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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Shahabad Coop. Sugar Mills Ltd., Shahabad (M) has been established in 1984
with the working capacity of 1250 TCD and expanded to 3500 TCD in the year 1994. The
Shahabad Coop. Sugar Mills Ltd., Shahabad (M) is old established sugar house,
producing white crystal sugar adopting double sulphitation process in vacuum boiling
system.
.
Cost accounting is an old as the human being itself. Since the financial accounting
has some limitation. Cost accounting has its own importance being an important category
of accounting system.
The cost accounting system is very helpful to sugar industry. After adopting cost
accounting every business must analyze it cost accounting system very care fully
Material, labour, over heads are the main elements of the Shahabad Sugars Ltd.
These elements play very important role in the organization. The company giving more
importance to this on the other hand well trained labour force working towards the
company objectives.
Various records are maintained by The Shahabad co-op.Sugar mills Ltd and each
department has its own cost records. During my project there is improper maintains of
cost records by company.
Sources of data
1. primary data
2. secondary data
Primary data:
Secondary data:
INDUSTRY PROFILE
3
Sector
1.
Private
189
2.
Public
62
3.
Co-operative
315
Total
No of factories
566
Diagram no#1
Sugar Prices:
World sugar prices fell steadily from 1994-1995 till 1998-1999 and have been
almost stable at those levels. The trend seems to have now reversed and refined sugar
prices have increased by 30% in the last 5 quarters from 9.16 cents per pound in
January, 2004 to 12.02 cents in March,2005
Services).
Sugarcane Availability:
7
MMT
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2.7
4.3
3.9
3.7
154
241
296
300
236
Sugarcane occupies about 2.7% of the total cultivated area and it is one of the
most important cash crops in the country. The area under sugarcane gradually increased
from 2.7 million hectares in 2010-11 to 4.3 million hectares in 2013-14, mainly because
of much larger diversion of land from other crops to sugarcane by the farmers for
economic reasons.
The sugarcane area, however, declined in the year 2014-15 to 3.9 million hectares
and to
3.7 million hectares in 2015-16, mainly due to drought and pest attacks. From a
level of 154 MMT in 2010-11, the sugarcane production increased to 241 MMT in 201112 and further to 296 MMT in 2012-13. Since then, it has been hovering around 300
MMT until last year. In the season 2015-16, however, sugarcane production declined to
236 MMT mainly due to drought and pest attacks. Not only sugarcane acreage and
sugarcane production has been increasing, even drawl of sugarcane by the sugar industry
has also been increasing over the years. In India, sugarcane is utilized by sugar mills as
well as by traditional sweeteners like guru and khandsari producers. However, the
diversion of sugarcane to guru and khandsari is lower in states of Maharashtra and
Karnataka, as compared to Northern states like UP.
SUGARCANE UTILIZATION
Table no#3
Year
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
54.8
37.4
28.8
31.5
20.1
32.5
11.8
11.8
11.5
11.1
11.1
11.4
Sugar Production:
Most of the sugar in India is manufactured and sold as White Crystal
Sugar which is produced by Double Suspiration Process, while the norm in developd
and emerging nations is refined sugar, which is produced by the Phosphoflotation
Process.
Most of the mills in India are not equipped to make refined sugar Mills which are
designed to produce refined sugar can manufacture sugar not only from sugarcane but
also from raw sugar which can be imported. Therefore, such mills can run their
production all the year round, as opposed to single state mills, which are dependent upon
the seasonal supply of sugarcane.
