NAME: .

CLASS:

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
14
20
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
21

Title
Functions
Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Functions
Indices & Logarithms
Simultaneous Equations
Coordinate Geometry
Statistics
Circular Measure
Differentiation
Integration
Motion Along A Straight Line
Solution of Triangles
Index Numbers
Progressions
Linear Law
Vectors
Trigonometric Functions
Permutations & Combinations
Probability
Probability Distributions
Linear Programming

Page
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Function

FUNCTIONS

2
0
2

Squares of
0
3
4

2
0
2

A function

y
0
3
4

(a) the image of 9,

(a) (9) = 92
= 81

() = . Find

(b) One to many

2.

(c) Many to one

2 1

4
3
2
1

1 2

4
3
2
1

2 1 0 1 2

4
3
2
1

2 1
0 1 2

12

12

z
1
5
6

2 1
0 1 2

= 2 5

1
I

0
5
7

5 3
2

1
I

= |2 5|

5 3
2

(2) = 1

Notes:
1. ( ) = (1 ( ))
2. ( ) = 1 (())

1 1 (5) = 1
More Example:

4
3
2
1

7
5

Given a function & a composite

function, find the other function

(d) Many to
many

1 ( ) = 31 , 13

y
0
3

( ) = 3
|2 5| = 3
2 5 = 3

(3 )
= 1, = 4
= |2 (3 ) 5 |
=1
(b) Sketch the graph of () for

3+2

= 31

(ii)

+1

Then (3 + 2) = + 1

2
1
2

{(, ), (, ), (, )} {(, ), (, ), (, )} {(, ), (, ), (, )} {(, ), (, ), (, )}

1. Examples : , , 2 , 1

3. Types of Relations:

(a) (i) (2)

= |2(2) 5 |
=1

Composite Function

Objects of 4 are 2 and 2.

Image of 2 is 4.
Domain = {2,0,2}
Codomain = Second set. Eg: Codomain of 1(a) = {0,3,4}
Range = {0,4}

(a) One to one

Let

(b) the objects of 9.

2. Other Terms:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

3. More Examples:
+
Given () = + ,
find ().

Example:
Given () = | | .
(a) Find (i) the image of 2 and of 3,
(ii) the values of when () = .

0
3
4

1 :
1 (3) = 2

(b) ( ) = 9
2 = 9
= 3

2 1 0 1 2

2
0
2

Not a
function

or

y
0

3
4

2
0
2

Not a function

3. Notation:
Example: Given

4
3
2
1

y
0

3
4

2
0
2

(b) Ordered pairs {(2,4), (0,0), (2,4)}

(c) Graph

2.

2. Examples:

1. Representations of Relations:
(a) Arrow Diagram

1. 1 = inverse function of .

1. is a relation
every object is mapped onto only one image.

Relations

Absolute Value Function

Inverse Function

3. More Example:
+

Given () = + , and () = , find

(c)

(a)
+

(( )) = + ,
(b)

2 () = ( )
=

(( )) = (+)

Given () = + , and
() = , find .

+1
+1
3+2
+1
3(
)+2
3+2

4+3
9+7

, 79

1 ( ) = 2
( ) = (1 ( ))

= ( 2)

+1

= 3(2)+2
2

+2

= 3+4 , 43

Example 1: (Uses the relationship of roots and equations)

2 + + = 0

Equation :

and 4

Equation : (2 3)( + 4) = 0
2 2 + 5 12 = 0

Relationship:

Roots:

and

Roots:

Example

Example 2:

2 2 9 + 4 0

1. General form

(2 1)( 4) 0

2. Factorise

1. SOR =

+ =

1
2

2. POR =

1. Forming equations from roots

2. Solving problems involving the
relationship of roots and equation

------------------------------------------------- + 1 and + 1

Roots:

1. SOR = + + 2

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
+ + =

+1

(SOR) + (POR) = 0

Equation :

3. By Completion of Squares:

Solve the equation

2 2 5 + 12 = 0.

(i) If =
+ +

(2 + 3)( + 4) = 0
3
= , = 4
2

2
2

2
2

(ii) If 1
+ +

= [ 2 + + ]
= [(

2. By Using the formula:

b b 2 4ac
2a

x = ( 5) ( 5) 4( 2)(12)
2

2( 2)

3
2

, = 4

4. Conclusion

2
2
+ ) ( )
2
2

+ ]

2 2 5 + 12
5
= 2 [ 2 + 6]
= 2 [(

2
5 2
+ )
4
5 2
4

5 2
4

121
8

2 2 5 + 12 = 0
5 2
4

121
8
5 2

2 ( + ) +

=0

( + ) =
4

5
4

+ =
=

3
2

b 4ac > 0

2. Two real & equal roots

b2 4ac = 0

3.

b 4ac < 0

No real roots

Solving
problems
involving
graph
sketch
Solving
problems
involving
min/max
values

a<0

(1, 3)
(3, 11)

(5, 75)
75 3

9 7

121
16
11

, = 4

Example 1:
Find the range of values/ value of if the
quadratic equation 2 2 + 3 =
(i) does not have real roots,
(ii) has two real and equal roots,
(iii) has two real and different roots.
2 2 + 3 = 0

( ) 6]

= 2 ( + ) +

1. Two real & different roots

2
(1, 9) 8

Solving problems involving positions of graphs

a>0

(3, 7)

