Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DESIGN
BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS)
Name
Student ID
0316180
0315150
0314504
Kaligan
0305861
Marks
2
Content
Page
Cover Page
Table of Content
1.0
1.1 Definition of Leveling
3-4
4-6
7-8
9 - 10
10
11
11 - 12
13 -14
14 - 15
16
17
3.0 Objectives
18
19
20 - 21
20 - 21
22
22
7.0 Conclusion
23
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Introduction To Leveling
1.1 Definition of Leveling
Level surface:
It is any surface parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of the earth e.g.
surface of a still lake. Since the earth is an oblate spheroid, a level surface
may be regarded as a curved surface, every point on which is equidistant
from the center of the earth. It is normal to the plumb line at all points.
Level line:
It is a line lying in a level surface. It is therefore, normal to the plumb line at
all points.
Horizontal plane:
It is a plane tangential to the level surface at that point. It is perpendicular to
direction of gravity (plumb line).
Horizontal line:
It is any line lying in the horizontal plane. It is a straight line tangential to a
level line.
Vertical line:
It is a line normal to the level surface through that point e. g. a plumb line.
Vertical plane:
It is a plane containing a vertical line.
Vertical angle:
Angle between two intersecting lines in a vertical plane, one of the two lines is
commonly taken as horizontal in surveying.
Datum surface or line:
It is any arbitrarily assumed level surface or line from which vertical distances
are measured in India the datum adopted for G.T.S. bench marks is the mean
sea level at Karachi now in Pakistan.
Elevation:
It is vertical distance of a point above or below the datum. It is also known as
the reduced level. (R.L.) The elevation of a point is plus or minus according as
the point is above or below the datum.
Difference in elevation (H):
It is the vertical distance between the level surfaces passing through the two
different points.
Bench-mark (B.M.):
It is fixed reference point of known elevation.
Temporary benchmark (T.B.M.):
A bench-mark set up by the surveyor for his own use for particular task.
The line of collimation:
It is the line joining the intersection of cross hairs of the optical center of the
object glass. It is also called the line of sight.
The method in Figure 1.4 uses the difference in elevation between a known
elevation and the height of the instrument, and then the difference in elevation
from the height of instrument to an unknown elevation point.
Source: http://jerrymahun.com/library/Elev/b.htm#B
The Level is moved to a position between B and the next point and the
process repeated.
1.4 Vertical Control Surveys
1.4.1 Height of Collimation Method
As explained earlier, the height of instrument (HI), e.g. the height of line of
collimation above BM (station of known level) at every instrument station is
On the other hand of finding the instrument height at a setup station, the
difference between consecutive points is obtained from their staff readings
with that immediately preceding it. The difference denotes a rise or a fall. The
decrease level of each point is then acquired by adding the rise to or
subtracting the fall from the RL of the preceding point. The arithmetic check in
this method is as follows:
BS - FS = Rise - Fall
10
= Last RL - First RL
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12
Source: http://jerrymahun.com/library/Elev/b.htm#B
The instrument is leveled using a circular bubble. The etched circle on the
bubble glass is a general indicator of the compensator's operating range. If
the bubble is outside the circle, the compensator may be at its physical limit
and unable to maintain a horizontal LoS.
13
Source: http://www.levelling.uhi.ac.uk/tutorial1_1.html
According to Figure 1.10 above, each leg of a tripod is adjustable for length.
The legs are locked by a lever clamp (left) or screw (right).
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Once the legs have been set to the correct length it is important that the
locking lever or screw is tight. Otherwise, the leg may move in use which
means the instrument will have to be set up again, and all readings taken
again as the instrument height will have changed.
2.3 Leveling Rod
Figure 1.11: Level Rod
Source:
http://www.allenprecision.com/media/catalog/product/cache/2/image/650x/040ec09b1e35df139433887a
97daa66f/c/s/cst_06-X05M.jpg
A leveling rod is a surveying tool used to take elevation measurements for the
purpose of profiling a section of terrain. There are a number of basic designs
available, including versions for optical and digital sighting and record
keeping.
The rod can be constructed of wood, metal, or fiberglass. Most rods telescope
or extend in order to allow large elevation differences yet collapse into a
compact form. There are many width and gradation styles depending on
application.
The most universal design is the Philadelphia rod, a portion of which is shown
in Figure 1.11.
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The red numbers are the full foot readings. The black numbers are the 0.1 ft
readings. The bars are each 0.01 ft tall and spaced 0.01 ft apart. The peaks
on the bars correspond to the adjacent 0.1 or foot reading.
