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Chapter Objectives
1.
Sub-Atomic particles
2.
Atomic models
3.
4.
5.
Bohrs model
6.
Hydrogen spectrum
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Quantum numbers
12.
Electronic configurations
... 1
Concept Notes
Sub-Atomic Particles
Experiments of Cathode Rays (Discovery of Electron)
When electron discharges from a high potential source and passed through a discharge tube evacuated to
a pressure of 0.01 mm or less, rays are emitted from the cathode. These are commonly known as cathode
ray. Cathode rays comprise of negatively-charged particles called electrons.
G a s at
low pressure
C athode
rays
C athode
To va cu um
pum p
A node
+
H ig h voltage
+
... 2
e/m for electrons (cathode rays) is a fundamental property, i.e. it does not depend upon:
(1)
Metal used as cathode.
(2)
Gases used in discharge tube.
Thomson determined e/m value as 1.76 108 coulombs/g
By knowing charge over an electron and e/m ratio, we can get the value of mass.
e
1.6 1019 coulombs / electron
=
e/m
1.76 108 coulombs / g
Mass of electron m =
1
times the mass of a hydrogen atom.
1837
Mass of electron moving with a velocity v is given by
m=
mo
1
v2
c2
It is clear that with increase in velocity, mass of electron would increase but the velocity cannot equal or
exceed the velocity of light.
P erfo rated
cathode
Zn S
C oatin g
H 2 ga s in side
at low p ressu re
For anode rays, e/m is not fundamental property as different gases used have different mass on C-12
scale.Highest e/m is for hydrogen gas.
Mass of proton is found to be 1.672 x 1024 g or 1.0075 amu (1 amu= 1.66 x 1024 g)
Chemistry / Atomic Structure
... 3
Some of the well known fundamental particles present in an atom are-protons, electrons and neutrons.
Many others were discovered later viz positron, neutrinos etc.
S u b at o m i c
p ar t i c l es
Sy m b o l
U n i t c h ar g e
U n i t m as s
C h ar g e i n
Co u lo m b
Mas s in am u
p1
+1
+1.60 1019
1.007825
n1
1.008665
e0
Negligible
1.602 1019
5.489104
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Do You Know?
Chadwick in 1932 discovered the neutron by bombarding elements like beryllium with
fast moving -particles. He observed that some new particles were emitted which
carried no charge and had mass equal to that of proton.
Atomic Models
J.J. Thomsons Model of an Atom
An atom consisted of a uniform sphere of positive charge in which the electrons were embedded, so as to
make the atom electrically neutral. This is known as plum-pudding model.
P ositive
sphere
E lectron
... 4
Disadvantages
1.
2.
Almost free passage of cathode rays through an atom was not consistent with Thomsons model for
that the atom should have a lot of empty space.
The phenomenon of - rays scattering could not be explained by this model.
Rutherfords Experiment
The experiment involved scattering of massive -particles by very thin foils of metals such as gold, silver
etc., of thickness 0.0004 mm. The position of the particles after passing through the foil was ascertained
by the flash produced on a ZnS screen.
C ircular Z nS
screen
M ost of = particles
strike here
R adium
=-rays
Th in gold plate
B lock of lea d
S lit
Observations
a.
Most of the -particles passed through the metal foil without any deflection in their path.
b.
Some -particles were deflected through small angles.
c.
Very few -particles (1 in 20,000) were deflected by an angle greater than 90 or even were deflected
back completely.
Conclusions
a.
Most of the space in the atom is empty.
b.
The nucleus is surrounded by negatively-charged electrons, which revolve around the nucleus.
c.
An atom consists of an extremely small dense positively-charged nucleus which is present at the
centre of the atom. Size of nucleus is 105 to 106 times less than the size of atom.
This model is called Rutherfords model
Chemistry / Atomic Structure
... 5
A
ZY
where,
Y is the symbol of element
A is the mass number
Z is the atomic number
Illustrative Example
Example 1:
Sodium is represented as
23
11 Na .
Where, 1 amu =
1
6.023 1023
23
6.023 1023
= 23 amu
Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic waves are waves consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. The basic source
of electromagnetic waves is an accelerated charge, this produces changing electric magnetic field which
constitute the wave. Both the components have same wavelength and frequency and travel in planes
perpendicular to each other and also perpendicular to the direction of propagation of electromagnetic wave.
y
... 6
Characteristics of a wave
(i)
Wavelength: It is represented by . Units are m, cm or .
1 = 108 cm = 1010 m
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
1
.
