GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Chandkheda, Ahmedabad
Affiliated

C. U. Shah College of Engg. & Tech.

A
Project Report
On

LOAD PROTECTOR WITH REMOTE SWITCHING

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
(SEMESTER- VII)
(Electrical & Electronics Engineering)
Submitted by:
Group:
Sr. No
1
2
3

Name of the student

Enrollment No.

PATEL TEJAS B.
GHAGHOR SHIVA K.
SACHAPARA SHIVAM V.

110440108013
120440108004
120440108009

Dr.Nimit.D.Shah
(Faculty Guide)
Dr.Nimit.D.Shah
Head of the Department
Academic year
(2016-17)

C. U. SHAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, WADHWAN

CITY- 363 030.
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
2016-2017

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled LOAD PROTECTOR WITH REMOTE
SWITCHING has been carried out by PATEL TEJAS B. (Enrollment no:
110440108013) under my guidance in fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of

Engineering in Electrical & Electronics Engineering (7 th Semester) of Gujarat

Technological University, Ahmedabad during the academic year 2016-17.

Dr.Nimit.D.Shah
(Internal Guide)

Dr.Nimit.D.Shah
(HOD, EEE DEPT.)

C. U. SHAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, WADHWAN

CITY- 363 030.
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
2016-2017

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled LOAD PROTECTOR WITH REMOTE
SWITCHING has been carried out by GHANGHOR SHIVA K. (Enrollment no:
120440108004) under my guidance in fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of

Engineering in Electrical & Electronics Engineering (7 th Semester) of Gujarat

Technological University, Ahmedabad during the academic year 2016-17.

Dr.Nimit.D.Shah

Dr.Nimit.D.Shah

(Internal Guide)

(HOD, EEE DEPT.)

C. U. SHAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, WADHWAN

CITY- 363 030.
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
2016-2017

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled LOAD PROTECTOR WITH REMOTE
SWITCHING has been carried out by SACHAPARA SHIVAM V. (Enrollment no:
120440108009) under my guidance in fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electrical & Electronics Engineering (7 th Semester) of Gujarat
Technological University, Ahmedabad during the academic year 2016-17.

Dr.Nimit.D.Shah

Dr.Nimit.D.Shah

(Internal Guide)

(HOD, EEE DEPT.)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude towards all those people
who have, in various ways, helped in the successful completion of the project LOAD
PROTECTOR WITH REMOTE SWITCHING. This work is the result of the inspiration,
support, guidance, co-operation and facilities that were provided to us by persons at various
levels and we are obliged by all of them
First of all we would like to thank our Guide Dr. NIMIT..D.SHAH, who kept his faith
on us and helped us a lot. And we are also thankful to our classmate who supported and help us
directly or indirectly during our project.
We are grateful to Dr. NIMIT D. SHAH sir, Head of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering Department, C. U. Shah College of Engineering & Technology, Wadhawan for his
continual kind words of encouragement and motivation throughout the Project.
At last we are thankful to our entire classmates who directly or indirectly supported and
helped each other. At each phase of project we supported, encourage each other and manage our
work by our strength because of this we completed our project in time limit.
We only want to say that we have searched for better ways to do the things and we hope
for the best.

