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Laboratory manual
Winter 2013-14
Semester IV (B.Tech. / Electronics and Communication Engineering)
VIT UNIVERSITY
VELLORE-632014
Laboratory manual
Name:________________________
Register No:___________________
VIT
UNIVERSITY
(Estd. u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Staff In - Charge
Internal Examiner
External Examiner
Expt.No
2
AC characteristics of Operational amplifier A741TC
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
11
Note:
This lab manual contains ONLY the circuit, necessary design and procedure for each
experiment. It does NOT contain the theory behind the experiment. Students are
advised to become familiar with the necessary theory from textbook/class notes
before coming to the Lab.
Ex.No.:1
Date:
Rf
Gain = 1 +
R1
Rf
Vin
Vout = 1 +
R
1
Choose Rf =10 k and R1 = 1 k
Phase difference between input and output = 0 degree
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) Set the power supply to + 12V. Apply 100mV, 1 kHz sinusoidal signal from FG.
3) Adjust the CRO to view the input and the output sinusoids in the two channels.
4) Record the output amplitude and note the phase relationship between Vin and Vout
5) Verify the theoretical and practical gain. Plot the signals in graph sheet.
Inverting amplifier
Circuit and Design:
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) Set the power supply to + 12V. Apply 100mV, 1 kHz sinusoidal signal from FG.
3) Adjust the CRO to view the input and the output sinusoids in the two channels.
4) Record the output amplitude and note the phase relationship between Vin and Vout
5) Verify the theoretical and practical gain. Plot the signals in graph sheet.
Voltage follower:
Circuit and design:
Vout / Vi = 1
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) Set the power supply to + 12V. Apply 100mV, 1 kHz sinusoidal signal from FG.
3) Adjust the CRO to view the input and the output sinusoids in the two channels.
4) Record the output amplitude and note the phase relationship between Vin and Vout
5) Verify the theoretical and practical gain. Plot the signals in graph sheet.
Observations:
Inference/Result:
Ex.No.:2
Date:
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) Measure Vo using DC multimeter and hence calculate IB+
Input bias current (IB- )
Circuit and Design:
IB- =Vo / Rf where Rf =1M resistance as shown below.
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) Measure Vo using DC multimeter and hence calculate IBCalculation of input bias current(mean) and input offset current:
IB =
I B+ + I B
2
I io = I B+ I B
10
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) The effect of bias current is compensated by Rcomp. The output voltage is given by
Vo = [1 + (Rf / R1) ] Vios +Iio Rf
where Vios is the input offset voltage and Iio is input offset current.
Vo = [1 + (Rf / R1) ] Vios for negligible Iio
3) Hence Vios can be calculated using the Vo measured in the above circuit.
Inference/Result:
11
Ex.No.:3
Date:
Slew rate:
Circuit and Design:
12
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown above.
2) Adjust the FG to apply 1V peak, 1 kHz Square wave to the non-inverting input.
3) Observe both the input and output Vo using the 2 channels of CRO.
4) Increase the frequency slowly. You will observe that while the input is a square wave,
the output is NOT a square wave, but has a finite slope as shown below.
Slew Rate = V / t
Frequency response:
Circuit and Design:
13
volts/sec
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown above.
2) Apply 100mV peak, 100 Hz sinusoidal signal as Vi. Observe the output amplitude in
the CRO.
3) Keeping the input amplitude fixed (100mV peak), vary the frequency from 100Hz to 1
MHz and note down the output amplitude in each case.
4) Calculate the gain as shown in the table below and plot the frequency response on a
semi-log graph sheet.
Observation:
Vi = _______mV
Frequency
Output voltage Vo
Hz
Volts
dB
Inference/Result:
14
Ex.No.:4
Date:
15
1. Summing amplifier:
Vo = - [
If Rf=R1=1 k,
Vo= - (V1+V2)
2. Scaling amplifier:
Vo = 0.1 V1 + 0.5 V2
3. Averaging amplifier:
Vo = (V1 + V2) / 2
R1 = R2 = R,
(Rf / R) = (1/N)
N = number of inputs
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) Set the power supply to + 12V. Apply two DC voltages, V1 and V2.
3) Measure the output voltage Vo using a digital multimeter.
16
Vout =
Rf
(V2 V1 )
R
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) Set the power supply to + 12V. Apply two DC voltages for V1 and V2.
3) Measure the output voltage Vo using a digital multimeter. Verify the output with the
theoretical value calculated.
Observation:
Inference/Result:
17
Ex.No.:5
Date:
Differentiator:
Circuit and Design:
Let us design a differentiator which can differentiate signals with frequency up to 100 Hz
(ie 100 Hz is the highest frequency that this circuit can differentiate accurately)
Let fa = fmax=100 Hz
Let
Now choose
18
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown above.
2) Apply 1V peak, 100 Hz sine signal.
3) Observe the output using CRO. Observe the input and output simultaneously. Plot
your observation.
4) Apply 1V peak Square wave and repeat step3
Integrator:
Circuit and Design:
Let us design a integrator whose lower frequency limit of integration is 159 Hz (ie the
circuit integrates only frequencies above 159 Hz (fa).The circuit will integrate signals 10
times fa with 99% accuracy)
We know that fa = [1 / (2RfCf)]
So [1 / (2RfCf)] = 159 Hz
Let Cf =10 nF
So Rf =100K
19
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown above.
2) Apply 1V peak, 5 kHz sine signal.
3) Observe the output using CRO. Observe the input and output simultaneously. Plot
your observation.
4) Apply 1V peak, 5 kHz Square wave and repeat step3
Observations:
Inference/Result:
20
Ex.No.:6
Date:
Procedure:
1). Connect the circuit as shown below.