Conclusion
India is a largest consumer of sugar in the world and second largest manufacturer
of sugar followed by China, USA, Thailand, Germany, and Pakistan. In the sugar industry
the top position is Brazil as it is a world largest manufacturer of sugar. As seeing the
consumption of sugar the India is having a big market for sugar industry. As it is a largescale industry it provides large profit for the country and it can also be helpful for
9
10
COMPANY PROFILE
Name of the company
Register Office
LIST
Branch Office
At: Shahabad
Managing Director
:
Registered under Haryana
Cooperative
MANAGING DIRECTOR
CHIEF ENGINEER
SUBHASH CHANDER
CHIEF CHEMIST
SUSHIL KUMAR
CANE MANAGER
J. S. DINDSA
12
DEEPAK KHATOR
D. K. GOEL
WORKSHOP ENGINEER
ASTT. ENGINEERS (Mechanical)
:
:
VINOD KANOJIA
MUNISH AGGARWAL
RIPUDAMAN SINGH RANA
NAVEEN SHARMA
RIPUDAMAN SINGH
INSTRUMENT ENGINEER
SAUNAK GHOSH
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
SATVEER SINGH
CIVIL ENGINEER
VIJAY SHARMA
MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS
M K GARG
V K THUKRAL
RAMESH KUMAR
RAJBIR SINGH
LABORATORY INCHARGE
KARAN SINGH
STORE OFFICER
GURCHARAN SINGH
B. S. SAINI
PURCHASE OFFICER
G. S. SAINI
JR. PROGRAMMER
SIMANT VERMA
14
15
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
16
PRODUCT PROFILE
The factory produces about 184400 Tones of plantation crystal white sugar. As per
statute from Govt of India the sugar can be packed in 100 Kg net Gunny bags and 50 Kg
net Polythene bags. As per the Indian sugar standards the sugar can be graded in 3 grades
by size and color namely L, M, S (size) and 29, 30 (color). The factory envisages
producing M30 and s30 grades. The storage of sugar will be done in a warehouse built in
masonry and roofed with AC sheets. The size of the warehouse will be suitable to store
about 50% of a seasons production.
The molasses which is a by product, is a highly viscous liquid. The total production
of molasses in a season will be about 40,480 Tone. Two steel storage tanks of capacity
4000 tone each will be added. This can accommodate about 2 months production. As the
demand for molasses is high, it is proposed to sell the molasses to distilleries as raw
material to produce alcohol.
Beside the finished goods and molasses storage space is required for Bagasse, ash
and filter mud. Adequate open will be provided for these in the factory for easy and
smooth working of the factory.
Main Product- White Crystal Sugar:
The main product of the sugar manufacturing process is white crystal sugar.
This white crystal sugar is manufactured in the following 3 grades:
1) L-30 [Large size sugar]
2) M-30 [Medium size sugar]
3) S1-30 [small size sugar]
By-Products of Sugar Cane:
The sugar mill produces many by-products along with sugar. A typical sugarcane
comprising of 3000 ton capacity can produce 345 on of sugar, 6000 liters alcohol, 3 tons
of yeast, 15 tons of potash fertilizer, 25 ton of press mud fertilizer and 750 KW of power
from bagasse.
17
18
Table no#4
CONTENT
Moisture
Fiber
Soluble solids
RANGE %
46-52
43-52
2-6
19
Mission
The mission of the company is to pay the better returns for its shareholder in terms of
higher cane rate & to the stakeholders in terms reasonable salary & wages.
FUNCTONAL ANALYSIS
The functional of the organization are divided in to following
Department and one divided in to sections.
1.
Production
21
2.
3.
Laboratory Section
Manufacturing Section
Engineering Section
Go down Section
Administrative Section
Shares Section
Security Section
Vehicle Section
Time office section
Finance
1. Accounting Section
4.
Account Section
Marketing Section
Production Department
Production department is a most important part of the factory and it is divided into
two departments.
1.
2.
Engineering department
Manufacturing department
22
1.
Engineering department
The engineering department maintains all the work connected with plant and
machinery. Engineering department aims at enhancement of the feeding capacity
of factory. The department is assisted by workshop.
Workshop
Spares are fabricated using the lathe machine in the workshop and shaping like
square, cutting fabcrising etc, are done in the workshop 75% of work of machinery are
done in workshop. This department having following machines.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. Manufacturing department
Manufacturing department is divided in to 3 sections
a)
b)
c)
Laboratory department
Manufacturing Department
Go down
1. Laboratory department
Laboratory plays a significant role in sugar production. The key activity of
laboratory is checking the content of sugar in the Sugarcane and fixing the correct shape
and size of sugar. The Laboratory prepares hourly reports which advice in the addition of
other chemicals in the production.
