There is a new danger for travelers

and pkoto lovers, It has como to

light in the past few years and is
now everywhere. This new danger
is the selfie
Love them or hate them, the desire
to take a photo of yourself in front
of a world famous ste or to pose
wiht a friend has resulted in several
death. For example, it was reported
that twelve people have died this
year from trying to take a selfie.
This compares to just six deaths
from from shark attacks.Selfie
related accidents can happen in
differents can happen in different
circumstances. For instance, they
include two Russian men.
Who were killed while taking a selfie
a hand grenada, thre indian
students who were killed while
taking selfies on train tracks and an
american woman who fell off a cliff
in South Africa. There may be more.
A member of the Russian
government told reportes that in
July, there were , dozens of selfie
related deaths, only in Russia. She
also stated that before taking a
selfie, everyone should think about
the fact that trying to obtain a hig
number of likes could be etremely
dangerous since it could lead
people to death.

Passive of modal verbs

subject + modal verb + be + past
participle
R-rated movies should be banned.
The law ought to be changed.
You shouldn't be allowed to marry
at 18.

Active: They should ban R-rated

movies.

Hay un nuevo peligro para los

viajeros y los amantes pkoto,
Cuenta de Como a la luz en los
ltimos aos y ahora est en todas
partes. Este nuevo peligro es la
autofoto
los aman o los odian, el deseo de
tomar una foto de s mismo frente a
un famoso ste mundo o para posar
wiht un amigo ha dado lugar a
varios muerte. Por ejemplo, se
inform que doce personas han
muerto este ao de tratar de tomar
una autofoto.
Esto se compara con slo seis
muertes por accidentes
relacionados attacks.Selfie de
tiburn pueden ocurrir en
differentes puede ocurrir en
diferentes circunstancias. Por
ejemplo, se incluyen dos hombres
rusos.
Que fueron asesinados mientras se
hace una autofoto una granada de
mano, thre estudiantes indios que
murieron mientras toma autofotos
en las vas del tren y una mujer
estadounidense que cay de un
acantilado en Sudfrica. Puede
haber ms.
Un miembro del gobierno ruso dijo
que en julio de Reportes, haba,
decenas de muertes relacionadas
con autofotos, slo en Rusia.
Tambin afirm que antes de tomar
una autofoto, cada uno debe pensar
en el hecho de que tratar de
obtener un nmero de hig de talla
podra ser etremely peligroso, ya
que podra llevar a la gente a la
muerte.

Pasiva de los verbos modales

sujeto + verbo modal + be +
participio
pelculas de clasificacin R deben
ser prohibidos.

They ought to change the law.

Passive: R-rated movies should be
banned.
The law ought to be changed.

La ley debe ser cambiado.

No se le debe permitir casarse a los
18 aos.
Activo: Se deben prohibir las
pelculas de clasificacin R.
Tendran que cambiar la ley.
Pasivos: pelculas de clasificacin R
deben ser prohibidos.
La ley debe ser cambiado

Form
get passive in simple present
statements
subject + get + past participle
Some murderers get sentenced to
only ten years.
People who speed don't usually get
arrested.

catch + verb + -ing

Use
Active: What happens if they catch
you shoplifting?
Passive: What happens if you get
caught shoplifting

Formar
obtener pasivo en los estados
presentes simples
sujeto + conseguir + participio
Algunos asesinos quedan
condenados a tan slo diez aos.
Las personas que aceleran por lo
general no son detenidos.

Utilizar
Activo: Qu pasa si te pillan
robando?
Pasivo: el robo Qu pasa si te
pillan

Passive of modal verbs

subject + modal verb + be + past
participle
1. Something must be done about
junk e-mail.
2. People ought to be arrested for
sending spam.
3. Something has to be done about
all the litter on the buses and
in subways.
4. People shouldn't be allowed to
eat food on public transportation.
S. People ought to be fined for
making noise after midnight.
6. People shouldn 't be allowed to
buy fireworks.
7. All movies with violent scenes
should be banned.

