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LAYING
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Understand different drainage systems and their
components
Be aware of the considerations in designing drainage
systems
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
The piping network within a structure which conveys sewage, rainwater, or other wastes from
their point of origin to a point of disposal, such as a public sewer or a private treatment.
(McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction)
DEFINITIONS
Gray Water : Water from waste appliances (wash basin, sink,
showers)
Sewage : Water from soil appliances (WC, Urinals)
Foul water: Water from Sewage
2.
Combined System
2.
Separate System
3.
PIPES
Type
Function
Sizes
Waste Pipes
Soil Pipes
TRAPS
Used to retain water seal to prevent the passage of foul air and
insects in to the buildings
Comes as an integral part of certain appliances (WC) or should be
fitted separately
Self cleaning capability and efficient water sealing is important
during flow conditions as well as non flow status
For WC, floor traps 50mm trap should be maintained; only manual
flushing squatting pans are allowed to have 20mm flush
Traps may drain out by siphonage, momentum, evaporation
Siphonage
Siphonage
TRAPS
Traps integrated to appliances P,Q or S types
especially in WCs
Floor traps Meant for waster water flows at floor level
may come with a grating on top
TYPES OF WC
GENERAL LAYOUT
Back drops
DRAINPIPES
May be made of Cast iron, UPVC
- Controlling excavations
Gradient of the drain (fall/ horizontal length)
should be at least 1:60 if pipe diameter is
100mm or 1:120 if 150mm diameter
BUILDING
MH2
MH1
d1
x
MH3
d4
MH4
DRAIN CONSTRUCTION
Bed
Firm ground trimmed properly for pipe sizes 100-150mm
Class B Granular bed: more than 150mm pipes requiring good seating to pipe barrel
Class A Concrete: for larger sewer pipes or those one poor ground
Drains adjacent to Buildings
If the drain bottom is below the foundation of the adjacent building the trench of
those should be concreted at least to the foundation level
Expansion joints should be done at concrete filling
If drain goes under a building try to avoid differential settlement
Laying of the drains
Gauge board od the boning rod could be used to lay the drain to correct levels
RODDING POINTS
If a block is discovered it could be cleaned by a rod inserted in to the
pipes.
Rodding could be done in IC or via Rodding points (shallow or deep)
INTERCEPTING CHAMBERS
In order to prevent sewer gasses entering from the
drainage system disconnecting or intercepting chambers
are introduced
In addition to rodding and inspection functions and
interceptor trap is introduced
VENTILATION
If foul air is accumulated and then released at once it
may cause a nuisance or pose a health danger
Ventilation could be by and inlet at the lover end of drain
(probable at intercepting chamber) or outlet at the top
TESTING OF DRAINS
Hydraulic test : Fill with water and observe water levels
to judge leakages
Smoke test: Cap the upper end and smoke of burning
cotton inserted at lower end. Escaping smoke will indicate
defects
Ball test: push a ball between sections to identify
defective construction or improper alignment
SOAKAGE PITS
To infiltrate rain water or waste water into ground or disposal of final
effluents from septic tanks
SURFACE DRAINS
1.
2.
3.
RC Drain
4.
Cascading
R.C Drain
Cascading Drain
Drains must have a sound foundation lade with and adequate and
uniform gradient and in straight line between points
Adequate means of inspection and cleaning must be provided; ICs must
be constructed at the change of direction and in convenient positions to
receive maximum number of branches
A drain may be required to be disconnected from a sewer by
intercepting chamber
Adequate ventilation must be provided
Branch drains should be as short as possible, laid in straight lines to the
nearest IC
Bends must be slow and junctions should be oblique
Ground floor sinks and other bathe waster pipes may be discharged
to gullies outside or connected to soil stack; building up to 3 stories
may have external soil stack but stack should be inside for building
beyond three stories
Ground floor WCs may be directly connected directly to drains
Unless avoidable no drains should pass under the building
Plumbing should ensure that traps remained sealed with water