2.
3.
5.
6.
Burnt sugar
Controller.
---
2.
Sulphar
---
3.
Orthophosphoric Acid
---
Bleagent agent
4.
Mill sanitation
---
Preservative
5.
Antiscalant
---
Descaling agent
6.
Floculent
---
setting aid
7.
Viscocity reducer
---
Reduces viscocity
8.
---
Bleaching agent
9.
Hydrogen peroxide
---
Bleaching agent
-: Functions:Bleaching agent: - Bleaches the juices and massecuites, and gives clarity.
I
II
III
Crushing of sugarcane
2.
3.
Crystallization
4.
Curing
5.
PROCUREMENT OF SUGAR
25
CANE
IMBITION WATER
MILLING
BAGASSE
RAW JUICE
EXHAUST STEAM
CONDENSATE WATER
SULPHURDIOXIDES + LIME
SULPHURED JUICE
EXHAUST STEAM
CONDENSATE WATER
CLEAR JUICE
EXHAUST STEAM
JUISE + MUD
VAPOURS
CONDENSATE WATER
SYRUP
SULPHURDIOXIDE GAS
MASSCUITE
FINAL MOLASSES
SUGAR
1. Crushing of sugarcane
26
3. Crystallization
The syrup thus sulphited in syrup. Salphitor is sent to pan floor for
further crystallization in vacuum pans. The syrup collected gets in supply tanks is
taken to pans for pan boiling, where the syrup is further boiled attains super satiation
stage. In such a condition sugar grains are formal and hardened, developed to form a
mass called massecuite. The massecite is dropped in crystallizers and cooled to
complete the process of crystallization.
4. Curing
In centrifugals the massecuite is cured i.e. sugar crystals are separated
from mother ligouor in high speed centrifugal machines.The sugar crystals thus
separated are properly dried by blowing hot air and cold air. The molasses is collected
in separate tanks and Used for further boiling to recover more sugar.
The dried sugar after passing through elevator goes to the grade for
graduation. The sugar falls into the bins with this fall sugar is packed in bags.
The graded sugar is bagged weighted for 100kg & they are stitched
numbered and stocked in the sugar go down in different lots as per grade and
color.
Godown Section:
In the production department the godown are maintained for store
the sugar.
CLERK (1)
ATTENDER (2)
The sugar will be supplied to god owns through belts.
Numbers of God owns
Old Godown
New Godowns
Capacity
New Godowns
Old Godowns
:
:
:
3
1
2
:
:
Store Section:
28
books
Transport register
Bin Card
Bin Card entry
Issues Identity
Administrative Section:
Administrative department is the main department in the organization this
department is connected with so many sections like.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Shares Section
Security Section
Vehicle Section
Time office Section
Security Guard
Total employee is 16. There are two type of Weigh Bridge in the factory
and capacity of each weigh bridge is 40 tons.
It acts as weighment of sugar cane, seeds and other factory Weighment
Vehicle Section
Clerk
Attainder
Drivers
8 -30 am To 5-00 pm
General Shift
9-00 am To 5-00 pm
1.
2.
3.
Manual attendance
b)
a) Manual Attendance:Factory give attendance cards to employees enter the coming Time in
factory and out time in factory and signature of time office Officer. This is all
entered attendance card by the time office officer.
b) Punching Attendance:This system is based software here all the information is Already entered
in the computer regarding the employee name Department and shift time.
The employee must show the Aadhar no. to Bio metric machine and giving
the finger impression to machine automatically entered in the employees list.
32
Finance Department
1. Account Sections:Account department is divided in to two main sections, they are.
a)
a)
b)
This section maintains all the transactions. Income Tax Sales Tax and
commercial Tax procedures are done by this section the Varieties maintained by this
section is.
b)
a)
Advance register
b)
Bank register
c)
Contractors register
d)
Depositors register
e)
33
Marketing Department:-
a)
Development Section
b)
Procurement Section
Filed Assistant
Slip Boy
34
Objectives of CDO:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3.
4.
Seed treatment
5.
6.
7.
Types of Gangs
1.
2.