Electromagnetic spectrum
The arrangement of various electromagnetic radiations in order of their increasing (or decreasing)
wavelengths (or frequencies) is known as electromagnetic spectrum.
Electromagnetic
radiation
1. Cosmic rays
Wavelength ( A )
2. Gamma( ) rays
0.0-0.1
3. X-rays
0.1-150
4. Ultraviolet (UV)
150-3800
5. Visible radiations
3800-7600
6. Infrared (IR)
7. Microwaves
8. Radiowaves
7600 6 106
3 106 3 109
3 107 3 1014
Up to 0.01
Origin
Originate from outer space and penetrate the
earths atmosphere to reach its surface.
Produced from nuclei of radioactive substances
during disintegration of nuclei.
Produced by placing a metal plate in the path
of fast moving cathode rays.
Present in suns rays. Lab sources include Hor Xe lamps etc.
Produced from stars, arc lamps and any other
source whose light is visible.
Heat waves. Produced by incandescent bodies.
Produced by special generators.
Generate from alternating electric current of
high frequencies.
c.
nhc
... 7
Illustrative Example
Example 1:
Solution:
It has been found that gaseous iodine molecules dissociate into separate atoms after
absorption of light at wavelengths less than 4,995 . If each quantum is absorbed by one
molecule of I2, what is the minimum energy in k cal/mole, needed to dissociate I2 by this
photochemical process?
E(per mole) = NA.h
E = NA
4995 10 10 m
kcal I
b239.6 kJ / moleg FGH 4.1184
J = 57.3 k cal/mole
kJK
Photoelectric Effect
Sir J.J. Thomson observed that electrons are emitted instantaneously from a clean metal plate in vacuum
when a beam of light falls on it. This is called the photoelectric effect. Usually such an effect is produced
by a radiation in the UV region and also in some cases in the visible region. Photoelectric effect is an
illustration of the particle nature of light. Photoelectric emissions are associated with the following facts.
(a)
Electrons are emitted instantaneously from a clean metal plate when irradiated with a radiation of
frequency equal to or greater than some minimum frequency, called the threshold frequency.
The energy corresponding to this frequency is known as the work function.
(b)
Kinetic energy of the emitted electrons depends upon the frequency of the incident radiation and
not on its intensity. The kinetic energy increases linearly with the increase in the frequency of
radiation.
(c)
The number of electrons emitted is proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation.
Suppose, the threshold frequency of light required to eject electrons from a metal is 0 and hence
the minimum energy required is h 0 . If the frequency of light is higher than 0 (Let ), then the
excess energy will be converted to the kinetic energy of the electron.
h = h 0 + K.E
h = h 0 +
1
mv 2
2
1
mv 2 = h h 0
2
... 8
M ax
KE
M ax
KE
fre quency ( )
Illustrative Example
Example 1:
Solution:
Energy of photon = h =
6.626 10 34 J s 3 10 8 m s 1
hc
=
= 4.969 10-19 J
400 10 9 m
Types of Spectrum
Spectra is classified into two types depending upon the source of radiation.
(a)
Emission spectra
(b)
Absorption spectra
(a)
Emission spectra
Emission spectrum is obtained when the radiations from a source (electric discharge through a gas
at low pressure) are passed directly through a prism and received on a photographic plate.
There are two types of emission spectra:
(i) Continuous spectra
... 9
W h ite light
B eam
P rism
P hotographic plate
When white light is passed through a prism, it splits into seven different colours from violet to red.
The colour band is continuous and merge into other colour bands before and after it. Thus, we get a
continuous spectrum.
(ii) Line spectra:
P rism
(b)
P hotographic plate
When an electric discharge is passed through a gas at low pressure, light is emitted. If this light is
passed through a prism and on to a photographic plate, it is observed that lines separated from each
other are obtained on the photographic plate. Thus, we get a line spectra.
Absorption spectra
When white light from the sun or from a bulb is passed through the vapours or solution of a chemical
substance, i.e. sodium vapours and then passed through a prism and on to a photographic film,
some dark lines are observed in the continuous spectrum. The appearance of dark lines in the
continuous spectrum is due to the absorption of certain wavelength by the sodium vapours.
... 10
Hydrogen Spectrum
On supplying energy to the hydrogen atom, the electron in its ground state gets excited to higher energy
levels. It then tends to return to its ground state by emitting the energy absorbed in the form of radiations
which produce lines which collectively form the hydrogen spectrum.