Steps
1. Write in the form
(completion of squares)
( + )2 +
(refer )
2. Read from the expression
(i) Min/Max value = r
(ii) when x + q = 0
that is x = q
(iii) Min/Max point = (q, r)

= ( + ) ( ) +
1. By factorisation:

(5, 7)

QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
() = + +

Solving problems involving

types of roots

Finding roots of quadratic equations

(Solving quadratic equations)
Example :

1
,
2

3. Sketch Graph

Example :
Sketch the graphs of the following functions for 5 3.
(i) = 2 + 2 8
(ii) = 2 2 + 4 5
Hence, state the range of values of y .
Shape
Shape
Points (0,-8), (2,0), (-4,0),
Points (0, -5), (-5, -75),
(-5, 7),(3,7), (-1,-9)
(3,-11)(1, -3)

Solving quadratic inequalities

= + 2

2. POR = ( + 1)( + 1) =

Note: Important factors in a graph sketch

1. Shape of the graph. 2. Points x & y intercepts , Min/max point,
points at the end of the domain.

Relationship:

x=

Steps

(i) 2 4 13 k 0
simplify > 4
2

(ii) 2 4 13 k 0
simplify = 4
2

(iii)

4 13 k 0
simplify < 4
2

Examples:
1. Find the range of values of if the graph
of the quadratic function
= 2 2 + 3
is above the -axis for all values of .

22 413 k 0
simplify < 2

2. Find the values of k if the straight line

= 2 6 touches the graph of the
function = 2 + .
Intersection points :
2 6 = 2 +
2 2 + 6 + = 0
Touches the graph/one intersection pt :
(2)2 4(1)( + 6) = 0
simplify & solve
= 2 , = 3.

(iv) Axis of Symmetry:

=
Example:

The diagram shows the graph of the

curve = ( + )2 + , where
, and are constants. The curve
1

has a maximum point (2, 3) and

cuts the -axis at the point (0,1).
Find (a) the value of , of and of ,
(b) the axis of symmetry.
(2, 3)

From the graph:

(i) Max value= 3
(ii) = 2
(iii) Max point= (2, 3)
(iv) Axis of symmetry:
=2

From the equation:

(i) Max value=
(ii) =
(iii) Max point= (, )
(iv) Axis of symmetry:
=

(a) = 2, = 3.
1 = (0 2)2 + 3
1
=

(b) = 2

SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION
NOTES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Start with the linear equations. Make x or y as the subject; whichever is simpler.
Substitute into the non linear equation to eliminate either x or y.
Write the quadratic equation in the general form.
Solve the quadratic equation either by factorization or formula.
Get the 1st set of values.
Next, obtain the 2nd set of values.

EXAMPLES:
1. Solve the following simultaneous equations:
x 3y + 4 = 0,
x2 + xy 40 = 0
[5 marks]

2.

Solve the simultaneous equation

2x y

x
2

5.
y
x

3. Given that
[5 marks]

P 1 4x
Q x 2y

1
7
y
Find the values of x and y such that
[5 marks]
P 3Q R .
R x

Solve Equations

Indices

Simplify Expressions

Notes:
1. (+) =

Note:
To simplify, the base /index must be the same.
Examples:
(a)Simplify (i) ( ) .
(ii)

2.

()
)

4.

() =

5.

( ) =

6.

0 = 1

7.

1 =

8.
9.

(a)

(b) =

(c) =

= log

log = log

3.

Note:
Use law of indices to simplify equation to either one of the three forms below.

= (24 )(a2 ) 2a3 (22 a)2

= (23 ) 33

= (24+14 )(a2+32 ) = 2a3

= 63

Examples:
Solve the following equations:

(a) (i) =

(b)Show that + + + + is divisible by 37 for all

positive integer values of n.
+ + + +
= 3(3 ) + 9(3 ) + 13(3 )

(b)

(23 ) 33 = 6

32 3 = 5

2 4 = 3

=1

3 = 1

(3 )
= 37
3

(ii) =

log10 = log10 ( )
2 log10 = log10 log10

3 = log 3 5

=3

(c)

1.4313 = 0.6990

1 log10 5
(
)
3 log10 3

0,6990

= 1.4313

= 0.4883

= 0.4884

Simplify Expressions

INDICES &
LOGARITHM
Logarithm
Notes:
1. log () = log + log
2. log (
) = log log

3. log ( ) = log
4. log =

log
log

5. log = 1
6. log 1 = 0
7. log 8 2 =

log2 2
3log2 2

8. log =
9.

log
log

log10 2
log10 8

1
log

Note:
To simplify, the base must be the same.
+
Examples:
(ii)

(a) Simplify the following:

(i)
123

= log 2 ( 27 )
= log 2 64
= log 2 26
= 6

=
=

27.8
)
125
6
log( )
5
3
6
log( )
2
5
6
log ( )
5

log (

3 3
32 .22
3 )
52
6
log( )
5

log(

log8 2
log8 4

log8 2+log8
log8 4

=
=

1
+
3
2
3

1+3
2

=
=
=

log8 32
log8
5
(3)

5
3

=
=

log8 2
log8
1
(3)

(log 8 (12)+ log 8 )

1
( +
3

1+3 2
3

Note:
Use law of logarithm and algebra to simplify equation to
either one of the two forms below.
(a) =
(b) =
=

Examples:

(b) Given that = , find each of the following in

terms of
(i)
(ii) (iii) ()
=

Solve Equations

Solve the following equations:

(a) ( ) = (b) = +
(

2
1

2 2 = 0
( 2)( + 1) = 0
1,

=2

log 5 2 (

log5 5
)
log5

=1

(log 5 )2 2 = log 5
(log 5 )2 log 5 2 = 0
(log 5 2)(log 5 + 1) = 0
= ,

= 52 = 25, = 51 = 15

Gradient of a straight line

Midpoint or point that divides a line

segment according to a given ratio

Distance between two points

Distance of two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
= ( ) + ( )

1. Midpoint of two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)

=

+ +
( , )

2. Point (, ) divides the line segment joining

points (1 , 1 ) and (2 , 2 ) with a ratio of m: n.

(1 , 1 )
=

COORDINATE
GEOMETRY

+
+

1. Area of the triangle

(1 , 1 )

- will be negative when orientation of points is clockwise.

- will be positive when orientation of points is anticlockwise

Equation of a straight line

Point of intersection of 1. in gradient form : y =mx + c where
m = gradient, c = y-intercept.
two lines

Solve the equations of the 2. in intercept form: + =

where
a = x-intercept, b = y-intercept
3. in general form : ax + by + c = 0

(4 , 4 )

1. Line y =m1x + c1 is parallel

to line y = m2x + c2

} m1 =m2

} m1.m2= 1

(3 , 3 )

(3 , 3 )

2. Area of the quadrilateral

(1 , 1 )

= | |
(2 , 2 )

= | ( + + + ) ( + + + )|

Equation of locus
Example: A(2, 4), B(5, 7) and P are three points such that
PA : PB = 1 : 2. Find the equation of the locus of P.

Parallel and perpendicular lines

2. Line y =m1x + c1 is
perpendicular
to line y = m2x + c2

} gradient = m

(2 , 2 )
= | |

= |( + + ) ( + + )|

+
=
+

two lines simultaneously

2. Give the equation of the

straight line y =mx + c

Area of polygons

(2 , 2 )

(, )

1. Given two points on the line

}
=
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2).

Steps:
1. Let P(x,y)

2. Use the info. to

2PA = PB
(

3x2

3y2

form an equation
+ ( +

= (

6x + 46y + 6 = 0

+ (

3. Simplify
5

a) Mean ( x )

Ungrouped
Data

b) Mode

c) Median

d) Range

e) Interquartile range

f) Varians ( 2 ) and
Standard deviation ( )

Value with highest

frequency

Value that lies in the middle when data are

arranged in either ascending or descending order.

Largest - smallest
value
value

Upper quartile lower quartile

= Q3 Q1

1
N

1
fi

N
fx
f

( eg:

Median =

Grouped
Data

fx
,
f

x class mark

a) Modal class
= The class having the
highest frequency
a) Median =
b) Mode
(from histogram)

Mode

5 6
2

= 5.5.

Q3 = ( 4 N) th value
1
Q1 = ( 4 N)th value

)

Largest - smallest
class
class
mark
mark

12 N F
C .
L
fm

where
L lower boundary of the class which
median lies,
N total frequency,
F cumulative frequency before the class in
which the median lies,
C size of class interval,
fm frequency of the class which median lies.
b) Median (from ogive)

STATISTICS

where

1. Given a set of data 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

Median = 6.
2. Given a set of data 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8.

Interquartile range
= Upper quartile lower quartile
= Q3 Q1
To find Q1 and Q3:
1. from ogive:

x x
2

f x x
2

2
i

xi

xi

f i xi

3N
4

N
4

Q 1 Q3

2. using the formula for finding median

to find Q1 and Q3.
n th value =

nF
C .
L
fm

where
L lower boundary of the class which
the value lies,
F cumulative frequency before the
class in which the value lies,
C size of class interval,
fm frequency of the class which the
value lies.

N
2

Median

The effects on mean, mode, median, range, interquartile range, std deviation and variance when every value in a set of data are changed
1. When k is added to every value of the data.
a)
v=u+k,
where
v is the new value of a measure of central tendency,
u is the original value of a measure of central tendency.
b)

2.

When every value of the data is multiplied by c.

a)

v = cu ,

the measures of dispersion remain unchanged.

b)

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

where v is the new value of a measure of central tendency,

u is the original value of a measure of central tendency.

new range = c x original range.

new interquartile range = c x original interquartile range.
new standard deviation = c x original standard deviation.
new variance = c2 x original variance.

CIRCULAR MEASURE
Prior Knowledge:

1.
Angles:

Diagram below shows two sectors MPNO and MQNR centred at O and R
respectively.
M

Notes:

rad

Arc Length :
=

1. =

2. =

3. =

Area of Sector:

rad = 180

4. = +

Area of a Triangle:

=
A

45

Given ON = 12 cm and MR = 7 cm, calculate

(a) the perimeter, in cm, of the shaded region,

[4 marks]

(b) the area, in cm2, of the sector MQNR.

[3 marks]

2.
O

The above diagram shows two sectors, and . It is given that

= 2 1 and = . If the perimeter of the
sector is equal to the perimeter of , find the value of

1. Substitute ( x x, y y)
into the equation.

y as the subject

2. Make

and in terms of x.
y
3. Find x

2.