Lose gangs:-
All lose gongs are comes in Maharashtra company will be paid 1,60,000 in
advance one lose gangs including 8 pair and this gangs 16 to 18 tons sugar cane supply
per day.
3.
35
4.
This gang use only local sugar cane not available that time import sugar
cane in long route.
COC671
1200/ton
2.
CO8603
1230 /ton
3.
CO8011
1230/ton
Purchase Sections:
The organization structure of the purchase section
Purchase Officer
Clerks
At tender
36
Sales Department:
Functions of Sales Department
1.
2.
Maximum Sales
2.
2.
Clerk
Years
2014-15
2015-16
Sales
82 Crors
192 Crors
Packing.
3.
Quality.
4.
Quantity.
5.
Staff behavior.
This factory is producing two varieties of sugars they are S -30 & M-30 grader
the sale of the sugar occurs when gives a tender notice the sugar sold to that buyers who
quotes highest price tender are called once in a week if the rate is not satisfactory the
tender will be cancelled
The sales of sugar are done unless there is instruction from the government certain
government rules should be followed for sale of sugar according to the recent
government rules they will be given some figures of bags to sell within a month.
37
WEAKNESS
Poor marketing strategies.
Poor promotional activity.
Imbalance between sugar cane available and factory crushing
capacity per day.
OPPORTUNITIES
They can establish a liquor industry by using its by products
Providing the electricity power to the KPTCL
If importing of Sugar is restricted the company cabs grab the
market as possible as.
THREATS:
Free imports.
Unstable Government.
Poor agricultural policy.
Low availability of working capital.
38
39
MEANING OF COST
Cost in simple words, means the total of all expenses. Cost is defined as the
amount of expenditure incurred on a given thing. Thus it is that which is given or
sacrificed to obtain something.
ICMA London Cost is the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a
given thing.
In a business where selling and distribution expenses are quite nominal, the cost of
the article may be calculated without considering the selling and distribution overheads.
While in a business, where the nature of the product requires heavy selling and
distribution expenses calculation of cost without taking in to account selling and
distribution expenses may prove very costly to the business. Then cost may be factory
cost, office cost, cost of sales and even an item of expense is also termed as cost.
Prime cost includes expenditure on direct material, direct labor and direct
expenses. Money spent on materials is termed as cost of materials the spent on labor as
cost of labor and so on. Thus, the used of term cost without qualification is also quite
misleading. Again, different costs are found out for different purposes. To work-inprocess is valued at factory cost while stock of finished goods valued at office cost.
Numerous other examples can be given to show the term cost des not mean the same
thing under all circumstances and for all purposes. Many items of production are handled
in an optional manner, which may give different costs for the same production or job
without in any way of cost accounting.
40
ELEMENTS OF COST
Elements of cost mean the essential parts or components of goods or service or jobs. In
other words elements of cost are part of the total cost and include the main item of
expenditure incurred for production of goods, services and jobs.
Analysis and classification of cost
Cost is the amount of expenditure incurred for production of goods and services. Thus
cost is composed of three elements, viz, material, labor, and expenses.
Classification of cost
Cost classification is the process of grouping costs according to their common features or
characteristics. Classification is essential to find out the cost of production.
Objective of classification of cost
1.
It helps the management for implementing cost control and decision making.
2.
3.
Material cost
2.
Labor cost
3.
Expenses
Material Cost:
This is the cost of commodities supplied to an undertaking.(I.C.M.A) Materials
are further divided in to two parts (1) Direct materials (2) Indirect materials.
41
Direct materials: Direct materials are those materials which can enter into and
form of the finished product.
Indirect Materials:
Labor cost:
These are costs of remuneration, such as wages salaries, commission, bonus etc.
Of the employees of an undertaking
1)
Direct wages: Wages paid to laborers who are directly engaged in converting
raw materials into finished products. It is also called Direct Labor, Productive
Labor, and Prime cost.
2)
Expenses:
The expenses means the cost of services provided to an undertaking and the
notional cost of the use of owned assets. In other-words costs other than the material and
labor are called expenses.