1. Hay que hacer algo acerca de

correo electrnico no deseado.
2. La gente debe ser detenido por el
envo de correo no deseado.
3. Algo tiene que hacerse sobre
toda la basura en los autobuses y
en subterrneos.
4. La gente no se debe permitir a
comer comida en pblico
transporte.
S. La gente debe ser multada por
hacer ruido despus de la

8. People could be encouraged to

stop smoking if there were more
anti-smoking laws.
9. Smoking could easily be banned
in all public places - nobody
would complain.
10. Children shouldn't be allowed to
quit school until they are 18.

People ought to be arrested for

sending spam.
People ought to be arrested for
selling drugs.
Students shouldn't be allowed to
eat food in class.
Something must be done about
alcohol.

medianoche.
6. Las personas no deben 't
permitirse comprar los fuegos
artificiales.
7. Todas las pelculas con escenas
violentas deben ser prohibidos.
8. Las personas podran ser
alentados a dejar de fumar si haba
ms leyes antitabaco.
9. Fumar podra fcilmente ser
prohibido en todos los lugares
pblicos - nadie
se queja.
10. Los nios no se les debe
permitir que dejar la escuela hasta
los 18 aos.
La gente debe ser detenido para el
envo de correo no deseado.
La gente debera ser arrestado por
vender drogas.
Los estudiantes no se les debe
permitir a comer alimentos en la
clase.
Hay que hacer algo sobre el alcohol.

crime / offense
shoplifting
jaywalking
vandalism
robbery
burglary
kidnapping
murder
Crime: assault, bigamy,
counterfeiting, drug trafficking,
drunk driving, embezzlement,
fraud, mugging

person
shoplifter
jaywalker
vandal
robber
burglar
kidnapper
murderer

Punishment: capital punishment,

community service,
electronic monitoring (ankle
bracelet), house arrest

Crimen: asalto, la bigamia, la

falsificacin, el trfico de drogas,
conducir ebrio, malversacin,
fraude, robo

They should be fined. They are

fined.
They get arrested

Sancin: la pena capital, el servicio

comunitario,
monitoreo electrnico (pulsera de
tobillo), el arresto domiciliario

People who commit murder usually

get sentenced to life in
prison.
If you get caught shoplifting, you
usually get put on probation.
If a person commits burglary for
the first time, he or she gets
arrested and put in jail.

Vandalism should be punished more

severely. Vandals should
be sentenced to a month of
community service ." - 2. "More shoplifters get caught / are
caught these days because
of all the cameras they have in
stores. Just the same, most
shoppers are honest, and they
really shouldn 't be videotaped."
3. "People who speed hardly ever
get / are stopped by the police.
The laws against speeding should
be enforced more strictly."
4. "Lots of executives get caught /
are caught stealing from their
companies, but they don't get sent /
aren't sent to prison for
very long. It doesn't seem right."
5. "A big problem is that most
criminals never get / are caught,
and the ones that get arrested / are
arrested often don't get /
aren 't convicted."
6. "People under 18 shouldn 't be
given a prison sentence if they
commit a crime. They should just be
put on probation

Crime
burglary
Criminal Activity
burglar steals from
stores
vandalism vandal paints
on public
buildings

Deben ser multados. Ellos son

multados.
Son arrestados
Las personas que cometen
asesinato consiguen generalmente
condenados a cadena
prisin.
Si te pillan hurto en las tiendas, por
lo general, llegar a poner en
libertad condicional.
Si una persona comete robo, por
primera vez, l o ella se detenido y
puesto en la crcel.
El vandalismo debe ser castigado
con mayor severidad. Los vndalos
debe
ser condenado a un mes de servicio
a la comunidad ". - 2. "Ms ladrones quedar atrapados /
estn atrapados en estos das
porque
de todas las cmaras que tienen en
las tiendas. De todos modos, la
mayor parte
los compradores son honestos, y
que realmente no deben 't ser
grabados en vdeo ".
3. "Las personas que aceleran casi
nunca consiguen / son detenidos
por la polica.
Las leyes contra el exceso de
velocidad deben ser aplicadas de
manera ms estricta ".
4. Un montn de "ejecutivos
quedan atrapados / se fue atrapado
robando de su
empresas, pero ellos no se envan /
no se envan a prisin por
muy largo. No parece correcto ".
5. "Un gran problema es que la
mayora de los criminales nunca
llegan / captura;
y los que arrestadas / son detenidos
a menudo no obtener /
aren 't condenados ".