(a) lim( 2 1)
3

(32

=
=8
1

= lim (

1. y ax n

= 2

Differentiate
(First Principle)

v du
u dv
dx
dx

3. y
dy
dx

u
v

4. y au

a bx d n 1
n 1b

Steps:
1. V in terms of x.
dV
0
2.
dx
x = a
2
3. check d V
dx2
4. Vmin/max = V when x=a

2. Rate of change

d
1. Rate dt
2. Translate the
given information
and question
3. use the chain rule
dy
dy
dx dx
dt
dt

ydx
3. Definite Integrals :

Integrate
functions

CALCULUS

d
dx

Integration

dy
dx

(ii)

Solving problems
involving integration

dy
dx

dx

a)

Solving problems involving

differentiation & integration

3. Small Changes &

Approximation

1.

1. Small changes -
2. Translate the given
information and question

ynew = y initial +

differentiate

y f (x)

integrate

(equation of a graph)

y dx y

(iii)

dx

y dx y dx y dx
2. Volume
a)

y = f(x)

y = f(x)

a b

L f ( x) dx
a

dy
dx
(gradient function)

b)

V f ( x) dx
2

y
x = f(y)

b
a

2. Equation of tangent /normal at (a, b): y = mx + c

dy
where m tangent =
when x=a and mtangent x mnormal = 1
dx
3. Turning Point (Min/max point): refer to

dy
x
dx

4. Approximation:

' ( x ) dx f ( a ) f (b)

1. Area

1. Problems on cartesian plane

(i)

a b

3. use

nau n 1 du
dx

1. Min/Max value

Differentiation

Differentiate
functions

ax n 1
n 1

2. y a bx d

Find Limits

Solving problems
involving differentiation

Eg: VMin/Max

2nd order
differentiation

v du u dv
dx dx
v2

dy
dx

20
)
10
=2

ax dx

=(

2. y uv
dy
dx

= lim( + 1)

nax n 1

2
1

(1)(+1)

2 1
)
3

= lim (

21

(b) lim ( 1 )

dy
4. Find dx

dy
dx

lim (

1)

1. y ax n

1.

b)

y
x = f(y)

L f ( y ) dy

2. Motion along a straight Line

V f ( y) dy
2

Important terms:

1. Displacement

1. a) after 4 seconds
when =
b) within the first 4 seconds = to =
c) within the 4th second
= to =
2. Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
3. Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration

}
}

Min/Max
(refer )

+,,0
(refer ##)

2. Velocity

d
dt

s
v dt s
##

dt

ds
dt

3. Acceleration

a dt v
<0

d
dt
d 2s
dt 2

dv
dt

dt
=0

>0

Displacement
from O. (s)
Velocity (v)

- ...on the left hand side of O.

- ...is at O...
- ...passes through O...

- ...on the right hand side of O.

- ...moving to the left.

- ...moving to the right.

Acceleration (a)

-...velocity decreases
-...deccelerates

- ...stationary
- ...reverse its direction
-...stops instantaneously
- ...constant velocity...
-...uniform velocity...

-...velocity increases
-...accelerates

1. Sine Rule:

SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES

= =

2. Cosine Rule:
= +

3. Area of a Triangle:

and RS = 12.1 cm.

(a) Calculate

S
81o
R

Two triangles can be constructed from the given information.

This will only occur when the information is as follows:

(i)
Sides a and b and Angle A are given,
and (ii) a < b.

Diagram below shows a cyclic quadrilateral PQRS.

It is given that PQ = 7.4 cm, QR = 10.9 cm

Ambiguous Case of a Triangle:

PQS.

[6 marks]

(b) (i) Calculate the area, in cm2, of PQS,

(ii) If SP is extended to form the new PQS
with the length of PQ , length of SQ and
PSQ remain unchanged, find the difference
in the area, in cm2, of the new PQS
and the original one.
[4 marks]

Diagram below shows a pyramid with triangular base ABC

on a horizontal plane.
It is given that AB = 6 cm, BC = 4 cm , AD = 5 cm,
= 80o and = 90o. ABD is a vertical plane.
Calculate (a) ABD .
[2 marks]
(b) the length, in cm, of BD and CD.
[4 marks]
(c) the area, in cm2, of ACD .
[4 marks]

Example 1: In the Diagram below, the angles of the sectors of the pie chart shows
the proportional expenditure of 4 items C, D, E and F for the year 2000.

INDEX
NUMBER

Example 2: Table below shows the price indices of a few household items for a
family in the year 2000 and 2004 based on the year 1998. It includes the price
Indices for the same household items in the year 2004 based on the year 2000
and the weightage of the expenditure, for the year 2000.