Direct Expenses: Direct expenses are those expenses which can be specifically incurred
in connection with a cost unit. E.g. hire of special plant for a particular job.
Indirect expenses:
Overheads:
An overhead includes indirect material, indirect labor, and indirect expenses. In
general terms, overhead comprise all expenses incurred for in connection with the general
organization of the whole or part of the undertaking that is the cost of operation supplies
42
1.
Manufacturing overheads
2.
Administration overheads
3.
Selling overheads
4.
5.
Distribution overheads.
Function wise Classification:Costs classified on the basis of function wise are as follows:
Administration cost
Selling cost
Distribution cost
1. Production cost:
This is the cost which begins with supplying of materials, labor and service
and ends with the completion of production other terms used in this connection
are factory overhead.
Examples:
1)
Indirect labor
Foremens salary
Gatekeepers salary
3)
Insurance of factory
4)
Consumable stores
5)
Indirect materials cost such as cotton waste, nuts and bolts, lubricating oil, nails
etc.
6)
7)
8)
9)
Administration cost:
This consists of all expenses incurred in the direction control and administration
of an undertaking.
Examples:
1)
2)
Directors fees
3)
Bank charges
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Audit fees
44
Selling cost:
Other expenditures incurred for sales and stimulating demand and for securing
Distribution cost:
It is an expenditure incurred for distributing the goods
Examples:
Packaging cost
Carriage outwards
Loading charges
Dispatch expenses
45
These are: 1.
Variable cost
1.
Fixed costs.
2.
Variable cost:
These cost an in direct proportion to the volume of output. Cost per unit will
remain the same. If output increases total variable cost also increases and if output
decreases total variable cost also decreases.
e.g.: Direct materials.
Direct wages
Power
Fixed cost:
The total fixed costs remain unaffected either with the increase or decreases in the
output. But cost per unit goes on changing.
Depreciation of building.
Insurance.
Interest on capital.
Municipal taxes.
46
2) Discretionary cost:
Are those which are set a fixed amount for specific time period by the
management in the budgeting process. These costs directly reflect top management
policies have no particular relationship with the volume of output.
These cost
Semi-Variable cost:
These costs are partly fixed and partly variable. These costs are thus partly
affected by fluctuations in the level of activity.
Examples: Depreciation, Repair & maintenance, Telephone expenses.
Other type of costs:
Decision making costs:
Decision making costs are special purpose costs that are applicable only in the
situation in which they are complied they have no universal application. They need
not tie into routine financial accounts to the accounting rules.
considered in cost financial accounts. In case two projects require unequal outlay & cash
the management must take into consideration interest on capital to judge the relative
profitability of the projects.
According to ICMA London Costing is the techniques & process of ascertaining
costs These techniques are the rules & regulations to govern or regulate the process of
ascertaining the costs or services. Therefore these rules & regulations are carried from
unit to unit immediately to the industry & formation of policy. Thus costing is a routine
work of cost ascertainment.
Cost Center:
It is defined as a location, person or an item of equipment for which cost may be
ascertained and used for the purpose of cost control. Cost centers are two types.
49
allotment of whole item of cost to cost centers or cost units while, cost apportionment
refers to the allotment of proportions of items of cost centers or cost units.
Thus the
50
51
Cost reduction:
Cost reduction may be defined as the achievement of real and permanent
reduction in the unit cost of goods manufactured or service rendered without impairing
their suitability for the use intended or diminution in the quality of the product.
52
Therefore top
53
Main consideration:
1) The product:
The nature of the product determines to a great extent the type of cost
accounting system to be adopted. For e.g. a product requiring high value of material
content requires elaborate system of material control.
2) The organization:
The existing organization should be disturbed as little as possible. It becomes
necessary top ascertainment the size and type of organization before introducing the cost
accounting system.
54
3) The objective:
The objective and information, which the management wants to achieve and
acquire, are also to be cared for.
4) Technical details:
The system should be introduced after a detailed study of the technical aspects
of the business efforts should be made to secure the sympathetic assistance and support of
the principal members of the supervisory staff and workmen.
5) Informative and simple:
The system should be informative and simple.