Spectral lines of hydrogen
Energy of an electron in Bohrs orbit =
E = h =
22 Z2e4 mk 2
n2h2
hc
E = Ef Ei
Ef = Energy in final orbit
Ei = Energy in initial orbit
1
2Z2 e4mk 2
=
ch3
1
1
2 2
nf ni
For hydrogen Z = 1
1
2e4mk 2 e4
=
ch3
1
1
2 2
nf ni
2e4me4k 2
= RH
ch3
RH is Rydbergs constant
RH = 1,09,678 cm1 = 1.09 107m1
1
= RH
1
1
2 2
nf ni
1
= = Wave number
Spectral series
Value of n1
Value of n2
Spectral region
n2 = (n1+ 1), (n1+ 2) + ...
LYMAN
2, 3, 4, 5 ...
UV
BALMER
3, 4, 5, 6 ...
VISIBLE
PASCHEN
4, 5, 6, 7 ...
IR
BRACKETT
5, 6, 7, 8 ...
IR
PFUND
6, 7, 8, 9 ...
IR
... 11
Maximum number of lines produced when the electron jumps from the nth level to the ground state
=
n(n 1)
2
h
.
2
i.e. mur =
nh
where n=1,2,3.........
2
Do You Know?
iv.
Energy is emitted or absorbed when an electron jumps from one orbit to another.
E = E2 E1
Bohrs theory is used for
a.
Calculation of the radius of the orbit in which the electron revolves.
b.
Velocity of electron in the orbit.
c.
Energy of the electron
... 12
m u2
nucle us
+
r
ele ctron
r
Fa =
kZe 2
r2
mu2
(acting outwards)
r
In order to maintain the motion of the electron in the orbit
Fa = Fc
Centrifugal force Fc =
mu2 kZe2
=
r
r2
kZe2
mr
According to Bohrs postulates
u2 =
mur =
u=
nh
2
nh
2mr
u2 =
n2h2
42m2r 2
n2h2
42m2r 2
r=
kZe2
mr
n2h2
42mkZe2
For hydrogen Z = 1
For n = 1, Z = 1
r = 0.529
Chemistry / Atomic Structure
... 13
Radius of an electron in the nth orbit of an atom with atomic number Z can be calculated as
rn = 0.529
n2
mu2 kZe2
=
r
r2
... (i)
nh
2
Dividing (i) and (ii)
mur =
... (ii)
u=
kZ2e2
nh
u=
2e 2
u is in cm/s, for H atom
nh
Z = 1, k in cgs unit, u =
2 e 2
nh
un = 2.18 108
Z
cm / s
n
kZe2
r
KE =
1
kZe2
mu2 =
(from (i))
2
2r
TE =
1
kZe2
mu2
2
r
TE =
kZe2 kZe2
2r
r
... 14
kZe2
2r
Putting value of r in the above expression
TE =
TE =
22 Z2 e4mk 2
n2h2
The expression for energy is given by
E = 2.18 1011
= 2.18 1018
Z2
n2
Z2
n2
erg/atom
J/ atom
Z2
= 13.6 2 eV/atom
n
1 eV is defined as the amount of energy gained by an electron when it accelerates through a field of 1 V.
Illustrative Example
Example 1:
Solution:
Calculate the wavelength in Angstrom of the photon that is emitted when an electron in
Bohr orbit n = 2 returns to the orbit n = 1 in the hydrogen atom. The ionization potential of
hydrogen atom in ground state is 2.17 10-11 erg per atom.
The ionization potential of the ground state of hydrogen atom is 2.171011 erg.
E1 = 2.17 1011 erg.
E
2.17 10 11
erg
Since En = 1 ; E 2 =
n2
22
= 0.5425 1011 erg
E2 E1 = 0.5425 1011 erg (2.17 1011) erg
.
E = 16275
10 11 erg
hc
E = h =
10 11 erg =
16275
.
=
... 15
Reduced mass
According to Bohr, in an atom electron is revolving in a circular orbit around the stationary nucleus. But
mass of electron
1
nucleus will be stationary only if, the mass of the nucleus is infinite and we know mass of proton = 1836
so for lighter elements we cant assume nucleus as stationary. Actually the nucleus oscillates slightly
about the center of gravity (nucleus and electron) so in Rydberg constant R
R=
e4m
802h3C
mass of electron (m) is replaced by reduced mass
mM
m+M
where
m = mass of electron
M = mass of nucleus.
=
The frequencies of the spectral line of the hydrogen spectrum, as calculated using Bohrs theory
are in close agreement with their experimental values.
The value of Rydbergs constant as calculated from Bohrs theory is in full agreement with the
value obtained from spectroscopic studies.