murder murderer kills or

murders
people
shoplifting shoplifter steals from
stores

6. "Las personas menores de 18

aos no deben 't obtener una pena
de prisin si
cometer un delito. Ellos slo deben
ser puestos en libertad condicional

Crime Criminal
arson arsonist
blackmail blackmailer
hijacking hijacker
joyriding joyrider
mugging mugger
On your own
Activity
sets buildings on fire
demands money in exchange for
keeping
a secret
takes control of a plane, train, or
boat
drives recklessly, often in a stolen
car
robs someone in a public place
Past perfect
The lesson presents the past
perfect in statements,
questions, and short answers.
Form
Affirmative statements
subject + had / 'd + past participle
I'd set up camp.
I had just met my husband-to-be.
Negative statements
subject + had not / hadn't + past
participle
I hadn't spoken to anyone in days.
Yes-no questions
Had + subject + past participle?
Had they been in touch?
Information questions
question word + had / 'd + subject
+ past participle?
Where had he moved?

the simple past or past continuous,

they can use the

Crimen Criminal
incendiario incendiario
chantajista chantaje
secuestrador secuestro
Joyrider joyriding
atracador atraco
Por su cuenta
Actividad
establece edificios en llamas
exige dinero a cambio de mantener
un secreto
toma el control de un avin, tren o
barco
conduce imprudentemente, a
menudo en un coche robado
roba a alguien en un lugar pblico

La leccin presenta el pasado

perfecto en los estados,
Preguntas y respuestas cortas.
Formar
Declaraciones afirmativas
tena sujeto + / 'd + participio
Me instalaron un campamento.
Acababa de conocer a mi marido-aser.
Declaraciones negativas
sujeto + no haba / no haba +

past perfect to talk about events or

situations before
the main event or events.
I'd set up camp (earlier event) and
was cooking (main
event) when this van appeared
(main event).
The past perfect is often used to
give background
information to the main events.
I'd just met my husband-to-be, and
we hadn't known
each other long . ...
The past perfect is also often used
to give explanations
or reasons why something
happened in the past.
It was nice to have company
because I hadn't spoken
to anyone in days - I'd gone by
myself

Because he hadn't spoken to

anyone in days.
2. Because he 'd gone on the trip by
himself.
3. Yes, but the~t seen or spoken to
each other in years.
4. He'd moved to Spain years ago.

I'm hungry.
A I walk around ladders.
A I knew that.
8 So am I. (= I am too.)
8 So do I. (= I do too.)
8 So did I. (= I did too.)
I'm not superstitious.
A I don't believe in that.
A I didn 't know that.

Use
8 Neither am I. (= I'm not either.)

participio
Yo no haba hablado con nadie en
das.
Si no preguntas
Tena + objeto + participio pasado?
Si hubieran estado en contacto?
Preguntas de informacin
pregunta palabra tena + / 'd +
sujeto + participio pasado?
Donde se haba trasladado?
el pasado simple o continuo
pasado, ellos pueden utilizar el
pasado perfecto para hablar de
eventos o situaciones antes
el principal evento o eventos.
Que haba establecido un
campamento (evento anterior) y
estaba cocinando (principal
evento) cuando esta furgoneta
apareci (evento principal).
El pasado perfecto se utiliza a
menudo para dar fondo
informacin a los principales
eventos.
Que acababa de conocer a mi
marido-a-ser, y no hubiera sabido
entre s de largo. ...
El pasado perfecto tambin se
utiliza a menudo para dar
explicaciones
o razones por las que algo sucedi
en el pasado.
Fue agradable tener compaa
porque yo no haba hablado
a cualquier persona en das - Yo
haba ido por mi cuenta
Debido a que no ha hablado con
nadie en das.
2. Debido a que l haba ido en el
viaje por s mismo.
3. S, pero el ~ t visto o hablado el
uno al otro en aos.
4. Se haba mudado a Espaa hace
aos.

