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ELECTROMAGNETISM
( Keelektromagnetan )
General Objective
To understand the basic principles of
electromagnetism.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Arah uratdaya magnet
Tarikan
Tolakan
1.1
Arus masuk
Arus keluar
tarikan
tolakan
( b) opposite direction
Fm NI
H=
=
l
l
Flux density, B
Tesla
Example 1.1
A current of 500mA is passed through a
600 turn coil wound of a iron of mean
diameter 10cm. Calculate the magnetic
field strength.
Example 1.2
Fig. 1.1.
B
H
= a constant
B
= 0 = 4 x 10-7 H/m
H
For all media other than free pace,
B
= 0r
H
- absolute permeability
r - relative permeability
o - air permeability
where = or
Fm
1 l
Hl
H l
=
=
=
S =
BA
B A r A
unit for reluctance is H-1
Litar Magnet
1. Uratdaya ( Fluks )
2. Dgm
3. Engganan
Example 1.3
A magnetic pole face has rectangular section
having dimensions 200mm by 100mm. If the
total flux emerging from the the pole is 150Wb,
calculate the flux density.
Example 1.4
A flux density of 1.2 T is produced in a piece of
cast steel by a magnetizing force of 1250 A/m.
Find the relative permeability of the steel under
these conditions.
Example 1.5
Determine the reluctance of a piece of metal of
length 150mm, and cross sectional is 100mm2
when the relative permeability is 4000. Find also
the absolute permeability of the metal.
Exersice 1
The maximum working flux density of a lifting
electromagnet is 1.8 T and the effective area
of a pole face is circular in cross-section.
If the total magnetic flux produced is 353 mWb,
determine the radius of the pole.
Where ,
B
=
=
flux density, T
length of the conductor in
the magnetic field, m
conductor velocity, m/s
Example 1.6
A conductor 300mm long moves at a uniform
speed of 4m/s at right-angles to a uniform
magnetic field of flux density 1.25T. Determine
the current flowing in the conductor when
i. its ends are open-circuited
ii. its ends are connected to a load of 20
resistance.
Exersice 2
A conductor of length 0.5 m situated in and at
right angles to a uniform magnetic field of flux
density 1 wb/m2 moves with a velocity of 40
m/s. Calculate the e.m.f induced in the
conductor. What will be the e.m.f induced if the
conductor moves at an angle 60 to the field.
150 10 6
Flux density, B =
=
A
20000 10 6
= 7.5 mT
B = 0r H
1.2
B
r =
=
0 H (4 102 )(1250)
= 764
150 10 3
( 4 10 7 )( 4000 )(100 10 6 )
=
Absolute permeability,
H-1
= 0r
( 4 10 7 )( 4000 )
= 5.027 x 10-3 H/m
Unit 2
GENERATOR
OBJECTIVES
To apply the basic principle of DC
generator, construction
principle and types of DC generator.
2.0 Introduction
A generator is a machine that converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy
by using the principle of magnetic
induction.
Tenaga
Mekanikal
Tenaga
Elektrikal
Pengalir
Medan Magnet
Right-Hand Rule
Model DC Generator
1. Armature ( angker )
2. Stator ( penetap )
Alternator
Small Generator
Stator ( penetap )
(Gelung angker)
Armature ( Angker )
Bahagian Angker
( Gelung Angker )
Bahagian Stator
(Gelung Medan)
Types of DC Generator
Separately-excited generators
Self-excited generators
i. Shunt-wound generator
ii. Series-wound generator
iii. Compound-wound generator
a. Short compound generator
b. Long compound generator
Angker
DC Power
Supply
1. Series-wound generator
2. Shunt-wound generator
3. Compound-wound generator
Example 2.1
A shunt generator supplies a 20 kW
load at 200 V. If the field winding
resistance, Rf = 50 and the
armature resistance Ra = 40 m,
determine
(a) the terminal voltage
(b) the e.m.f. generated in the armature
2p Zn
c
Example 2.2.
Solution
Z = 600, c = 2 for a wave winding
P = 4 pairs, n = 625/60 rev/min, = 30 10-3 Wb
Dge, Eg =
2p Zn
c
625
2(4)(20 10 )(
)
60
2
-3
Example 2.3.
E = 240 V, Z = 50 x 16 = 800
c = 2p (for a lap winding), = 30 10-3 Wb
Ans : ( 10 rev/s )
output power
) 100 %
efficiency, = (
input power
Vo
=(
) 100%
Vo + VD
=
VL I L
(
) 100 %
2
VL I L + I a R a + I f V f + C
Example 2.4
A shunt generator supplies 96 A at a terminal voltage
of 200 volts. The armature and shunt field resistances
are 0.1 and 50 respectively. The iron and frictional
losses are 2500 W.
Find :
(i)
e.m.f generated.
(ii)
copper losses
(iii)
efficiency
Example 2.5
A 75 kW shunt generator is operated at 230
V. The stray losses are 1810 W and shunt
field circuit draws 5.35 A. The armature
circuit has a resistance of 0.035 and
brush drop is 2.2 V. Calculate :
1. total losses
2. input of prime mover
3. efficiency at rated load.
Unit 3
DC Motor
OBJECTIVES
General Objective
To apply the basic principles of DC motor
operation, types of DC motor and their
application
Specific Objectives
Explain the principle operation of DC
motor
List the types of DC motor
State the left-handed rule for motors
List the advantages and disadvantages of
the different types of DC motors.