The radii and energy of permissible orbits are consistent with their experimental values.
The absorption and emission spectra of H and H-like atoms is quite well explained.
4.
5.
The theory explains the spectrum of only hydrogen and hydrogen-like species.
The splitting of spectral lines in magnetic field is called Zeeman effect, and the splitting of lines in
electric field is called Stark effect. These phenomenon could not be explained by Bohr.
It provides no proof for postulate which states quantization of angular momentum
nh
mur =
2
It is not in accordance with dual nature of electron, as according to Bohr, electron behaves as a
particle and has no wave nature associated with it.
It was unable to account for Heisenbergs uncertainty principle.
... 16
The above equation is called de Broglie equation and the wavelength is called de Broglies wavelength.
Let a photon of mass m moves with a velocity c around the nucleus and be associated with a wave of
wavelength . From Plancks equation, we have
E = hv
and Einsteins equation gives
E = mc2
Combining both equations, we have
mc2 = hv
mc2 = hc/
or
mc = h/
or
or
= h/mc
= h/mass Velocity
= h/p
Illustrative Examples
Example 1:
3 1010 m
Momentum = 2.2 1024 kgms1
mv =
Solution:
h
4
x . m v
( a constant)
h
4
h
4m
x Uncertainty in position
v Uncertainty in velocity
x . v
... 17
Explanation: Let us try to measure both the position and momentum of an electron. To find the position of
the electron we have to use light so that photon of light strikes the electron. As a result of lighting the
position as well as the velocity of electron are disturbed but the accuracy with which the position of a
particle can be measured depends upon wavelength of light used. The uncertainity in measurement of
position using wavelength is . Therefore shorter the wavelength the greater is the accuracy. But shorter
wavelength means higher frequency and hence higher energy. When the high energy photon strikes the
electron it changes its speed as well as direction. But this is not true for macroscopic moving particles. So
Heisenbergs uncertainity principle has no significance in everyday life.
Illustrative Example
Example 1:
Calculate the uncertainty in position of an electron if the uncertainty in its velocity is 5.7 x
105 ms1.
(h = 6.6 1034 Kg m2s1 and m = 9.1 1031 kg)
Solution:
x p =
x =
=
h
4
h
4 . v . m
6.6 1034 kgm2 s1
4 3.14 57 105 ms1 9.1 1031 kg
= 1 1010 m
Concept of Orbital
Following Heisenbergs uncertainty principle, we replace the concept of orbit (introduced by Bohr) by the
concept of orbital. Orbital refers to three-dimensional space around the nucleus within which the probability
of finding an electron of given energy is maximum.
2
y2
2
z2
82m (
E V) = 0
h2
Where (psi) is the amplitude of the electron wave at a point with coordinates x, y and z. E is the total
energy and V is the potential energy of the electron.
is also called wave function. 2 gives the probability of finding the electron at (x, y, z). The acceptable
solutions of the above equation for the energy E are called eigen values and the corresponding wave
function are called eigen functions. These functions have to be single valued, continuous and finite.
... 18
2
82m
2
2
2 + 2 + 2 + 2 (E V ) = 0
x
h
y
z
2 +
8 2 m (
E V ) = 0
h2
Where, 2 =
82m (
E V )
h2
h2
2 2 + V = E
8 m
= E
H
2 =
2
= h 2 + V is called Hamiltonian operator.
Where, H
82m
In this operator, first term represents kinetic energy operator (T ) and second term represents potential
(T + V ) = E
Plot of radial wave function R
The plot of radial wave function as a function of distance r from the nucleus gives the information about how
the radial wave function changes with distance r and about the presence of nodes where the change of sign
of R occurs.
The square of radial wave function R2 for an orbital gives the probability density of finding the electron at a
point along a particular radial line. Since the atoms have spherical symmetry, it is more useful to discuss
the probability of finding the electron in a spherical shell between the spheres of radius (r + dr) and r. The
volume of the shell is equal to 4r2 dr.
This probability which is independent of direction is called radial probability and is equal to 4r 2 drR2 .
Radial probability function (= 4r2 R2) gives the probability of finding the elecron at a distance r from the
nucleus regardless of direction.
The plots of radial wave function R, radial probability density R2 and radial probability function 4r2 R2 for 1s,
2s and 2p atomic orbitals as a function of distance r from the nucleus are shown in the figure.