Tengo hambre.

8 Neither do I. (= I don't either.)

8 Neither did I. (= I didn't either.)

Superstitions
If you find a black cat, you will have
good luck on all day
if you wear yellow underwear on
new year's eve, your wishes come
true.
Finding a four-leaf clover is
supposed to be lucky.
If you find a four leaf clover is good
luck

It's good luck to .. .

find a green tea leaf floating upright
in your tea.
pick up any coins you find.
dream of a snake holding you
tightly.
put clothes on inside out.
stand between two people with the
same name.
It's bad luck to ...
leave your purse on the floor.
see a crow in the morning.
give a boyfriend or girlfriend a pair
of shoes.
wear pearls when you are a bride.
sweep over an unmarried woman's
feet with a broom
It's lucky if a black cat walks toward
you or crosses your path.
2. If you break a mirror, you 'll have
seven years of bad luck.
3. Finding a four-leaf clover is
supposed to be lucky.
4. If you see a yellow butterfly, your
wish will come true.
If you see a yellow butterfly in the
spring, you 'll get a lot of new
clothes.

Un Camino por las escaleras.

A lo saba.
8 Yo tambin (= yo tambin.)
8 Yo tambin (= yo tambin.)
8 al igual que yo (= yo tambin.)
No soy supersticioso.
A no creo en eso.
No saba eso.

Utilizar
8 Yo tampoco (= yo tampoco).
8 Yo tampoco (= Yo tampoco.)
8 A m tampoco (= yo tampoco).

Si encuentra un gato negro, tendr

buena suerte durante todo el da
si usted usa la ropa interior amarilla
en la vspera de ao nuevo, sus
deseos se hagan realidad.
Encontrar un trbol de cuatro hojas
se supone que es la suerte.
Si encuentra un trbol de cuatro
hojas es buena suerte

Es buena suerte ...

encontrar una hoja de t verde
flotando en posicin vertical en su
t.
recoger cualquier monedas que se
encuentren.
soar con una serpiente que
sostiene firmemente.
ponerse la ropa interior hacia fuera.
interponerse entre dos personas
con el mismo nombre.
Es mala suerte ...
deje su bolso en el suelo.
ver un cuervo en la maana.
dar un novio o novia un par de
zapatos.
llevar perlas cuando usted es una
novia.
barrer sobre los pies de una mujer

soltera con una escoba

If you find a black cat, you will have
good luck on all day

I don't know anyone who is

superstitious.
3. I didn't know the superstition
about spilling salt.
If you walk under ladders, you will
have bad luck.
Spilling salt is bad luck
Neither have I.
Neither can I

Es una suerte que si un gato negro

camina en direccin contraria o se
cruza en su camino.
2. Si se rompe un espejo, usted
tendr siete aos de mala suerte.
3. Encontrar un trbol de cuatro
hojas se supone que es la suerte.
4. Si ve una mariposa amarilla, su
deseo se har realidad.
Si ve una mariposa amarilla en la
primavera, que obtendr una gran
cantidad de nueva
ropa.
Si encuentra un gato negro, tendr
buena suerte durante todo el da

The lesson teaches causative uses

of the verbs get and
have. Causative means to "cause
something to happen"
or "make something happen." The
lesson recycles the
use of get + person + to + verb
and have + person + verb
(see Touchstone Student's Book 3,
Unit 4, Lesson A), and
adds a new pattern get / have +
object + past participle.
Form
get + person + to + verb (toinfinitive)
I get my brother to fix my car a lot.
have + person + verb (infinitive
without to)
I didn't pay to have someone repair
my dishwasher.
get / have + object + past
participle
I always get my hair cut
professionally.
We're having a new house built.

