CIVL 2810 Construction Materials

Prof. Zongjin Li
Department of Civil Engineering

Chapter 2 Mechanical behavior of materials-2.1 Elastic behavior

Parallel model (Case 1)
Sum of Pa and Pb equals total load

Pcom = Pa + Pb

AEe com = Va AEae a + Vb AEbe b

E = Va Ea + Vb Eb
E = E1V1 + E 2 V2 + E 3 V3 + + E n Vn
2

Applications of parallel model

Calculate the modulus and stress for concrete as
whole or for each component
Calculate the modulus and stress for reinforced
concrete as whole or for each component
Calculate the restrain effect of reinforcing steel to the
shrinkage and creep of concrete
Calculate the modulus and stress for fiber reinforced
concrete as whole or for each component
Calculate the modulus and stress for fibrous
reinforced composite as whole or for each component

Chapter 2 Mechanical behavior of materials-2.1 Elastic behavior

Series Model (Case 2):
Deformation change of the composite equals the sum of the
deformation changes in component a and b

e = ea + eb

1 Va Vb
=
+
E Ea Eb
Vn
1 V1 V2 V3
=
+
+
++
E E1 E 2 E 3
En

2.2.Plastic behavior
---Definition
The word plastic is derived from the Greek (plastikos),
meaning capable of being shaped or molded. During
manufacture, the plasticity of metals allows them to be
cast, pressed, or extruded into a variety of shapes
such as plates, tubes, re-bars, boxes, and fibers.
Plastic behavior is opposite to elastic behavior. It
refers the behavior of a material that cannot return to
its original position when stretched beyond a certain
point.

2.2.1 Phenomenon of plastic behavior

---A simple tension test

A typical monotonic uniaxial tension

loading diagram

2.2.1 Phenomenon of plastic behavior

Uniaxial tension diagram
Before reaching the proportional point, is the linear
elastic region
Nonlinear elastic behavior happens after
proportional point is reached and before yield
There is an upper and lower limit of yield point
The flat region plastic flow under constant load
Strain hardening phenomena happens after necking
8

The upper and lower yield point

Necking

10

2.2.1 Phenomenon of plastic behavior

High

strength steel and some other metals do

not have an obvious yield point
The yield strength is defined by an offset yield
stress corresponding to certain amount of
residual strain or deformation
0.2% offset yield strength is generally used
Strain hardening type of modeling
11

2.2.1 Phenomenon of plastic behavior

12

2.2.2 Physical Basis of Plastic Behaviour

1.
2.

3.

4.
5.

Steel has lattice structure

In lattice structure, some atoms in some planes
may have no bond with corresponding atoms in
adjacent plane
Among these planes, the bond is weaker due to
longer distance
Under applied load, shear stress will be
generated, even under uniaxial loading;
Shear is responsible for the plastic behavior.
Due to shear, planes slid between each other
when weak bond is broken.

13

2.2.2 Physical Basis of Plastic Behaviour

14

2.2.3 Modelling of Plastic Behaviour

It

is necessary to idealize the stress-strain

behavior to get the solution of a plastic
problem
The most popular stress-strain models are as
follows
Elastic-perfectly plastic model
Bilinear behavior model
15

Elastic-perfectly plastic model

For the stress-strain relationship of mild steel, the
strain hardening is neglected;
Plastic flow is assumed to be taken place as the stress
reaches the yield point and continues horizontally

16

Elastic-perfectly plastic model

The uniaxial stress-strain relationship can be

written as

e=
e=

y
E

+e * y

where e* is a scalar to be determined

17

Bilinear behavior model

For the high carbon steel, there is no plastic flow, but
strain hardening behavior
The smooth transition curve is replaced by two
straight lines with a sharp breaking point