... 19
1s
2s
2p
R
N ode
1s
2s
2p
N ode
r
1s
4 r R
2p
4 r R
4 r R
2s
... 20
The distance of maximum probability for a 2p electron is slightly less than that for 2s electron. However, in
contrast to 2p curve, there is a small additional maxima in the 2s curve. This indicates that the electron in
2s orbital spends some of its time near the nucleus. In other words, the 2s electron penetrates a little
closer to the nucleus and is therefore held more tightly than the 2p electron. So electron in 2s orbital is
more stable and has lower energy than an electron in 2p orbital.
Plots of angular wave function
The plots of the angular wave function , and angular probability |, |2 for s and pz orbitals are shown
below (fig a, b)
pz
(a)
pz
(b)
For an s-orbital, the angular part is independent of angle and is therefore of constant value. Hence the
graph is circular or to be precise spherical. For the pz orbital, we get two tangent spheres The px and py are
identical in shape but are oriented along x and y axes respectively.
In the angular wave function plots, the distance from the centre is proportional to the numerical values of ,
in that direction and is not the distance from the centre of nucleus.
The angular probability density plots can be obtained by squaring the angular function plots. For s-orbital,
the squaring causes no change in shape. For both p and d orbitals, however, on squaring the plot tends to
become more elongated (fig b).
For a hydrogen atom, wave function of principal quantum number, n, there is a total of (n 1) nodes that
occur at finite values of the radial distance, r. The number of angular nodes is just equal to the angular
momentum quantum number, l.
Thus, we have
angular nodes = l,
radial nodes = n l 1.
total nodes = n 1,
We should note that the total number of nodes in an atomic wave function is sometimes stated to be n
rather than n 1. In this case, the node that always occur at r = is being included in the count.
... 21
Shapes of Orbitals
s-orbital:- s-orbitals do not have directional character. They are spherically symmetrical.
The s-orbital of higher energy levels are also spherically symmetrical. They are more diffused and have
spherical shells within them where probability of finding the electron is zero.
In the s-orbital, number of nodes is (n 1)
N ode
z
2s orbital
p-orbital:- p orbital has a dumb-bell shape and it has a directional character.
The two lobes of a p-orbital are separated by a plane that contains the nucleus and is perpendicular to the
corresponding axis. Such plane is called a nodal plane because there is no probability of finding the
electron.
y
y
y
z
z
+
px
pz
py
In the absence of an external electric or magnetic field, the three p-orbitals of a particular energy level have
same energy and are degenerate. In the presence of an external magnetic field or electric field this degeneracy
is removed.
... 22
d-orbitals:- For d-orbitals five orientations are possible viz., dxy, dyz, dxz, dx2 y2 , d z 2 . All these five
orbitals in the absence of magnetic field are equivalent in energy and are degenerate.
The shapes of the orbitals are as follows:
d xy
d yz
d xz
These three d orbitals are similar. The maximum probability of finding the electron is in lobes which are
directed in between the axes. Nodal region is along the axes.
These two d-orbitals are similar. Probability of finding the electron is maximum along the axes and the
nodal region is in between the axes.
Quantum Numbers
These are used to determine the region of probability of finding a particular electron in an atom.
(a)
... 23
(b)
Subshell
Do You Know?
The value of orbital angular momentum of the electron for a given value of l is
l (l + 1
h
.
2
h
h
2(2 + 1) (For d-orbital value of l= 2) =
6
2
2
(d)
1
1
or corresponding
2
2
Do You Know?
h
2
(2) The spin magnetic moment of electron (excluding orbital magnetic momentum) is given
s(s + 1)
... 24
The maximum number of electrons in a main shell is equal to 2n2, where n is the principal quantum
number.
(ii)
The maximum number of electrons in a sub-shell like s, p, d, f is equal to 2(2l + 1), where l is the
azimuthal quantum number for the respective orbitals. Thus s, p, d, f can have a maximum of
2, 6, 10 and 14 electrons respectively.
(a)
Aufbau Principle
According to this principle, Electrons are added progressively to the various orbitals in the order of
increasing energy.
Do You Know?
What does the word Aufbau mean?
Aufbau is a German term which means building up or construction.
The energy of various orbitals increase in the order given below:
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s < 5f < 6d < 7p < 8s ...
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
3d
4s
4p
5s
4d
5p
4f
6s
5d
6p
7s
... 25
(i) A new electron enters the orbitals for which (n + l) is minimum, e.g. if we consider 3d and 4s
orbitals, the electron will first enter 4s-orbitals in preference to 3d.