Table below shows the prices and the price indices for the items.
Items

Price in 2000 (RM)

Price in 2004 (RM)

Pride Index in 2004

based on 2000

1.20

1.35

3.40

125

C
D
E

6.00

2.50

120

2.65

106

(a) Find the value of

(i) x,
(ii) y,
(iii) z.
(b) Calculate the composite index for the items in the year 2004
based on the year 2000.
(c) The total monthly expenditure of the 4 items in the year 2004 is
RM 1250. Calculate the corresponding monthly expenditure in
the year 2000.
(d) If the average total expenditure of the 4 items increases by 5%
from the year 2004 to the year 2005. Find the composite index
for the year based on the year 2000.
(a) Both ways can be used:
1.35
=
100 (the formula)
1.20

Notes:

(a)
(b)

1. Price Index/Index Number:

(a) 1,0 =

1
0

100

(b) percentage :
Base year - 100
2. Composite Index:
(a) I

(c)

(d)

Items
Food
Rental
Transport
Others
2000(1998 = 100)
106
109
105
r
2004(1998 = 100)
124
126
q
111
2004 (2000= 100)
p
115
114
125
Weightage
10
15
3
7
Find the values of p, q and r.
Calculate the composite index in the year 2004 based on
the year 2000.
If the average monthly expenditure for food in 1998 is RM850,
calculate the average monthly expenditure for food in the year
2004.
If the average household expenditure in the year 2004 is RM2450, calculate
the average household expenditure 2000.
(a) As a problem on percentages:

Iw
w

1998
100

Food

(b) Price Index of all items:

100

Transport

= 100
1,0

100

Others

(c) percentage:
Base year - 100
Use

100

124
106

105

or

1.35
1.20

1250

1998
100
2000
100
y

2004
from (b)
1250

100
from (b)

Use

105
( from
100

2000

2004

100

from (b)

(b))

111

100
125

Food

2000
106
100

2004
124
p
x

2000
100
y

2004
from (b)
2450

850
Use

850

124
100

(d) As a problem on percentages:

(d) As a problem on percentages:

Composite
Index

114
,
100

(c) As a problem on percentages:

(c) As a problem on percentages:

Use

2004
124
p
q
114
111
125

(b) Use the formula 2(a).

100

(b) Use the formula 2(a).

Composite
Index

2000
106
100
105
100
r
100

1998

2005
increases by 5% from
the year 2004

Composite
Index
Use

2450

100
from (b)

10

Arithmetic
progressions
(AP)

Geometric
progressions (GP)

PROGRESSIONS

- has common ratio (r)

- has common difference (d)

Tn+1 Tn = Tn Tn 1
eg:
T3 T 2 = T2 T1

Sum of the first n terms (Sn)

The nth term (Tn)

T n = S n Sn 1

Tn = a + ( n 1)d

eg:
T1 = S1 = a,
T2 = S2 S1,
T3 = S3 S2

eg:
a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d
T1, T2 , T3 , T4

The nth term (Tn)

Tn = ar n-1

Sum to the infinity

( )

, , , , , ,

= [a+l]

where l = Tn

eg:

3
2

2
1

eg:
a, ar, ar2, ar3
T1, T2, T3, T4

Example 1:

Sn = [2a + ( n 1)d]

|| < 1

= 8

Sum of the first n terms (Sn)

=
=

( )

( )

|| > 1

, || < 1

Solving Story Problems involving Progressions

Steps:

Example 2:

1. Form a number sequence related to the problem.

2. Recognise whether the sequence is an AP or a GP.
3. Proceed accordingly.

Example:
Omar saved RM100 in a certain month and for each succeeding month, he saved RM20 more than the previous month. Find
(a) the amount of money that he will save in the month after 2 years saving,
(b) the number of months for his savings to reached his target of RM15400.

=1.969696
= +
.
.
}
+ .
+ . +

Amount saved each month: (The number sequence)

= 100, = 20

(a) After 2 years = after 24 months

The amount of money
= 25
= 100 + (25 1)(20)
= RM580

.
.

= 0.01

= . =

100, 120, 140, 160,

AP !!!

a=0.96, =

.
Total savings = 15400

(b)

= + =

= 15400

(2(100) +
2

( 1)(20)) = 15400
simplify & solve
= 35

Al-Fatihah untuk Allahyarham Rahmansyah (Pelajar yang menyediakan nota ini)

11

NOTES:

The graph:

The equation (in linear form) of the graph:

= +

(1 , 1 )

The intercept =
The subject
= variable of the vertical
axis

The subject in the equation

Use the two points to find
the gradient of the graph

The coefficient of the gradient

= Variable of the horizontal axis

The intercept =

(2 , 2 )

The gradient of the graph =

The coefficient of the gradient

x

LINEAR LAW

FOR PAPER 1 ONLY !!!!

Short Questions (Paper 1)

Example 1:
The diagram shows part of the straight line graph

of against 2 . Given = 3 + , find

the value of p and of q.

y
x

(4,7)

(2,1)

(Note what should be the subject)

= 3 +

= 2 +
Gradient = p,

Intercept = q

From the graph:

The equation in linear form:

(Note what should be the subject)

Gradient = t ,

Intercept = log 2

From the graph:

= 3 ,

Gradient

73
=
4(0)

Substitute (2, 1) into the equation:

** (Note: When 2 = 2,
= 1)

Intercept = 3

1 = (3)(2) +
q = 5

Conclusion:

= 1 ,

Intercept = 5
Conclusion:

p = 3, q = 5

Long Question (Paper 2)

The table below shows the values of two variables and , obtained from an experiment.
Variables and are related by the equation = 2 5, where and are constants.
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.9

3.60
4.79
6.01
5.62
4.88
3.69

(a) Plot a graph of

against , using a scale of 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the - axis and

2 cm to 2 units on the

- axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit.

(b) Use your graph in (a) to find the value of

(i) when = 0.4,
(ii) ,

2 =
= log 2 + log 2

71
4(2)

The equation in linear form:

Gradient =

Example 2:
The diagram shows part of the straight line graph
Of against log 2 . Given 2 = , find the
value of s and of t.