18

Bilinear behavior model

The first straight line branch has the slope of Youngs
modulus E, while the second one has a smaller slope
of Et
The stress-strain relationship is

e=
e=

y
E

( y )
Et

> y

19

Applications of plasticity theory

Stress and strain analysis of simple statically

indeterminate truss

Applications of plasticity theory

Plastic analysis for reinforced concrete beam and
frames (mostly statically indeterminate)
When the whole section becomes yield, a plastic hinge is
formed at that position. The plastic hinge can carry
certain moment and rotate to a certain amount

2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR

--CREEP PHENOMENON

Creep compliance: J(t) = e(t)/

t
22

2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR

--Influence to structural design

Long-term deflection of a reinforced concrete beam

can be 2-3 times larger than the initial deflection

Final deflection D F

Initial deflection D I

DF / DI = 2 3
23

2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR

--Influence to structural design
b.

Cause a large stress loss in prestressed concrete

24

2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR

--Influence to structural design
c.

In a R.C. column, creep can cause the stress in the

steel to increase significantly with time because
steel is non-creeping and thus take over the force
reduced in concrete due to creep.
Dl RC = DlC = Dl S

Reinforcing steel

25

2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR

--Physical basis of creep
1.

2.

3.

For polymer: Time is needed for molecules to rearrange their positions to a stable state. The further
movement of molecules under the constant load
with time results in more deformation, i.e. creep.
For concrete: The absorbed water in cement
hydration products, calcium silicate hydrate, would
migrate, moving around under a constant load. The
dimension change of concrete due to the migration
of the absorbed water is the source of the creep of
concrete.
Creep is also influenced by temperature. The ratio
of temperature to melting temperature of the
material is an important parameter.
26

2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR

--Influence of stress level
Linear creep
Nonlinear creep
Unstable creep

Stress < 50% of strength

Stress > 50% strength
Stress > 75-80% strength

Creep

0.5

0.75

27

2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR

--Modeling of creep
Spring and dashpot are elements used to describe creep

(a) Spring

(b) Dashpot

e= /E

de/dt =

28

2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR

--modeling of creep
a.

Maxwell model
Spring + Dashpot in series

E (t )

e (t )
T

(t )

(t )
29

2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR

--modeling of creep
Maxwell model
Equilibrium

Compatibility

Constitutive
relationship

E (t ) = (t ) = (t )

e(t ) = e1 (t ) + e 2 (t )
E (t ) = Ee 1 (t )

(t ) = e 2 (t )
30

2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR

--modeling of creep
Differentiating the compatibility equation

de de 1 de 2
=
+
dt
dt
dt
Substituting the constitutive equations into above equation

de d
=
+
dt Edt

31

2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR

--modeling of creep
From the loading diagram, for 0 < t < t1
de
=
Under constant stress, d/dt = 0; de/dt = /; get
dt
Integral gives:
e = (/)t + e(0)

t1

t
t1

32

2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR

--modeling of creep
From initial condition, e (0) =

0
E

get

0t
e (t ) =
+
E

When the stress is completely removed at t1,

So we have

0
e =
t1

33

2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR

--modeling of creep
b.

Kelvin Model
Spring + Dashpot in parallel

E (t )

(t )

(t )
34

2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR

--modeling of creep
Equilibrium

(t ) = E (t ) + (t )

(1)

Compatibility

e(t ) = e1 (t ) = e 2 (t )

(2)

Constitutive
relationship

E (t ) = Ee 1 (t )

(t ) = e 2 (t )

(3)
35

2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR

--modeling of creep
By substitution (3) into (1)

(t ) = Ee (t ) + e (t )

e (t ) +

e (t ) = 0

one special solution

e (t ) = Ce
0
e =

36

2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR

--modeling of creep
Initial condition

t =0

e (0) = 0

e (t ) =
1 e
E

If stress is removed at t=t1

E

e (t ) = e (t1 )e

( t t1 )