This is because the value of (n + l) for 4s-orbitals is less (4 + 0 = 4) than that for 3d-orbital
(3 + 2 = 5)
(ii) In case where ( n + l ) values are the same, the new electron enters the orbital for which n is
minimum, e.g. in a choice between 3d and 4p for which (n + l) values are same
(3 + 2 = 5, 4 + 1 = 5), the electron will prefer to go to the 3d-orbital, since n is lower for this
orbital.
(b)
Example:
(a) n = 2,
n = 2,
(b) n = 2,
n = 2,
n = 2,
n = 2,
n = 2,
n = 2,
(c)
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
= 0,
= 0,
= 1,
= 1,
= 1,
= 1,
= 1,
= 1,
m = 0, s = +1/2
m = 0, s = 1/2
m = 0, s = +1/2
m = 0, s = 1/2
m = +1, s = +1/2
m = +1, s = 1/2
m = 1, s = +1/2
m = 1, s = 1/2
Ask Yourself ?
... 26
Take-Off
1.
Account for the following. Limits your answer to two sentences. Atomic weights of most of the
elements are fractional.
(1979)
2.
Nitrogen atom has atomic number 7 and oxygen has atomic number 8, then the total number of
electrons in azide ion is
(a) 20
(b) 21
(c) 22
(d) 19
3.
The increasing order (lowest first) for the value of e/m (charge/mass) for electron (e), proton(p),
(1984)
neutron (n) and alpha particle ( ) is:
(b) n, p, e,
(c) n, p, , e
(d) n, , p, e
(a) e, p, n,
4.
(1983)
(d) neutron
5.
With what velocity should an -particle travel towards the nucleus of a copper atom so as to arrive
(1997)
at a distance 1013 meter from the nucleus of the copper atom?
6.
*7.
Calculate the accelerating potential that must be imparted to a proton beam to give it an effective
wavelength of 0.005 nm.
*8.
A photon of 300 nm is absorbed by a gas and thus re-emits two photons. One re-emitted photon has
wavelength 496 nm. Calculate the energy of other photon re-emitted out.
*9.
What accelerating potential is needed to produce an electron beam with an effective wavelength
of 0.09 A ?
(a) 100 kV
(b) 18.6 kV
(c) 1 kV
(d) 12.2 kV
10.
The minimum energy required to overcome the attractive forces between electron and the surface of
Ag metal is 7.52 1019 J. What will be the maximum kinetic energy of electron ejected out from Ag
which is being exposed to UV light of = 360 A?
11.
The photo electric emission requires a threshold frequency v0. For a certain metal 1 = 2200 and
2 = 1900 produce electrons with a maximum kinetic energy KE1 and KE2. If KE2 = 2KE1,
... 27
12.
An electron beam can undergo diffraction by crystals. Through what potential should a beam of
electrons be accelerated so that its wavelength becomes equal to 1.54 A .
(1997)
13.
A photon of wavelength 4000 strikes a metal surface, the work function of metal being 2.13eV.
Calculate, the energy of Photon in eV, (ii) the kinetic energy of emitted photoelectron, and (iii) the
velocity of photoelectron.
14.
Following data were collected for the photoelectric emission of an electron from an element X,
0.9
0.5
0.2
Calculate the wave function of an element X and also the value of Plancks constant.
15.
Iodine molecule dissociates into atoms after absorbing light to 4500 A . If one quantum of radiation
is absorbed by each molecule, calculate the kinetic energy of iodine atoms.
(1995)
(Bond energy of I2 = 240 kJ mol1)
16.
In hydrogen atom, electrons are excited to 4th energy level. The number of lines that may
appear in the spectrum will be
(a) 4
(b) 6
(c) 10
(d) 12
17.
The velocity of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of a hydrogen atom is 6.32 104 m/s. Its velocity in
the second orbit would be
(b) 1.5 104
(c) 3.16 104
(d) 3.16 108
(a) 2.16 104
18.
19.
Estimate the difference in energy between 1st and 2nd Bohrs orbit for a hydrogen atom. At what
minimum atomic number, a transition from n = 2 to n = 1 energy level would result in the emission
21.7 1012
of X-rays with = 3.0 10 8 m ? Which hydrogen atom-like species does this atomic number correspond to?
(1993)
20.
Calculate the wavelength in Angstroms of the photon that is emitted when an electron in the Bohrs
orbit, n = 2 returns to the orbit, n = 1 in the hydrogen atom. The ionisation potential of the ground
(1982)
state hydrogen atom is 2.17 1011 erg per atom.
... 28
21.
An electron in a hydrogen atom absorbs 1.5 times as much energy as the minimum required for its
escape (i.e., 13.6 eV) from the atom. Calculate the wavelength of the emitted electron.