ABSTRACT

Todays ASICs and processors typically operate on a low voltage and therefore require high
current. This means that if they are placed at any distance from the power supply or DC-DC
converter that feeds them, transmission losses can become an issue. Because of resistance and
therefore voltage drop in the power path between the converter and load, the voltage across the
load will be lower than that across the converters output terminals. The difference is given by I x
R, where I is the current drawn by the load and R is the resistance of the power path.
On a PCB, the power path is usually provided by the PCBs power plane, so R is relatively small.
However, as mentioned, I can be large so the voltage drop between the converter and load can be
significant. This is even more important in a low voltage/high current environment, because a
loss of say 0.5 V is a much higher proportion of a 3 V target voltage than it is of 48 V.
Some applications may not require the remote sense feature. If so, the remote sense lines should
not simply be left open, as the power supply could drive upwards to an unwanted and possibly
destructive level. Instead, the power supply should be configured in local sense mode, with a
low-value resistor connected between the S+ and V out+ terminals, and another between S-and V
out-.
West core products make this particularly easy and reliable to set up, as they have 5 resistors
pre-installed in parallel with the remote sense circuits. They also have Westcors Autosense
capability, which allows them to use the remote sense lines if connected, or automatically switch
to the 5 resistors if not. This feature protects the Westcor products against open loop mode
failure as well as simplifying configurations with no remote sense connections. Similar provision
can be made for other Vincor products by using externally-connected low-value resistors.
It should be remembered that remote sense wires are part of the power supplys control loop, so
any radiated noise they pick up can introduce instability into the power system. This can be
mitigated by using light-gauge wiring which is viable as the sense lines draw minimal current
and twisting the S+ and S- wires together in addition to shielding them.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Have you ever noticed the number of devices used at your house to serve your purpose?
There are many. These devices require specified rate of power to operate. Maximum variations in
voltage/ power and load can destroy most of the devices like inverters and UPS systems, since it
can cause excess heating of the output transformer windings and the active driving device and
thereby damage them. And, some domestic appliances also need to be protected against
under/over-voltage. This particular circuit serves the purpose. Named as Under/over-voltage
protector circuit, it protects devices from fluctuations in the mains. Additionally, it also allows
you to turn on/off the load through a remote handset. The main features of this circuit are briefed
in points below:
1. It shuts down the load at under/over-voltage.
2. After under/over-voltage, the load is automatically restarted.
3. A visual indication is given for normal voltage, which goes off at under/over-voltage.

CHAPTER 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND SPECIFICATION

Figure.1 depicts the basic block diagram of the system that comprises of a transformer,
rectifier, filter, regulator and comparator including remote switching transmitter and receiver
circuitry. The remote signal transmitter aids the manual control of the device connected in the
circuitry during normal conditions. Other components are set to automate the load protecting
operation. The transformer steps down the AC mains which is then supplied to the comparator as
well as the regulator after it is rectified and filtered through the system. Regulator generates 12V
power supply which is supplied to the entire circuit components except for the comparator and
timer.
Depending upon the function carried out, the circuit is sectioned into two parts- the transmitter
and the receiver-cum-load protector.

2.1 The receiver-cum-load protector.

At the receiver side, the phototransistor T1 receives the modulated IR beam sent
out by the transmitter as shown in the Fig 3. Power supply, receiver and protector

sections are incorporated in this part.

2.2 Power Supply

The detailed figure of the circuit is illustrated in fig.3. Here the AC mains supply
is used in two ways in this circuit- it is directly supplied to the circuit through fuse F1 and
next, it is stepped down to produce a secondary output of 18V-0-18V, 250mA by a
transformer X1. In second case, the stepped down voltage is again rectified and filtered
by diodes D1-D2 and capacitors C1- C2 respectively. This output is then delivered to
IC2, junction that connects resistor R17 and preset VR3.At this point, IC2 generates 12V
regulated output which is then smoothed by capacitor C3 and supplied to the circuit.

CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE SURVEY

It is therefore an object of this invention to cause a ballast to be energized in satisfaction

of the on/off control, by an ultra low power controller that may be essentially isolated for
primary power circuit or derive its very low switch power from the ballast itself. With this
invention it is possible to effect on/off control with the lowest voltage and current for an
essentially near lossless control means. The invention can be used with lighting ballasts, but also
for any devices with on/off switches, such as motors, appliances, heaters and the like. In
particular, the invention can be used for other loads, whether they include ballasts or not.
It is also an object of this invention to use its on/off control means to effect other
desirable functions in the electric ballast. Such functions include but are not limited to electronic
action that would cause the electronic ballast to operate at fractional power levels corresponding
to different lighting intensities and/or with conventional occupancy sensors.
It is a further object of this invention to utilize wiring components in the on/off control
that correspond to the domain of signal or control wiring and which are characterized by very
low power requirements and do not have the restrictions associated with power wiring. Such
wiring is common in the telecommunications industry and may be applied to external
programmed control.