A peak without an adjacent number corresponds to a half-tenth or 0.05 ft.
At distances up to about 300 feet, a Philadelphia rod can be read directly to
0.01 ft.
16
Source: http://www.ebay.com/sch/sis.html?_nkw=leica%20tribrach%20gdf111%201%20with%20optical
%20plummet%20for%20total%20station%20surveying&_itemId=140696351530
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The bull's eye level is used for maintaining both level rods and sighting poles
in a vertical position. An out of adjustment bull's eye level can cause
accumulative error in level lines. Although the sighting pole is infrequently
used for traversing, an out of adjustment bull's eye level used on sighting
poles can cause errors in both angle and distance measurements.
A simple method for checking for gross error in bull's eye level adjustment is
to check it against a previously checked door jamb or other permanent
building part. Other, more elaborate, checking procedures can be developed
using plumb lines or other devices.
3.0 Objectives
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To take and record back sight (BS), intermediate sight (IS) and fore
sight (FS) with the corrected readings.
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CARPARK
AREA
20
BS
IS
FS
Rise
Fall
1.116
R.L.
Remarks
100.000
BM 1
3.231
0.974
0.142
100.142
TP 1
1.086
1.159
2.072
102.214
TP 2
1.026
1.189
0.103
102.111
TP 3
1.391
1.059
0.033
102.078
TP 4
0.726
1.094
102.375
TP 5
1.101
0.979
102.122
TP 6
1.186
0.904
102.319
TP 7
1.126
1.234
102.271
TP 8
0.996
0.969
102.428
TP 9
0.951
3.359
2.363
100.065
TP 10
0.999
0.048
100.017
BM 1
BS=13.936
FS=13.919
0.297
0.253
0.197
0.048
0.157
Rise=2.865
Fall=2.848
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Arithmetical Check:
BS - FS = 13.936 13.919
= + 0.017
(* If the error is bigger than 39.799 mm, then the levelling is not acceptable)
22
IS
FS
Rise
Fall
1.116
R.L.
Adj.
100.000
Final
R.L.
Remarks
100.000
BM 1
3.231
0.974
0.142
100.142
-0.0015
100.141
TP 1
1.086
1.159
2.072
102.214
-0.0030
102.211
TP 2
1.026
1.189
0.103
102.111
-0.0045
102.066
TP 3
1.391
1.059
0.033
102.078
-0.0060
102.072
TP 4
0.726
1.094
102.375
-0.0075
102.368
TP 5
1.101
0.979
102.122
-0.0090
102.113
TP 6
1.186
0.904
102.319
-0.0105
102.309
TP 7
1.126
1.234
102.271
-0.0120
102.259
TP 8
0.996
0.969
102.428
-0.0135
102.415
TP 9
0.951
3.359
2.363
100.065
-0.0150
100.050
TP 10
0.999
0.048
100.017
-0.0170
100.000
BM 1
0.297
0.253
0.197
0.048
0.157
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= (100.0000 - 100.017) 11
= - 0.0015 m
7.0 Conclusion
In this leveling fieldwork, we have learnt the procedure of leveling throughout
the car park area. Initially, the given reduced level of Bench Mark 1 (BM 1) is
100.00 m.
The leveling process begins with obtaining the backsight (BS) of BM1 and the
foresight (FS) of turning point 1 (TP 1). Then we shifted the auto level to
obtain the backsight (BS) of turning point (TP 1) and the foresight (FS) of
turning point 2 (TP 2). This process is repeated by shifting the auto level to
obtain the backsight (BS) and foresight (FS) of the following staff stations.
After that we went back to Bench Mark 1 (BM 1) in order to obtain its FS in
order to calculate the error of misclosure.
After completed the leveling, we decided to use the rise and fall method to
calculate the reduced level of each staff station. Our error of collected data
misclosure is 0.018 mm. According to the third order of accuracy, the
maximum allowable error of closure is 39.80mm by using the formulae of
12k , where k represents the number of set-ups. Thus, our leveling result
is acceptable.
Hence, the reduced level is able to be equivalent to the benchmark given
which is 100.00 m by distributing the error to each set-up.
As a future Quantity Surveyor, it is essential for us to learn some of the
knowledge of site surveying which is inter-related to the construction process.
Surveying is the technique, profession, and science of determining the
dimensions and contour of the Earth's surface.
Using specialized surveying equipment such as automatic level, leveling rod,
tripod and so on, professional surveyors determine land boundaries for a
variety of important reasons. One of the most common reasons for a
consumer to acquire the assistance of a surveyor is the acquisition of a new
piece of land, as it has to be legally determined where one person's property
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