(4,7)

You may substitute the points into the equation in linear form ( = + ).
(refer **)
Example: = +

Steps:

(b)(ii)
From The equation in linear form.

1. Draw the graph.

The graph
(on a graph paper and using the given scale)
(a)
0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9

18 15.97 12.02 8.03 6.1 4.1

(0.2,
18)

22

14

(0.7, 8)

t = 1,

log 2 = 3
=8

0.4
2. Answer the questions:
(b) (i) Read from the graph

When = 0.4, = 14

= 5.6

(iii) .

The subject is . ?
=

= () 5
1

Gradient = , Intercept = 5

From the graph:

Gradient =

188
0.20.7

= 20 ,

(Intercept MUST BE READ from your graph)

Intercept = 22
Conclusion:
1

= 20,

= 0.05

5 = 22
= 4.4

12

Parallel Vectors:

Equal Vectors:
1. Two vectors are equal when their magnitude and directions
are the same.

1.
2.

2. If + = + and , are non parallel vectors

then = and = .

++ +

+
+
=

is not parallel to
, then

Examples:
1. Unit vector in the direction of positive x-axis is ,
Unit vector in the direction of positive y-axis is .
2. If = + then || = 2 + 2 .
So the unit vector in the direction of = =

= (1),
= ( 3 ), find
.
Given
1
1

= ( 2 )
Answer:
2

Examples:
1. Given that = 2 5 and = 4 ( 6) .
where h is a constant. Find the value of h if and are
parallel vectors.

3
6
2. Given that
= (11),
= (1
) and
= (4
).
(a) State the coordinates of Q.
(b) Find
and
,
(c) Show that the points P, Q and R are collinear.

= +

=( )

3.

Magnitude of vector = ||
Magnitude of a vector = length of the directed line segment that represent the
1 unit
vector.

Examples:
1 unit

1.

|| = 3 units, || = 1 unit, | + | = 2 units , | | = 4 units

|| = 4 units, || = 5 units, | + | = 9 units , | + | = 5 units.
= (1),
= ( 3 ), find |
| .
2. Given
1
1

Given (4 + 3) = 2(4 3) , where and are non

parallel vectors. Find the value of a and of b.

4. In a triangle , is a point on such that = 3.

is a point on such that = 4 . is a point on
= 5 and
= 4,
such that = . Given that
find the value of if S, E and B are collinear.

+
2 +2

Magnitude of Vectors:

If (, ) then

VECTORS
Vectors on
Cartesian
Plane:

2.

and

Polygon Law:

Examples:
1.

= and =
If

- Unit vector is a vector which has a magnitude of 1 unit.

=
.

, , are collinear then

=
or
=

=

Parallelogram Law:

iff

3. If

Resultant Vector:
Triangle Law:

Unit Vector:

| = 8
Answer: |

5. In the diagram, OAB is a triangle with

= and
= .

and the
The point D is such that
=
=
. The lines OE
point E is such that

and BD intersect at F.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

in terms of and .
Express
Given that
= 12
, express
in terms of , and .
3
=
, express
in terms of , and .
Given that
4
Hence, evaluate and .

13

Values of trigonometric ratios of special angles:

30o

60o

6
1
2

sin
cos

3
2

tan

3
=
3 3

2 30O

45o

3
3
2
1
2

2
=
2 2
1
2
=
2 2

90o

180o

270o

-1

-1

undefined

undefined

45O
1

(1, 0)

Example:
= | |
y
2

0
1

3
2

3
2

0
2

3
2

3
2

3
2

3
2

0
y

0
1

3
2

= +

3
2

3
2

= +

2
0

3
2

3
2

3
2

Prove that

cos
1+sin

3
2

1+sin
cos

cos
1+sin
+
1+sin
cos
2
cos +(1+sin )2
=
cos (1+sin )
cos2 +1+2sin +sin2
=
cos (1+sin )
2+2sin
=
cos (1+sin )
2(1+sin )
=
cos (1+sin )

= 2 sec
= RHS

Example:

LHS=

2
y

Prove Identities:

3
y

. = +
5 (tan2 + 1) = 7tan + 11
5 tan2 + 7tan 6 = 0
(5 tan 3)(tan + 2) = 0
= .
=
= tan1(0.6)
= tan1(2)
= 30.96o
= 63.43o
is in Q1 & Q3
is in Q2 & Q4


= 30.96o , 210.96o
= 116.57o , 296.57o
= 30.96o , 116.57o , 210.96o , 296.57o

2
1

1
0

= +

Examples:
. = . ,
2
2
(5 sin cos ) = 1.25
5
5
2 sin cos = 0.5
= .
= sin1 (0.5)
= 30o
2 is in Q1 & Q2

2 = 30o , 150o , 390o , 510o
= 15o , 75o , 195o , 255o

1
0

More equations:

1. =
2. =
=
=

3. =

y
y

For other forms of equation, use algebraic computation rule or identities or formulae to get
equation in the form of basic equation. Then solve the equation as shown above.