22.
23.
24.
Calculate the wave number of the shortest wavelength transition in Balmer series of atomic hydrogen.
25.
Electromagnetic radiations of wavelength 242 nm is just sufficient to ionize sodium atom. Calculate
the ionization energy of sodium in kJ/mol.
26.
The energy of the electron in the second and third Bohr orbits of the hydrogen atom is
5.42 1012 ergs and 2.41 1012 ergs respectively. Calculate the wavelength of the emitted
radiation, when the electron drops from third to second orbit.
27.
Calculate the frequency of the spectral line emitted when the electron in n = 3 in hydrogen atom
is de-excited to the ground state (Rydberg constant = 109, 737 cm-1).
28.
Find the number of waves made by a Bohr electron in one complete revolution in its third orbit.
29.
The ionization potential of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. The energy required to remove an electron from
n = 2 state of the hydrogen atom is
(a) 3.4 eV
(b) 6.8 eV
(c) 13.6 eV
(d) 27.2 eV
30.
If the wavelength of the first line of the Balmer series of hydrogen atom is 656.1 nm, the wavelength
of the second line of this series would be
(a) 218.7 nm
(b) 328.0 nm
(c) 486.0 nm
(d) 640.0 nm
31.
The ratio of kinetic energy and potential energy of an electron in a Bohr orbit of a hydrogen-like
species is
(a)
32.
(b)
1
2
(c) 1
(d) 1
The ratio of kinetic energy and total energy of an electron in a Bohr orbit of a hydrogen-like
species is
(a)
33.
1
2
1
2
(b)
(c) 1
(d) 1
The ratio of potential energy and total energy of an electron in a Bohr orbit of a hydrogen-like
species is
(a) 2
(b) 2
(c) 1
(d) 1
... 29
34.
What is the wavelength emitted during the transition of electron in between two levels of He+ ion
whose sum is 5 and difference is 3?
(a) 200 A
(b) 250 A
(c) 244 A
(d) 240 A
35.
Consider the hydrogen atom to be a proton embedded in a cavity of radius a0 (Bohrs radius) whose
charge is neutralized by the addition of an electron to the cavity in vacuum, infinitely slowly. Estimate the average total energy of an electron in its ground state in a hydrogen atom as the work done
in the above neutralisation process. Also, if the magnitude of the average kinetic energy is half the
magnitude of the average potential energy, find the average potential energy.
(1996)
*36.
1.8 g of hydrogen atoms are excited by the radiations. The study of spectra indicates that 27% of
the atoms are in third energy level and 15% of atoms in second energy level and rest in ground state.
Ionization energy of H atom is 13.6 eV. Calculate
(i) the number of atoms present in third and second energy levels,
(ii) the total energy evolved when all the atoms returned to ground state.
*37.
The ionization energy of H is 13.6 eV, it is exposed to electromagnetic waves of wavelength 1028
and gives out induced radiations. Find the wavelength of these induced radiations.
38.
The angular momentum of an electron in a Bohrs orbit of H-atom is 4.2178 1034 kg m2/s.
Calculate the spectral line emitted when electron falls from this level to next lower level.
39.
Which electronic level allows the hydrogen atom to absorb a photon but not emit photon?
(a) 3s
(b) 1s
(c) 2p
(d) 3d
*40.
The temperature at which the de Broglie wavelength of helium atom is 0.62 A will be
(Atomic mass of helium = 4.04)
(a) 710.5 K
(b) 750.4 K
(c) 410.75 K
(d) 570.4 K
41.
A dust particle has mass equal to 1011 g, diameter of 104 cm and velocity 104 cm s1. The error
in measurement of velocity is 0.1 1 . Calculate the uncertainty in its position. Comment
on the result.
42.
What is the maximum precision with which the momentum of an electron may be known if the
position is determined within 0.0001.
43.
2s
3/2
1
=
1/ 2 a
o
4 (2 )
1
ro r / a
2
e
ao
Where ao is Bohrs radius. Let the radial node in 2s be at ro. Then find ro in terms of ao.
(b) A base ball having mass 100 g moves with velocity 100 m/sec. Find out the value of
wavelength of base ball.
Chemistry / Atomic Structure
... 30
44.
45.
46.
47.
(I) n = 4, l = 3, m = - 1, s = +
1
2
(III) n = 3, l = 0, m = + 1, s = +
(a) only I
48.