Cost Sheet:
A cost sheet or a cost statement is a document which provides for the assembly
of the detailed cost of a cost center or cost unit. It is a detailed statement depicting the
sub-division of cost arranged in a logical order under different heads.
Cost of production
2)
3)
4)
5)
56
Particular
Direct material
Direct labour
Prime cost
Add : Works over head
Works cost / Factory cost
Add : administrative over head
Cost of production
Add : selling and distribution over head
Cost of sales
Cost
per
unit
(Rs)
XX
XX
XXX
XX
XXX
XX
XXX
XX
XXX
Cost Audit:
Definition:
57
Process Costing:Means
When the raw materials are fed in to the machinery as an input, we get output. In
order to convert the raw material into finished product i. e. input into output, it has to pass
or move through different stages. Each stage is known as a process.
Raw Materials
Input
Finished Goods
Process
O/P
58
Paper Manufacture
Paint Manufacture
Distilleries
Plastic Manufacture
Sugar Industries
Food Manufacture
Fertilizer Industry
Glass Industry
Drug and Medicines
Producing Industries
Aluminum Industry
Timber Industry
Rubber Industry
(7)
These losses
cannot be avoided.
Total Cost
Normal Loss =
Total Units Normal Loss
(b) Abnormal Loss:
Any losses arising due to abnormal factors are known as abnormal loss. Such loss is over
and above normal loss. These losses may arise from the factors like carelessness, machine
breakdown, accident, use of defective material etc.
(2) Process Gains:
Abnormal Gain:
If the actual loss is greater than normal loss, it is known as abnormal loss. But if the
actual loss is less than normal loss a gain, is obtained which is called abnormal gain or
effectiveness.
Treatment for Abnormal Gain The value is calculated as if it good units. It is debited
to the process account and credited to abnormal gain account.
Particulars
Input
Cost
Total
per
Cost
Particulars
Output
Cost
Total
per
Cost
Units introduced
XX
Unit
XX
XX
Normal Loss
XX
Unit
XX
XX
Materials
XX
XX
XX
Scrap
XX
XX
XX
Labor
XX
XX
XX
Abnormal Loss
XX
XX
XX
Overheads
XX
XX
XX
Sale of by products
Abnormal Gain
XX
XX
XX
Sent to warehouse XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XXX
(if any)
for sale
Actual
output XX
transferred to next
process
Total
XXX
XXX
XXX Total
XX
62
Cost reduction and cost control techniques used in The Shahabad co-op
sugar mills Ltd.
63
Simplify the working procedure in each cost center and design suitable and proper
Fix the procedure for collection of both cost and non cost data for each center.
4)
5)
Prepare forms, cards reports, and books etc for keeping cost records.
The following are the cost centers in The Shahabad Co-op sugar mills
Ltd:
1) Production Cost Center:
a) Packing.
b) Quality control.
c) Boiler section.
d) Storage section.
e) Pan section.
f) Mill section.
g) Power generation.
2) Marketing Cost Center:
a) Transportation cost center.
3) Administration Cost Centers:
a) Security and maintenance of plant.
b) Human Resource Development.
65
The following are the cost units of The Shahabad Coop. Sugar Mills
Ltd:
Name of the item
Cost unit
Sugar cane
Per Tone
Sugar
Per Quintal
Transportation
Water charges
Per liters
Canteen
Electricity
Per K.W.H.
Boiler
66
67
Material costing
Year
Tones
Amount
2006-2007
2007-2008
2008-2009
consumed
136903.6842
202997.6470
215068
950
850
1000
130058500
172548000
215068000
The raw material consumption from the year 2006-2007 - 2008-2009. In case of 20062007 the quantity of sugar cane consumed 136903.6842 tones and it is increased to
202997.6470 and 215068 respectively in the year 2007-2008 and 2008-2009.
Departments
Total no of employees
2006
41
340
65
19
7
2007
43
345
68
20
15
2008
44
351
70
22
19
All the department the manufacturing and engineering department having more number
of employees. This increasing trend indicates is a increasing production.