Use

No conozco a nadie que es supersticiosa.

3. No saba que la supersticin acerca de
derramar la sal.
Si usted camina debajo de una escalera,
tendr mala suerte.
derramar sal es mala suerte
Yo tampoco.
Tampoco puedo
La leccin ensea usos causantes
de los verbos conseguir y
tener. Causal significa "hacer que
algo suceda"
o "hacer que algo suceda." La
leccin recicla el
uso de la persona obtienen + + a +
verbo y tener + persona + verbo
(Vase el libro de Touchstone
Estudiante 3, Unidad 4, Leccin A) y
agrega un nuevo patrn de
obtener / tener + objeto +
participio pasado.
Formar
obtienen + persona + a + verbo
(a-infinitivo)
Tengo a mi hermano para arreglar
mi coche mucho.
tener + persona + verbo
(infinitivo sin to)

 Get someone to do something and

have someone do
something mean "to make, ask, or
persuade someone
to do something." It is usually clear
from the context
whether the person is compelled or
persuaded to do
something.
Compare:
I get my kids to help me with the
chores.
I get my brother to fix the car.
Get or have something done is a
type of passive
structure meaning "to cause
something to be done by
someone else."
I cut my hair. (= I cut it myself.)
I had my hair cut. (= Someone else
cut it for me.)
The lesson teaches two structures
with the verb need:
need to be done and need doing.
These structures have a
similar meaning: "should be done."
Form
need + passive infinitive
The TV needs to be fixed.
need + verb + -ing (gerund)
The TV needs fixing.
Both structures mean that
something should be done.
The structure need + verb + -ing is
commonly used
with everyday chores around the
house (e.g., changing,
cleaning, fixing) .
Vocabulary Problems around the
house
The lesson teaches vocabulary for
describing common
problems around the home.
The light bulb keeps flickering on
and off.
The door knob is loose. It's about to
fall off

Yo no pagar para que alguien repara

mi lavavajillas.
obtener / tener + objeto +
participio
Siempre me cort mi cabello
profesionalmente.
Vamos a tener una nueva casa
construida.
Utilizar
conseguir que alguien haga algo y
que alguien lo haga
algo media "para hacer, pedir, o
persuadir a alguien
hacer algo. "Por lo general es claro
por el contexto
si la persona se ve obligado o
persuadido a hacer
alguna cosa.
Comparar:
Llego a mis hijos me ayudan con las
tareas.
Tengo a mi hermano para arreglar el
coche.
Obtener o tener algo hecho es un
tipo de pasivo
estructura que significa "para
causar que se haga algo por
alguien ms."
Me corto el pelo. (= Cort yo
mismo.)
Me corte el cabello. (= Alguien ms
corta para m.)
La leccin ensea dos estructuras
con el verbo necesidad:
que tenga que hacer y necesita
hacerlo. Estas estructuras tienen
una
significado similar: "se debe hacer".
Formar
necesidad + infinitivo pasivo
La televisin tiene que ser fijo.
necesidad de + inf (gerundio)
La televisin necesita ser arreglado.
Ambas estructuras significan que
algo debe hacerse.
La estructura necesidad de + inf es
de uso general

The showerhead needs to be

replaced.
The showerhead needs replacing .
My computer's very slow. Maybe the
memory needs to be
upgraded. / Maybe the memory
needs upgrading.
3. I can 't make any calls right now
because my cell phone needs
to be recharged . / ... my cell phone
needs recharging. -4. My camera is always going dead.
The batteries need to be
replaced constantly. / The batteries
need replacing constantly.
5. The closet light won't turn on.
The bulb needs to be changed or
tightened. / The bulb needs
changing or tightening.
6. Our air conditioner isn't working
very well. Maybe the filter
needs to be cleaned. / Maybe the
filter needs cleaning

The microwave isn't working.