State typical applications of DC motors
3.1 INTRODUCTION
DC Motor is a machine that converts
electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
Electrical
Load
Energy
Mechanical
Energy
Blok Diagram
Electrical DC Motor
Stator
armature
( rotor )
Commutator
Carbon Brush
shaft
Fan
Stator
Rotor
field coil
Armature
Armature coil
Commutator
shaft
Armature
Armature
3. 3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Flemings Left Hand Rule
conductor
( field )
field diretion
power supply
DC motor rotation
Series DC motor
Shunt DC motor
Compound DC motor
Question
1. What are three major types of DC
motor?
2. Draw the schematic diagram of series,
shunt and compound of DC motors.
2 N r p
Eb =
60
=
Nr =
P =
60 E b I a
Ta =
2 n
Example
A 350 V shunt motor runs at its normal speed of 12rev/s
when the armature current is 90 A. The resistance of
the armature is 0.3 .
Find the speed when the armature current is 45 A and
a resistance of 0.4 is connected in series with the
armature, the shunt field remaining constant.
Kecekapan
output power
efficiency, =
100%
input power
=(
VI I R a I f V C
2
a
VI
) 100 %
Example
A 320 V shunt motor takes a total current of 80 A
and runs at 1000 rev/min. If the iron, friction and
windage losses amount to 1.5 kW, the shunt
field resistance is 40 and the armature
resistance is 0.2 , determine the overall
efficiency of the motor.
Unit 4
AC ELECTRIC MACHINES
OBJECTIVES
To analyze the basic principles of operation
of an AC generator and the differences
between DC generator and AC generator
by using commutator and slip ring.
4.1 INTRODUCTION
An electric generator is a device used to
convert mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
The generator is based on the principle of
"electromagnetic induction" discovered by
Michael Faraday Laws.
AC Generator
COMMUTATOR
DC generator
Output voltage
(AC waveform)
(DC waveform)
120 f
N =
p
Star-connected
Delta-connected
Example 4.1
A 3-phase, 50 Hz star-connected
alternator has 180 conductors per phase
and flux per pole is 0.0543 wb.
Find:a) e.m.f. generated per phase
b) e.m.f. between line terminals.
Assume the winding to be full pitched
and distribution factor to be 0.96.
Exersice 1
Find the number of armature conductors
in series per phase required for the
armature of a 3-phase, 50Hz, 10-pole
alternator. The winding is star-connected
to give a line voltage of 11000. The flux
per pole is 0.16 wb. Assume Kp = 1 and
Kd = 0.96.
4.4 AC motor
Rotor
Rotor
2. Synchoronous Motors
3. Induction Motors
2. Resistance-Start.
Slip
The actual mechanical speed (nr) of the
rotor is often expressed as a fraction of
the synchronous speed (ns) as related by
slip (s), defined as
n
S=
n
n s
where ns
120 f
=
P
Percent slip, %s =
and
n s nr
ns
100%
fr = sf
fr = frequency rotor
Example 4.2
Determine the synchronous speed of the
six pole motor operating from a 220V,
50Hz source.
Example 4.3
The stator of a 3-phase, 4 pole induction motor is
connected to a 50 Hz supply. The rotor runs at 1455
rev/min at full load. Determine:
a) the synchronous speed
b) the slip
Example 4.4
The frequency of the supply to the stator of an 8-pole
induction motor is 50 Hz and the rotor frequency is 3 Hz.
Determine
i. the slip
ii. the rotor speed
Example 4.5
A 4-pole, 3 phase, 50 Hz induction motor runs at 1440
rev/min at full load. Calculate
a) the synchronous speed
b) the percent of slip
c) the frequency of the rotor.
Unit 5
TRANSFORMER
OBJECTIVES
To understand the basic principles of
a transformer, construction
principle, transformer ratio, current
and core, type of transformer and
uses.
Primary
winding
Secondary
winding
Core
Coil /
Winding
transformer construction
5.1 Introduction
A transformer circuit
A transformer circuit
Primary
winding
Secondary
winding
Primary
Secondary
High-voltage transformer
Sub-station transformer
Ep = 4.44 Np f m volts
Es = 4.44 Ns f m volts
If K < 1 i.e. Ns < Np : step-down
If K > 1 i.e. Ns > Np : step-up
If K = 1 i.e. Ns = Np : coupling
Vs
Transformer rating :
The rating of the input power of the transformer.
example : 25
kVA ( kV x Arus )
Example 5.1
A 2000/200V, 20kVA transformer has 66 turns in the
secondary. Calculate
(i) primary turns
(ii)
Example 5.2
A 250 kVA, 1100 V / 400 V, 50 Hz single-phase
transformer has 80 turns on a secondary. Calculate :
a) the values of the primary and secondary
currents.
b) the number of primary turns.
c) the maximum values of flux.
Example 5.3
An ideal 25 kVA transformer has 500 turns on the
primary winding and 40 turns on the secondary winding.
The primary is connected to 3000 V, 50 Hz supply.
Calculate
(i) primary and secondary currents
(ii) secondary e.m.f. and
(iii) the maximum core flux
Michael-Faraday
5.3 Auto-transformer
An auto-transformer is a transformer
having a part of its winding common to the
primary and secondary circuits
auto-transformer
- a saving in a cost
- less volume, hence less weight.
- higher efficiency
- a continuously variable output
- a smaller percentage voltage regulation.
Efficiency =
output power
input power
output power
output power + losses
I sVs p.f.
2
2
I sVs p.f. + Pc + I p R p + I s Rs
Example 5.4
The primary and secondary windings of a 500
kVA transformer have resistances of 0.42 and
0.0019 respectively. The primary and
secondary voltages are 11 000 V and 400 V
respectively and the core loss is 2.9 kW,
assuming the power factor of the load to be 0.8.
Calculate the efficiency on :
i. full load
ii. half load