activities 282
11.3 Semantics of Intermediate Activities 285
11.4 Data Flow Semantics 290
11.5 Semantic Analysis 291
11.6 Related Work 292
11.7 Summary 292

12 VERIFICATION OF UML MODELS 295

Kevin Lano
12.1 Introduction 295
12.2 Class Diagrams 296
12.3 State Machine Diagrams 303
12.4 Sequence Diagrams 309
12.5 Summary 311

13 DESIGN VERIFICATION WITH STATE INVARIANTS 317

Emil Sekerinski

13.1 Introduction 317

13.2 Preliminaries 320
13.3 Statechart Structure 322
13.4 Configurations and Operations 325
13.5 State Invariant Verification 332
13.6 Accumulated Invariants 333
13.7 Verification Condition Generation 336
13.8 Priority Among Transitions 341
13.9 Conclusions 343

14 MODEL TRANSFORMATION SPECIFICATION AND

VERIFICATION 349
Kevin Lano
14.1 Introduction 349
14.2 Categories of Model Transformation 350
14.3 Specification of Model Transformations 351
14.4 Refinement Transformations 361
14.5 Quality Improvement Transformations 379
14.6 Design Patterns 388
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14.7 Enhancement Transformations 390

14.8 Implementation of Model Transformations 391
14.9 Summary 393

INDEX 397