Nothing's happening. It won't turn
on.
2. The refrigerator is leaking. And
there's a dent in the door.
3. The lamp keeps flickering on and
off. And I got a shock from it.
4. The door knob is loose. If it falls
off, we won't be able to open
the door.
5. The cei ling fan is making a funny
noise.
6. There are CDs all over the
counter, and they're all scratched.
7. That curtain is torn. And look there 's a big hole in the other
one.
8. There's a coffee stain on the rug.
9. The clock is a half hour slow.

con las tareas cotidianas en torno a

la casa (por ejemplo, cambiar,
limpieza, fijacin).
Los problemas de vocabulario
alrededor de la casa
La leccin ensea vocabulario para
describir comn
problemas en el hogar.
La bombilla de luz parpadeante
mantiene encendido y apagado.
El pomo de la puerta est suelto.
Est a punto de caerse

Mi equipo es muy lento. Tal vez la

memoria tiene que ser
actualizado. / Tal vez la memoria
necesita mejoras.
3. No puedo realizar ninguna
llamada en este momento porque
mis necesidades de telefona celular
ser recargada. / ... Mis necesidades
de recarga de telfonos celulares. 4. Mi cmara siempre va muerto.
Las bateras tienen que estar
reemplazado constantemente. / Las
bateras necesitan ser
reemplazados constantemente.
5. La luz del armario no se
encender. El bulbo debe ser
cambiado o
apretado. / Las necesidades
cambiantes del bulbo o de apriete.
6. El aire acondicionado no est
funcionando muy bien. Tal vez el
filtro
necesita ser limpiado. / Tal vez las
necesidades de limpieza de filtro
El microondas no est funcionando.
Nada esta pasando. No se
encender
en.
2. El refrigerador tiene una fuga. Y
hay una abolladura en la puerta.
3. La lmpara parpadeante
mantiene encendido y apagado. Y

Actually, I think it stopped. The

battery must be dead.

Things that often . . .

leak: refrigerator, pen, sink, toilet,
pipes, radiator, air conditioner
falloff: door knob, handle, picture
make a funny noise: fan,
refrigerator, microwave, car
Things that are often . ..
scratched: CDs, glasses, car,
refrigerator, stove, furniture
torn: rug, curtains, clothes, paper
loose: door knob, screw, table leg,
tooth
Things that often have . ..
a dent in them: refrigerator, stove,
car
a stain on them: rug, carpet,
counter, tablecloth, clothes
a hole in them: rug, curtains, pipes,
sheets, clothes, socks
past
modal structures
The section gives Ss practice in
hearing and saying past
modal structures. In all the
sentences, have is reduced to
I~v/.
Affirmative sentences
The final /d/ in would, should, and
could is linked to the I~I in reduced
have.
She could have apologized. =
Ikud~vl
Negative sentences
The final It I in wouldn't, shouldn't,
and couldn't is either deleted and
the /n/ is linked to the I~I in
reduced
have, or the final It I is linked to the
I~I in reduced have.
I wouldn't have yelled at him. =

me dieron un shock de ella.

4. El pomo de la puerta est suelto.
Si se cae, no vamos a ser capaces
de abrir
la puerta.
5. El ventilador CEI ling est
haciendo un ruido raro.
6. Hay CDs todo el mostrador, y
todos estn rayados.
7. Que la cortina est desgarrado. Y
mira - hay 's un gran agujero en el
otro
uno.
8. Hay una mancha de caf en la
alfombra.
9. El reloj es una media hora lento.
En realidad, creo que se detuvo. los
la batera debe estar muerto.