2) Apply two ac signals at the input terminals and observe the output waveform.
3) Calculate the practical gain of the amplifier.
21
Signal Conditioning:
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown above.
2) Vary the resistance of fourth arm and observe the output voltage.
5) Plot the graph between changes in resistance versus amplifier output voltage.
22
Observations:
(V)
23
Ex.No.:7
Date:
24
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown above.
2) Apply a small signal say 500mV, 1 kHz sine signal as Vi
3) Observe the output Vo and input Vi simultaneously in the two channels of CRO. Verify
if the negative cycle of the input signal is getting rectified as shown below.
4) Plot your observations in a graph sheet.
25
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown above.
2) Apply a small signal, say 500mV, 1kHz sine signal as Vi
3) Observe the output Vo and input Vi simultaneously in the two channels of CRO. Verify
if both positive and negative half cycles of the input signal are getting rectified as shown
below.
4) Plot your observations in a graph sheet.
26
Inference/Result:
27
Ex.No.:8
Date:
28
Model Graph:
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown and adjust the 10K potentiometer so that Vref = 1V
2) Adjust the FG so that Vi = 3V peak, 1 kHz sine wave
3) Using the CRO, observe the input and output waveforms simultaneously. Plot them in
a graph sheet.
4) If Vref is made 0 Volts in the above circuit, it functions as a Zero crossing
detector(The output switches between Vsat and Vsat every time the input sine wave
crosses zero)
Schmitt Trigger:
Circuit and Design:
29
Model graph:
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown above.
2) Apply 4V peak, 1 kHz sine wave as input from FG.
3) Using the CRO, observe the input and output waveforms simultaneously. Verify if you
are getting the output waveform as shown below. Plot them in a graph sheet.
Observation:
Inference/Result:
30
Ex.No.:9
Date:
31
For T=1ms,
R = 4.55k (use R = 4.7 k standard value)
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown above.
2) Observe the waveform at the output using CRO. Also observe the voltage across the
capacitor Vc in the other channel simultaneously. Verify if they are as shown in the
model graph below.
3) Calculate the frequency of the square wave .Plot the output square wave and voltage
across the capacitor in graph sheet.
Observation:
Inference/Result:
32
33
The frequency of oscillation fo is exactly the resonant frequency of the balanced Wien
bridge and is given by fo= 1/(2RC). Assuming that the resistors and capacitors are equal
in value in the reactive leg of the Wien bridge. At this frequency, the gain required for
sustained oscillations is given by
Av =1/B =3
that is , 1+(Rf/R1) =3
or Rf = 2R1
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) After giving the power supply to the chip, connect Vout, the output to the CRO
3) Now adjust the 50 k potentiometer such that Rf = 2R1, ie. 24 k. When it is exactly so,
you will find sustained oscillations at the output.
4) Measure the amplitude and frequency. Verify the frequency with the theoretical
frequency.
5) Plot the output in graph sheet.
Observation:
Inference/Result:
34
Ex.No.:10
Date:
35
Model Graph:
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) Apply 100 mV, 100 Hz sinusoidal signal as the input to the circuit.
3) Measure the output voltage. Vary the frequency from 100Hz to 30 kHz and measure the output
voltage for various frequencies of input signal.
4) Plot the frequency response graph and calculate the cutoff frequency.
36
Observations:
Vi = ______mV
Frequency Hz
Output Voltage
Vo (Volts)
37
Let us design the first order high pass filter for pass band gain AV = 2 and cutoff
frequency = 5 kHz
Passband gain AV = 1+ (Rf /Ri),
AV = 2
Hence Rf = Ri = 10 k
Cutoff frequency fC = 1/(2RC) = 5 kHz
Choose C = 0.01F, find R.
Model Graph:
Observations:
Vi = _______ mV
Frequency Hz
38
Output Voltage
Voltage gain dB
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) Apply 100mV, 100 Hz sinusoidal signal as the input to the circuit.
3) Measure the output voltage. Vary the frequency from 100Hz to 30 kHz and measure
the output voltage for various frequencies of input signal.
4) Plot the frequency response graph and calculate the cutoff frequency.
Let us design the second order High pass filter for passband gain Av=2 and cutoff
frequency = 5 kHz
Pass band gain Av=1 + (Rf/Ri)
Av = 2, Hence Rf = Ri = 10k
Cutoff frequency fc =
1
2 R1R 2C1C 2 = 5 kHz
Let R1=R2=R, C1=C2=C
So fc =1/(2RC)
Choose C=0.01F, Find R.
39
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) Apply 100mV, 100 Hz sinusoidal signal as the input to the circuit.
3) Measure the output voltage. Vary the frequency from 100Hz to 30 kHz and measure
the output voltage for various frequencies of input signal.
4) Plot the frequency response graph and calculate the cutoff frequency. Compare the
slope of first order and second order high pass filter graphs. Record your observations.
Observations:
Vi = _______ mV
Frequency Hz
Output Voltage
Voltage gain dB
Inference / Result:
40
Ex.No.:11
Date:
Let C = 0.1F
R2=3.6 k (Put 3.3 k and 330 in series)
Similarly, Ton = 0.69(R1+R2) C = 0.75 ms
Substituting R2 and C, we get R1= 7.2 k (Put 6.8 k and 470 in series)
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown above.
2) Use VCC = 5V.Use R1, R2 and C as calculated above.
3) Observe the output at pin no.3 using CRO. Measure the amplitude and frequency of
the square wave you got.
4) Observe the capacitor voltage at pin no.6 using CRO. You will be able to see the
capacitor charging and discharging as shown in the figure below.
5) Verify the theoretical time period with the practical time period. Plot the waveforms in
a graph sheet.
42
Observations:
Inference / Result:
43