Graphs of trigonometric functions:

Notes:

( + ) = . ,
= cos 1 0.5
= 60o
(2 + 70)o is in Q1 & Q4
( + )
(2 + 70)o = 300o , 420o , 660o , 780o
= 115o , 175o , 295o , 355o

Note:

1. ( ) =
2. ( ) =

3. ( ) =

Read from the function

1. Basic Shape?
2. No. of cycles in 0 2 ?
x
3. Amplitude?
4. Shift ? Reflection?

Examples:
.
. = . ,
1. = . ,
1 0.5
1

=
cos
= cos 0.5
= 60o
= 60o
2 is in Q1 & Q4
is in Q1 & Q4


2 = 60o , 300o , 420o , 660o
= 60o , 300o
= 30o , 150o , 210o , 330o

1. + =
2. = +
3. = +

sin =
cos =

tan =

(0, 1)

Basic equations:

TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

Identities & Formulae:

(0, 1)

(, )

(1, 0)

Solving Equations:

360o
2

3
2

60
1

0o
0

= 2 sec .

Steps:
1. Start with a more
complex expression.
2. Simplify using rules of
algebraic computation
or identities or
formulae.

Given a trigo. ratio, find the values of other

trigo. ratios:
Example:

Given tan = and 90o o 270o. Find

(a) sin
(b) sec
(c) cos 2
(a) sin = + sin

2 + 2
o
(b) cos = cos

=
2 + 2
Basic Triangle
2 + 2
sec =

(c) cos 2 = cos2 sin2

2 + 2

= (
=

2+2
2 2

) (

2 +2

2 +2

14

Permutations

1.

2. (a)
(c)

!
()!

1 =

(b)

0 = 1

PERMUTATIONS &
COMBINATIONS

= !

Notes:
- Use when arrangement matters.
- No of arrangements of 5 students in 5 chairs =
- No of arrangements of 5 students in 3 chairs =
=
- No of arrangements of 3 students in 5 chairs =
=

Combinations

1.
2. (a)

(c)

5!
5 4 3
5
3
5 4 3
5
3

Examples:
1. Find the number of ways the letters from the word B E N T U K can be
arranged if
(a) the letters are arranged in a row,
(b) the letters are arranged in two rows, that is, three letters per row and
all the vocals must be in the first row.
[3 marks]

= !()!

1 =

(b)

0 = = 1

Notes:
- Use when arrangement does not matter.
- No of ways of selecting 5 students from 7 students =

Examples:
1. A committee of 5 members is to be formed from 6 men and 4 women.
Find the number of different committees that can be formed if
(a) there is no restriction,
(b) the number of men is more than women.
[4 marks]

2. A rescue team of 6 is to be chosen from 7 firemen and 5 medical

personnel. Find the number of ways of forming the rescue team if
(a) the number of firemen and medical personnel are the same,
(b) there must be at least 2 medical personnel.
[3 marks]

2. Find the number of different arrangements of all the 10 letters from

the word L O G A R I T H M S if
(a) the three vowels must be side by side,
(b) the consonants G and H must be separated.
[4 marks]

3. people shake hands at the start of a meeting. If there are 36 handshakes

in all, find the value of .

15

PROBABILITY

Examples:
1. Bag X contains k red balls and 2 green balls. Bag Y
contains 4 red balls and 8 green balls. One ball is
randomly chosen from each bag. The probability of
5
getting one red ball and one green ball is 9. Find the
value of k.
[3 marks]

3. A bag contains 8 cards where 3 of the cards are

yellow. Three cards are drawn at random from the
bag, one after the other without replacement.
Calculate the probability that at least two yellow cards
are drawn.
[3 marks]

2. Bag A contains 1 green pen, 2 red pens and 3 blue

pens. Bag B contains 2 black erasers and 3 white
erasers. Bag C contains 6 gift cards labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
and 6. An item is picked randomly from each bag.
Find the probability of getting a blue pen, a black
eraser and a gift card with a number less than 3.
[3 marks]

4. Yazid and Dol are competing in a tennis match. The

match will end when any player wins 3 sets. The
3
probability that Yazid wins a set is 7 . Calculate the
probability that Yazid will win after playing 4 sets.
[3 marks]

Notes:
1.

Sample Space (S) = a set of all possible outcomes of an

experiment.

2.

An Event = a subset of a sample space which satisfies certain

condition.

3.

The probability that an event A will occur = () =

4.

The probability that an event A will not occur

()
()

= () = 1 ().
5.

The probability that event A or B occurs

= ( ) = ( ) + ( ) ( )

6.

Mutually Exclusive Events:

(i)

Events A and B are mutually exclusive if both events cannot occur

at the same time, which means =
(ii) The probability that event A or B occurs
= ( ) = () + ()
(iii) Events A and B are mutually exclusive and exhaustive if
= and =
7.

Independent Events and Dependent Events:

(i) Two events are independent events if the outcome of the first
event does not influence the outcome of the second event.
(ii) If A and B are independent events then
( ) = ( ) ( ).
8.

Tree Diagram:

Can be used to find a probability when independent events are

involved,
Must be used to find a probability when dependent events are
involved.

16

Binomial
Distribution
~(, )
Notes:
1. ( = ) =
where
P = probability
X = discrete random variable
r = number of success
n = number of trials
p = probability of success in 1 trial
q = probability of failure in 1 trial
=1p
2. (a) Mean of X ( Expected Value of X):
=
(b) Variance of X :
2 =
(c) Standard Deviation of X =
2.

p = 0.12, n = 25
Mean = 25 (0.12)

Normal Distribution

PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS

Notes:
~(, 2 )
X = continuous random variable

Examples:

Standard Normal Distribution

~(0,1)

1. The discrete random variable has a binomial probability

distribution with = 4, where is the number of trials. The
Diagram below shows the probability distribution of .