Cosas que a menudo. . .

fugas: refrigerador, pluma, lavabo,
inodoro, tuberas, radiadores, aire
acondicionado
falloff: pomo de la puerta, manejar,
foto
hacer un ruido extrao: ventilador,
refrigerador, microondas, coche
Las cosas que son a menudo. ..
rayado: CDs, gafas, automvil,
refrigerador, cocina, muebles
desgarrado: alfombra, cortinas,
ropa, papel
suelta: pomo de la puerta, tornillo,
pata de la mesa, diente
Cosas que a menudo tienen. ..
mella en ellos: nevera, cocina,
coche
una mancha en ellos: la manta,
alfombra, contador, manteles, ropa
un agujero en ellos: alfombra,
cortinas, tuberas, lminas, ropa,
calcetines

La seccin da la prctica Ss en
escuchar y hacer pasado
estructuras modales. En todas las
oraciones, han se reduce a

IwudI}~vl or
IwudI}t~vl
Here are the forms of past modals:
Statements
subject + modal (+ not) + have +
past participle
She should have said no politely.
She shouldn't have lost her temper.
She could have told him not to call
again.
Information questions
information question word + modal
+ subject + have +
past participle?
What would you have done?
Yes / no questions
modal + subject + have + past
participle?
Could she have been more polite?
Short answers
Yes / No, + subject + modal (not) +
have.
Use
Would you have gotten mad?
Yes, I would have.
No, I wouldn't have.
The past modals can all be used to
describe hypothetical
events and situations in the past.
Use would / wouldn't have to talk
hypothetically about
someone's possible or imagined
behavior in the past.
I would have lost my temper. What
would you have
done?
Use should / shouldn't have to say
what the right thing
to do was in a situation in the past.
She shouldn't have yelled at him.
Use could / couldn't have to say
what other possibilities
there were for a situation.
She could have told him not to call
again.

I ~ v /.
Oraciones afirmativas
La final / d / en volvera, debera, y
pude est vinculada a la I ~ I en
reducida tienen.
Poda haberse disculpado. = Ikud ~
vl
Oraciones negativas
Es la final que lo hara en no, no
debera, y no poda o bien se
suprime y la / n / est vinculada a la
I ~ I en la reduccin
tengo, o la final Se me est
vinculada a la I ~ I en la reduccin
tener.
Yo no habra gritado. = IwudI} ~ vl
o
IwudI} t ~ vl
Si no preguntas
modal + sujeto + tiene + participio
pasado?
Podra haber sido ms educado?
Respuestas cortas
S / No, + sujeto + modal (no) +
tener.
Utilizar
Le han conseguido loco?
S, me gustara tener.
No, no lo habra hecho.
Los modales ltimos se pueden usar
para describir hipottica
eventos y situaciones en el pasado.
Se utilizaran / no tendra que
hablar hipotticamente acerca
Es posible que alguien
comportamiento o imaginado en el
pasado.
Habra perdido los estribos. Qu
quieres que
hecho?
Uso debera / no debera tener
que decir qu es lo correcto
hacer estaba en una situacin en el
pasado.
No debera haber gritado.
El uso podra / no podra tener

subject + must / may / might /

could + have + past
participle
They must have gotten tied up in
traffic.
She could have tried to call.
They may / might have had a fight

que decir qu otras posibilidades

hubo para una situacin.
Podra haberle dicho que no se
vuelva a llamar.

1. She should have been more

polite.
2. She shouldn't have lost her
temper / hung up.
3. I would have listened and then
said no.
4. I wouldn't have yelled or hung
up.

1. I wouldn 't have sulked. I would

have laughed with them.
Tom should have laughed about it
and then gone back to work.
2. Andrea shouldn't have hung up
on her boyfriend.
I would have told him I was
disappointed, but I wouldn 't have
broken up with him.
3. Joshua shouldn 't have yelled at
his neighbors.
He could have called the police
instead.
4. Nathan shouldn't have yelled at
his parents.
He could have asked his parents
why they disapproved.
5. Katy shouldn 't have thrown the
litter back into the car.
I would have thrown it in a trash
can.