2006
2007
2008
69
1,95,600
7,50,596
1,60,156
42,000
41,000
2,09,341
7,90,900
1,80,300
45,000
43,300
2,16,651
8,07,175
1,95,200
48,000
46,000
Over heads
Particulars
2006-2007
2007-2008
2008-2009
Factory overhead
Administration and overheads
Selling and distribution overheads
9,180,600
1,530,100
3,763,937
15,972,950
2,381,850
4,140,990
237,300,00
3,744,000
13,868,850
70
14,474,637
22,495,790
41,342,850
Seeing the table the factory over heads increasing considerably it indicates growth in
production. Since the manufacturing and engineering department constitutes major part in
total number of employees and wages the factory overheads also forms major part in total
overheads.
2006-2007
2007-2008
2008-2009
130,0585,00
172,548,000
215,068,000
130,058,500
172,548,000
215,068,000
71
13,005,850
18,395,725
24,032,400
143,064,350
190,943,725
239,100,400
9,180,600
15,972,950
23,730,000
Depreciation on building
1,000,000
1,5000,00
2,000,00
Depreciation on machinery
1,200,000
1,7000,00
2,200,000
Depreciation on electricals
250,000
300,000
350,000
154,694,950
210,416,675
267,380,400
1,530,100
2,381,850
3,744,000
Depreciation on computer
50,000
60,000
70,000
150,000
2000,00
300,000
156,485,050
213,058,525
271,494,400
1,534,065
3,928,720
4,149,800
4,090,840
8,839,620
17,337,000
153,928,275
208,147,625
258,307,200
3,763,937
4,140,990
13,868,850
157,692,212
212,288,615
272,176,050
Prime cost
Work cost
Office over heads
Cost of production
goods
Cost of goods sold
Selling over heads
Cost of sales
2007-
2007-
Findings:
1. The increasing prime cost is because of is increasing material consumed by the
company.
2. The work cost is increasing by year to year because in factory over heads also
increasing.
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Particulars
Sales
Less: variable cost
2006-2007
58063755
45818596
2007-2008
159273632
130849400
2008-2009
260120510
183355675
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Contribution
Less: fixed cost
E.B.I.T.
Total cost
12245159
1988986
10256173
47807582
28424232
3128956
25295276
133978356
76764835
4355859
72408976
187711534
The EBIT for the year 2006-2007 was 10256173, in the year was 2007-2008 was
25295276, and in the year 2008-2009 was 72408976. It shows the increasing in EBIT
year to year
Over head of the firm was increasing from the year 2006-07 to 2007-08 was
57.47% and from the year 2007-08 to 2008-09 was 65.20%
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Prime cost of the firm was increasing from the year 2006-07 to 2007-08 was
74.92% and from the year 2007-08 to 2008-09 was 79.85%
Work cost of the firm was increasing from the year 2006-07 to 2007-08 was
73.51% and from the year 2007-08 to 2008-09 was 78.69%
Cost of production of the firm was increasing from the year 2006-07 to 2007-08
was 73.44% and from the year 2007-08 to 2008-09 was 78.47%
Cost of goods sold of the firm was increasing from the year 2006-07to2007-08
was 73.95% and from the year 2007-08 to 2008-09 was 80.58%
Cost of sales of the firm was increasing from the year 2006-07 to 2007-08 was
74.28% and from the year 2007-08 to 2008-09 was 78%
Suggestion:
1. As prime cost, cost of production are increasing in the firm exercise cost
reduction and cost control techniques like material control, labor control,
over head control, capital expenditure control.
2. As the raw material cost is increasing the firm should using new
techniques to reduce it. 1) Like the firm allowed near to the sources of raw
material. 2) Reducing raw material usage in production down time.
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Conclusion
In this study is attempt to made analyze the cost analysis of the sample unit .Since
the Nirani Sugars Ltd is facing heavy competition in an around area of the region, It is
essential to focus on the aspect of cost, profitability etc
Cost accounting is a recent development. It is the branch of financial accounting.
It maintains the records unit wise, process wise, job wise department wise, we can easily
control in reduction of costs by preparation of the statement unit wise or job wise.
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Bibliography
G.B.Baligar cost accounting, ashok prakshan, 2004
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