(II) n = 2, l = 3, m = + 1, s = -
1
2
1
2
(d) only IV
Correct set of four quantum numbers for the valence (outermost) electron of rubidium (Z = 37) is :
(1984)
(a) 5, 0, 0, +
1
2
(b) 5, 1, 0, +
1
2
(c) 5, 1, 1, +
1
2
(d) 6, 0, 0, +
49.
50.
51.
1
2
(IV) n = 2, l = 2, m = + 1, s = +
(1983)
(a) 4 : 1: 8
(b) 6 : 1: 4
(c) 2 : 1: 8
(d) 8 : 1: 8
1
2
A 3d orbital has
(a) zero radial and two angular nodes
(b) two radial and two angular nodes.
(c) three radial and three angular nodes
(d) two radial and zero angular nodes
... 31
52.
53.
(b)
(c)
(d)
Give reason why the ground state outermost electronic configuration of silicon is :
3s
3p
3s
(1985)
3p
and no t
54.
55.
What is the maximum number of electrons that may be present in all the atomic orbitals with
principal quantum number 3 and the azimuthal quantum number 2?
(1985)
56.
A compound of vanadium has a magnetic moment of 1.73 BM. Work out the electronic
configuration of the vanadium ion in the compound.
(1997)
57.
Write electonic configuration of the following: C(z = 6), Ar(z = 18), Br(z = 35), Cs (z = 55)
58.
Write electronic configuration of Mn2+ ion and calculate (i) number of unpaired electrons, (ii) magnetic
moment and find whether the ion is paramagnetic or diamagnetic.
(a) Statement I is True, StatementII is True;
Statement II is a correct explanation for Statement I
(b) Statement I is True, Statement II is True;
StatementII is not a correct explanation for Statement I
(c) StatementI is True, StatementII is False
(d) Statement I is False, StatementII is True.
59.
60.
Statement 1:- On increasing the intensity of radiation, the number of photoelectrons ejected and
their KE increases.
Statement 2:- Greater intensity means, greater energy which in turn means greater frequency of
radiation
61.
... 32
62.
63.
Statement 1:- In Rutherfords gold foil experiment, very few -particles are deflected back.
Statement 2:- Nucleus present inside the atom is heavy.
64.
65.
Column II
P. Line spectrum invisible region
Q. Orientation of e in an orbital
R. = h = m
S. Electronic configuration
66.
Column I
(i) Thomson
(ii) Pauli
(iii) Bohr
(iv) Chadwick
Column II
P. Exclusion principle
Q. Atomic model
R. Cathode rays
S. Neutron
67.
Column I
(i) Cathode rays
(ii) Alpha particles
(iii) X-rays
(iv) P-orbitals
Column II
P. Helium nuclei
Q. Dumbell
R. electrons
S. Electro magnetic radiation
68.
Enx , x = ?
(C) Angular momentum in lowest orbital
1
y
(D) n z , y = ?
r
Chemistry / Atomic Structure
(2006)
Column II
(P) 0
(Q) 1
(R) 2
(S) 1
... 33
Passage
Based upon the information given below, answer the questions that follow:
According to Bohrs theory for single electron species. The radius of orbit of an e rn = 0.52 9
n2
,
Z
6 z
the velocity of e in an orbit, n = 2.18 10 m / s and, the Energy of e in an orbit
n
En = 13.6
Z2
eV / atom .
n2
Where n is the orbit in which e revolves and Z is the atomic number of species
69.
70.
The ratio of velocities of electron in third orbit of H-atom to that of electron in second orbit of Li2+ ion
is:
(a)
71.
(d) 0.529
1
2
(b)
3
2
(c)
2
9
(d)
1
3
The energy required to remove an electron from 1st excited state of H-atom is:
(a) + 13.6 eV
(b) + 3.4 eV
(c) + 1,9 eV
(d) zero
... 34
Answer Key
Atomic Structure
2. c
4
5. 6.3410 ms
8. 2.63 1019 J
3. d
4. a
6. b
9. b
7. 32.85 V
10. 47.68 1019 J
12. 63.57 V
15. 2.161020 J
16. b
17. c
18. 3.67105 cm
20. 1220 A
21. 4.7 10 10 m
22. 2.38 10 10 m.
31. b
32. d
33. a
34. c
35.
e2
e2
,
4o ao 6o ao
106
39. b
42. 5.28 10
40. c
22
Kg ms
44. a
45. b
46. a
49. d
52. d
56. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s0
61. b
47. b
50. a
54. b, c
59. b
62. b
48. a
51. a
55. 10
60. d
63. b
64. c
68. A R, B Q, C P, D S
69. b
70. c
71. b
... 35