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2. An electrically neutral dipole is placed in an external field. In which situation is the dipole in unstable
equilibrium?
3. A butterfly net is in a uniform electric field of magnitude E. The rim, a circle of radius a, is perpendicular to the
field. What is the magnitude of the electric flux through the net?
A. 2Ea2
B. Ea2
C.
1
Ea2
2
D. zero
Hint: Treat the rim and the net as a closed surface.
4. A flat horizontal sheet is in the shape of a rectangle with sides of lengths 0.400 m and 0.600 m. The sheet is immersed
in a uniform electric field of magnitude 75.0 N/C that is directed at 20.0 from the plane of the sheet. If the area
vector points downward, what is the electric flux through the sheet?
A. +16.9 N m2 /C
B. 16.9 N m2 /C
C. +6.16 N m2 /C
D. 6.16 N m2 /C
5. A point charge of magnitude q is in the middle of a sphere of radius r. What is the flux through the sphere?
A. 4kq
B. 2kq
C. kq
D. zero
Hints:
1. Use the integral expression for the flux.
2. The field is always perpendicular the surface.
3. The field magnitude E is constant on the surface.
q
4. Use E = k 2 .
r
1. The left charge must be a source of field lines and the right charge must be a sink for field lines. The right charge
must have denser field lines. C .
2. You can eliminate B and C because they are not in equilibrium ( 6= 0 in = pE sin ). It can be verified that the
tendency of a dipole placed in an electric field is to align its dipole moment with the field. The dipole moment in A
is already aligned with the field; give the dipole a nudge and it will just re-align back to its original position. The
dipole moment in B is opposite the direction of the field; give the dipole a nudge and it will rotate further to align
its dipole moment with the field. C .
3. Think of the net and the rim as a closed surface. Since the electric field moves in and out of the surface, the total
flux must be zero: E,net + E,rim = 0. So E,net = E,rim ; the flux through the net is same in magnitude as the
flux through the rim, which is E(a2 ) . B .
4. Use the definition of electric flux. Note that the angle between the area vector (downward) and the electric field
(20 from the horizontal) is 20 + 90 = 110 .
E = EA cos
= (75.0 N/C)(0.400 m 0.600 m) cos 110
= 6.16 N m2 /C ; D .
5. Use the definition of electric flux.
Z
E =
~ dA
~
E
Since the charge is at the center, the electric field points perpendicular to each very, very small surface. So
~ dA
~ = E dA cos 0 = E dA.
E
Z
E = E dA
Also, each very, very small surface is equidistant from the charge. So the field magnitude E is constant on the
surface. Hence we can take E out of the integration.
Z
E = E
dA
The remaining integral is just equal to the area of the sphere. Use the expression for the electric field magnitude of
a point charge.
q
E = k 2
4 r2 = 4kq ; A .
r