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Growth/Decay Exercises
Institute of Mathematics
University of the Philippines-Diliman
1 / 21
Introduction
Definition.
An (ordinary) differential equation is an equation involving a
function of one variable and its derivatives.
Examples.
1
dy
= 6 3x2
dx
du
= ey y 3
dy
d2 u
= tan x sec2 x
dx2
1
v00 = 2
x +5
Definition.
1
dy
= g(x)h(y),
dx
is said to be separable.
If h(y) 6= 0, we have
where f (y) =
dy g(x)
=
,
dx f (y)
1
. To solve this:
h(y)
Z f (y) dy
f (y) dy
= g(x)
Z dx
=
g(x) dx.
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Find a solution of
dy cos 3x
=
.
dx sin 2y
We have
R
sin 2y dy
sin 2y dy
= cos 3x dx
R
=
cos 3x dx
1
1
cos 2y + C1 =
sin 3x + C2
2
3
Combining C1 and C2 , the solution has the form
1
1
cos 2y + sin 3x = C ,
2
3
C R
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p
x 1 u2
du
= p
Solve
.
dx u 2x2 + 1
Find the equation of the curve that passes through (0, 1) and
y cos x
whose slope at any point x, y is given by 1+y2 .
dy y cos x
=
. We have:
dx 1 + y 2
= cos x dx
Z
=
cos x dx
= sin x + C
Orthogonal Trajectories
Definition.
An orthogonal trajectory to a set of curves is a curve that intersects
each curve, in the given set, orthogonally (perperdicularly). That is,
the tangent lines at the points of intersection are perpendicular.
Remark.
If each curve in the given set has slope m, then each curve in the set
of orthogonal trajectories has slope
1
mOT = .
m
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1
m
Example.
1
y
dy
= 0 mOT =
x
dx
dy
y
ln |y|
ln |y|
ln |y|
dx
x
= ln |x| + k
= ln |x| + ln ek
= ln |ek x|
=
Example.
Consider the set of parabolas with vertex at the origin y = Cx2 .
If each curve in the set has slope
m, then
dy
1
(of o.t.) = mOT =
dx
m
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dy
dy
= 2Cx ( dx of the given curve)
dx
y
y
2y
Since this is true for all C, and 2 = C = m = 2 2 x =
x
x
x
m=
x
.
2y
That is, an orthogonal trajectory must satisfy the differential
equation
x
dy
= .
dx
2y
Hence, an orthogonal trajectory must have slope mOT =
1
Solving, we obtain y 2 = x2 + K , where K R.
2
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Example.
set of curves : {y = Cx2 : C R}
set of orthogonal trajectories : {y 2 + 21 x2 = K : K R}
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Orthogonal Trajectories
Example.
Consider the set of parabolas y = x2 + C, C R, whose vertices are on
the y-axis.
dy
= 2x.
dx
Hence, each orthogonal trajectory must have slope
mOT =
1
1
= .
m
2x
Example.
set of curves : {y = x2 + C : C R}
set of orthogonal trajectories : {y = 21 ln |x| + K : K R}
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Orthogonal Trajectories
Example.
Find the equation of the orthogonal trajectories of the curves
sin y = ex + C.
dy
(of the given curve):
dx
d x
e +C
dx
d
sin y =
dx
dy
cos y
= ex + 0
dx
dy
= ex sec y
dx
The equation of the O.T. satisfies the differential equation,
dy
1
= x
.
dx
e cos y
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Mathematical Modelling
dP
is the rate of change at any time t. Thus,
dt
dP
P
dt
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dP
dt
1
dP
P
ln P
= kP, k : constant
= k dt
= kt + C
P (t) = ekt+C
P (t) = ekt eC
Let t = 0 = P (0) = eC .
Equation of the Model
P = P(t) = P0 ekt
where P0 indicates initial population;
if k > 0, the model is for exponential growth;
if k < 0, the model is for exponential decay.
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22
Therefore, P(t) = 50, 000
25
10k
22
e =
25
k
10
10
22
(b) When t = 20, P(20) = 50, 000
25
= 38, 720.
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P (t) = P0 ekt
Example 2.
A bacterial culture increases at a rate proportional to its population.
Its population triples after an hour. If 81M were present at the end
of 4hrs, how many were present initially.
We must find P0 = P (0). Note that 3P0 = P (1) = P0 ek1 ek = 3.
Hence we have
P(t) = P0 (3)t
81M = P (4) = P0 34
Thus, P0 = 1M.
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P (t) = P0 ekt
Definition.
The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time required for half
of the amount to decay.
Example 3.
Element X has a half life of 3 yrs. If 64g of it is present at a time, how
much of it will be present after 16 yrs.
It is known that a radioactive substance decays exponentially.
1/3
.
Half-life of 3yrs P (3) = 12 P0 = P0 e3k e3k = 12 ek = 21
Find P (16):
p
16
16
64
64
3
= 64 12 3 = p
= p
= 4 g 1.59 g.
P (16) = P0 e16k = 64 ek
3
3
16
32
2
2
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P (t) = P0 ekt
Example 4.
30% of a radioactive substance disappears in 15yrs. Find its half-life.
Find t such that P (t) = 12 P0 : P (15) = P0 .3P0 = 0.7P0 .
P (15) = P0 e15k P0 e15k
= 0.7P0
e15k
= 0.7
1
ek
= (0.7) 15 .
= P0 ekt
t
= (0.7) 15
=
15 ln 2
29.15 years.
ln 0.7
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Exercises
1
2
3
Find the equation of the curve that passes through the point
(2, 0) and whose slope at any point (x, y) is xy.
Find a solution to the differential equation xy 0 + y = y 2 .
Find the orthogonal trajectories of the following family of
curves.
1
x2 + 2y 2 = k2
y=
k
x