37

2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR

--modeling of creep

t1

t
t1
38

2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR

--modeling of creep
Burgers body

E1

2
Instantaneous
Response

Steady
State Creep

e=
+
t+
E1
1
E2

Transient
Response

E t
1 exp 2

Transient Steady State

Response
Creep

Instantaneous
Response

39

2.4 Fracture
Fracture is a failure of materials due to propagation of
crack.
Fracture mechanics is a subject of studying stress and
displacement fields in the region of a crack tip in
materials.
Stress

K
2r

Distance from
Crack Tip, r
40

2.4 Fracture

Brittle materials: Glass, fibrous composite

--Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM)
Quasi brittle materials: Concrete, ceramic
--Non-linear fracture mechanics

e
41

2.4 Fracture

Ions or atom subjected to tension

42

2.4 Fracture

If only next neighbor interact

The change in distance to ions due to the force

43

2.4 Fracture
=

F
b02

m ax
e=

b b0
b0

= m ax sin (2e )
d
= m ax 2 = E
de e = 0
E
E
max =

2 6
44

2.4 Fracture

For steel, E is 210 GPa, thus

E
max
=35GPa
6

The tensile strength measured for steel is 0.3 0.6

GPa because existing of flaws in materials.

45

2.4 Fracture
--Stress concentration factor

Kt =

max
2a
= 1+
0
b
46

2.4 Fracture
--Stress intensity factor

yy
xy

q
q
3q
cos 1 sin sin
2
2
2
2r
KI
q
q
3q
=
cos 1 + sin sin
2
2
2
2r
KI
q
q
3q
=
cos sin cos
2
2
2
2r

xx =

KI

xx

Key:

yy

Distance
Angle between x and r

xy

xx
q

2.4 Fracture
--Stress intensity factor

Loading Direction

Stress

yy

yy

Critical
Stress
Crack

KI
=
2r

r
Distance from
Crack Tip

Inelastic
Zone

a
K I = a f ( )
b

48

2.4 Fracture
--Stress intensity factor

A crack propagates whenever KI is equal to a

threshold value, i.e.

K I = K Ic
KIC critical stress intensity factors (Fracture
toughness)

K IC = c a

or

K IC = ac
49

2.4 Fracture
--Stress intensity factor

P
W
W

a
2a
P/2

P/2

1/2
K = a (sec a )
W

K=

PS

3/2
5/2
1/2
2.9(a/W)
4.6(a/W)
+
21.8(a/W)
[
3/2
BW
- 37.6(a/W)7/2 + 38.7(a/W)9/2 ]

P
W
K=
a

P
BW

1/2

[ 29.6(a/W)1/2 - 185.5(a/W)3/2 + 655.7(a/W)5/2

- 1017(a/W)7/2 + 63.9(a/W)9/2 ]
50

Failure of Metal: Ductile or Brittle

Gross
Yielding

Brittle
Fracture

= y
= K c / a

y =

Kc
a

Crack Size, a
2
C
2
y

K
aT =

51

2.4 Fracture
--Fracture energy
P

U (Displacement)

= KU

U = CP
C = U/P
K = 1/C

K -- stiffness
C -- compliance

52

2.4 Fracture
--Fracture energy
(a)

Load

(b)

Before Crack
Propagation

Load

Work Done
= PD

Energy
Released

After Crack
Propagation

Displacement

Fixed displacement case

Before
Additional
Energy
Stored
= PD2

After

Displacement

Fixed load case

53

2.4 Fracture
--Fracture energy
DEn = DArea
OBU

DEn of
= DDOAU
OBU DOAU

P1
1
= ( P2 P1 )u
P2
2
1
= dp u
O
2
du = d (CP) = PdC + Cdp = 0

P
dp = dC
C

A
B
a + da

1 2
DE n = P dC
2

54

2.4 Fracture
--Fracture energy

Define G as strain energy release rate for the propagation of a

unit length of crack in a structure with unit thickness.

1 2
P dC
1 DE n 1 2
P 2 dC
G=
=
=
t da
t da
2t da
Introduce

Gc as the critical strain energy release rate of materials,

then energy criteria for fracture can be written as

G = Gc
55