( = )

1
4
1
16

(a)

Find
(a) the value of ,
(b) ( 3)

x
X

(a)

1
1
+
16
4

1
4

++ +

1
16

=1

~(5, 0.22 )
X = masses of sweets

= 38
1
4

(b) ( 3) = +

1
16

5
16

(i) ( > 5.3)

= ( >

5.3

5.35
)
0.2

= ( > 1.5)
= (use table/calculator)

2. It is found that 12% of imported oranges are rotten. If a sample of 25

imported oranges are chosen at random, find the mean and standard
deviation of the number of rotten oranges.

0 1.5

Std Dev = 25(0.12)(0.88)

3. Farah made 5 attempts in an archery practice. The probability that

Farah strikes the target in an attempt is 0.7. It is given that X is a
3. (a) X = no. of times Farah strikes the target
discrete random variable that represents the number of times Farah
strikes the target.
= {0,1,2,3,4,5}
(a) List all the elements of X.
(b) Calculate the probability that Farah strikes the target
(b) p = 0.7, n = 5
(i) 3 times,
(ii) at least 2 times.
(i) ( = 3) = 53 (0.7)3 (0.3)2
4. It is found that the masses of sweets produced by a factory are
(ii) ( 2) = ( = 2) + ( = 3) + ( = 4)
normally distributed with a mean of 5 g and a standard deviation
+ ( = 5)
of 0.2 g.
Or
(i) Find the probability that the sweets have masses
( 2) = 1 [( = 0) + ( = 1)]
exceeding 53 g ,
(ii) If 1587 % of the sweets have masses less than c g, find c.

=
= 0.1587

(ii)

( < ) = 0.1587

( <

5
)
0.2

= 0.1587

= 0.1587

(use table)
Note from the diagram:
5
0.2
5
0.2

5
0
0.2

is negative
= 1

= 4.8

17

** Write the information in a table:

Types of tables
Square
Round
No of tables

Price per table (RM)

200
300
Area per table (m2)
1
2

Example:
The owner of a newly open restaurant wants to buy two types of tables, square and
round tables. The price of a square table is RM200.00 and the price of a round table
is RM300.00. The area of a square table and a round table are 1 m 2 and 2 m2
respectively. The owner of the restaurant buys square tables and round tables.
The purchase of the tables is based on the following constraints:

Steps:

I : The total area of the tables is not less than 30 m2.

II : The amount of money allocated is RM10 000.00.
III : The number of the square tables is at least 2 times the number of the round tables.

Constraints

(a) Write three inequalities, other than 0 and 0, which satisfy all of the above constraints.
[3 marks]
(b) Using a scale of 2 cm to 5 units on both axes, construct and shade the region R that satisfies all the above constraints. [3 marks]
(c) By using your graph, answer the following questions:
(i) Find the maximum number of square tables if 10 round tables are bought.
(ii) If a square table can accommodate 4 customers and a round table can accommodate 7 customers, find the maximum
number of customers that the restaurant can accommodate at a time.
[4 marks]

The maximum value of when = 10.

(for points in the shaded region)

Inequalities

(b)

35
30

The objective function

(to find no of
customers)

(c) (i) 35
(ii) = 4 + 7
(29,14)
= 4(29) + 7(14)
= 214

(a) I: + 2 30
II: 2 + 3 100
III: 2

The point on the

furthest parallel line
will give a maximum
value

2 + 3 = 100
***A graph of the objective function.
( = 140 is used)

25

= 2

20

## A graph of the objective

function.
The parallel line(to the
graph(ii)) that is furthest to the
origin and passes through a
point(, ) in the shaded region
( and must be integers
because
they represent number of
tables)
.

= 4 + 7
15

(29, 14)

10

5
+ 2 = 30
O

I
5

I
10

I
15

I
20

I
25

I
30

I
35

I
40

LINEAR
PROGRAMMING

I
45

I
50

1. Translate the given constraints into inequalities.

Write the information in a table. (refer **)
Use the information to translate the constraints into
inequalities. (Guides - in the table below)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Constraint
is more than
is less than
is not more than
is not less than
The total of is at least twice of
The total of is at most twice of
The minimum value of is
The maximum value of is
by at least
The ratio of to is at most :

Inequality
>
<

+
+

2. On a Cartesian plane, draw related graphs and

shade the region of feasible solutions.
(region that satisfies all inequalities) .
-

Use graph paper and the given scale please !!!!

3. Answer the given questions.

- Must use points in the shaded region.
- Find the optimal value(min/max value) using graphical method:
(i) Determine the objective function. ( = + )
(Function which is used to find min/max value.)
(ii) Use a suitable value for to draw a graph of the objective
function.(refer ***)
(iii) Min Value - Draw a parallel line(to the graph(ii)) that is
nearest to the origin and passes through a point in the
shaded region.
Max Value - Draw a parallel line(to the graph(ii)) that is
furthest to the origin and passes through a point in the
shaded region.(refer ##)
(iv) Write the coordinates of the point(iii) (, ). The
coordinates will give the optimal value when substituted
into the objective function.
( and must be integers if they represent number of
something.)

18

MORE NOTES AND EXAMPLES