Noun Adjective
aggression aggressive
intelligence intelligent
anger angry
jealousy jealous
confidence confident
motivation motivated

sujeto + debe / puede / podra / +

podra tener + pasado
participio
Deben de haber conseguido atado
en el trfico.
Podra haber intentado llamar.
Pueden / podran haber tenido una
pelea

1. Debera haber sido ms educado.

2. No debera haber perdido los
estribos / colgado.
3. Me hubiera escuchado y luego
dijo que no.
4. No me hubiera gritado o colgado.
1. I wouldn 't tiene mala cara. Me
habra redo con ellos.
Tom debera haber redo de l y
luego vuelto a trabajar.
2. Andrea no debera haber colgado
en su novio.
Yo le he dicho me ha decepcionado,
pero me wouldn 't tiene
roto con l.
3. Joshua shouldn 't han gritado a
sus vecinos.
l podra haber llamado a la polica
en su lugar.
4. Nathan no debera haber gritado
a sus padres.

depression depressed
realism realistic
determination determined
sadness sad
flexibility flexible
self-discipline
self-disciplined
guilt guilty
sensitivity sensitive
happiness happy
shame ashamed
honesty honest
sympathy sympathetic
1. I'm usually decisive. Most of the
time, I know what I want.
2. Sometimes I'm impulsive, but I
usually think before I act.
3. Jealousy is occasionally part of
my life. I can be a jealous
person.
4. Sometimes I feel guilty or
ashamed about things I've done in
the past.
5. Aggressive people always upset
me. I can 't cope with their
aggression.
6. I occasionally get angry and
upset if people disagree with me.
7. Sometimes I'm very motivated,
and I set realistic goals for
myself.
8. I usually have the confidence,
determination, and
self-disc ipline to achieve my goals.
9. Usually, my main motivation in
life is to be happy and to make
a difference for others.
10. I usually know when my friends
feel sad or depressed.
11. I'm rarely sympathetic when a
friend has a problem.
12. Sometimes I think it's important
to be sensitive to how other
people are feeling.
13. If friends want to do things I
don't want to do, I usually try to
be flexible.
She may have found a new job. Or

l podra haber pedido a sus padres

por qu se han rechazado.
5. Katy shouldn 't haber tirado la
basura de nuevo en el coche.
Me habra tirado en un cubo de
basura.
Sustantivo adjetivo
agresin agresivo
intelligent
clera
los celos celoso
confianza confidente
motivacin motivado
depresin
realismo realista
determinacin determina
triste tristeza
flexibilidad flexibles
autodisciplina
autodisciplinados
culpabilidad culpable
sensibilidad sensible
felicidad feliz
vergenza vergenza
honesto honradez
sympathetic
1. Por lo general soy decisiva. La
mayora de las veces, s lo que
quiero.
2. A veces soy impulsivo, pero por
lo general piensan antes de actuar.
3. Los celos son en ocasiones parte
de mi vida. Puedo ser un celoso
persona.
4. A veces me siento culpable o
avergonzado acerca de las cosas
que he hecho en
el pasado.
5. Las personas agresivas siempre
me molesta. No puedo hacer frente
a su
agresin.
6. ocasionalmente me enojado y
molesto si las personas no estn de
acuerdo conmigo.
7. A veces estoy muy motivado, y
establecer metas realistas para
m mismo.

she could have been fired.

2. They may not have had enough
in common. They might have
had an argument.
3. She must have forgotten about it.
Or she could have been sick.
4. He must not have seen me. He
might have been in a real hurry.

8. Por lo general tienen la

confianza, determinacin y
ipline auto-disco para lograr mis
objetivos.
9. Por lo general, mi principal
motivacin en la vida es ser feliz y
hacer
una diferencia para los dems.
10. Yo s lo general cuando mis
amigos se siente triste o deprimido.
11. Soy rara vez comprensivo
cuando un amigo tiene un
problema.
12. A veces creo que es importante
prestar atencin a la forma en otra
la gente est sintiendo.
13. Si amigos quieren hacer cosas
que no quiero hacer, por lo general
tratan de
se Flexible
Ella puede haber encontrado un
nuevo trabajo. O podra haber sido
disparado.
2. Puede que no hayan tenido
suficiente en comn. Puede ser que
tengan
tuve una discusin.
3. Ella debe haber olvidado de ello.
O ella podra haber estado enfermo.
4. No debe haber visto a m. Podra
haber estado en un apuro real.