INTRODUCTION TO DS PLANNING

Lecture Notes - Dr. L.Ramesh

1- Introduction
1882 First PS Pearl Street Electric Station in
NewYork
Economic
E
i Investment
I
t
t through
th
h Optimal
O ti l Planning,
Pl
i
Design, Construction and Operation
DS Planning essential to satisfies the growing
d
demand
d

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

2- DS Objective

To assure that the growing demand for electricity ,in

terms of increasing growth and high load density can
b satisfied
be
ti fi d in
i an optimum
ti
way by
b addition
dditi off DS

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

3- DS Planning Basics
TDS planners must determine the load magnitude
and its geographic location
DS is very important to electric utility , because it is
close to the customer and high investment cost
The failure of DS will affect the customer directly
rather than transmission line

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

3- DS Planning Basics Cont.,

DS planning to be starts at Customer level

Demand
D
d type,
t
l d factor,
load
f t other
th characteristic
h
t i ti dictate
di t t
the type of DS required
DS Planners Partitions the total DS Planning
problem
bl
i t a sett off sub
into
b problem
bl

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

Distribution System Planning

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4- Factors Affecting System Planning

Load Forecasting
Substation Expansion
p
Substation Site Selection
Other Factors

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

4.1- Factors Affecting Load Forecasting

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4.2- Factors Affecting Substation Expansion

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4.3- Factors Affecting Substation Siting

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4.3- Substation Site Selection Procedure

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4.4- Factors Affecting Total Cost

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5- Present DS Planning Techniques'

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6- DS Planning Models
Mathematical Model for Optimal Expansion Planning

Optimum SubStation location

Optimum SubStation Expansion
Optimum SubStation Trfr.
Trfr Sizing
Opt. load transfer bet. Substation & Demand Centre
Optimum Feeder Routing

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

6- DS Planning Models Cont.,

Operational Research Techniques'

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6- DS Planning Models Application

Computer
C
t Applications
A li ti
New Expansion Planning
Augmentation and Up gradation
Operational
O
ti
l Planning
Pl
i
Benefits of Optimization Application

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

7- Importance of Standards and Codes for Planning

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

Stray Load Loss

Theselossesaredifficulttomeasurewithanyaccuracy.IEEEStandard112givesa
complicatedmethod,whichisrarelyusedonshopfloor.ISandIECstandardstake
afixedvalueas0.5%ofinput.Theactualvalueofstraylossesislikelytobemore.
IEEE 112
IEEE112specifiesvaluesfrom0.9%to1.8%
ifi
l
f
09%t 18%

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Selection of Motors

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8- DS Planning in Future

Economic
E
i F
Futures
t
Demographic Factors
Technological Factors
Increasing Importance of Good Planning
Impact of Load Management
Cost Benefit Ratio
New Planning Tools

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9- Successful Load Management

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10- The Role of Computer in DS Planning

The
The System Approach
Database Management
New Automated Tools

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11- The Impact of Dispersed Generation

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12- Introduction to Load Characteristic

Computer
C
t Applications
A li ti

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13- Basic Definitions' of Load Characteristic

Demand-Load
D
d L d att the
th receiving
i i
t
terminal
i l over a
specific period of time
Demand Interval-It is a period over which load is
averaged.
d Time
Ti
period
i d may ne 15,30,60
15 30 60 min
i or more.
Maximum Demand-Greatest of all the demand which
has occurred during the specific period of time

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

Daily Load Curve

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13- Basic Definitions' of Load Characteristic

Diversified Demand/Coincident Demand-Unrelated

Load over a specific period of time
Non
N
C i id t Demand-Demand
Coincident
D
dD
d off group off load
l d
with no restriction on time interval.

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

13- Basic Definitions' of Load Characteristic

Demand FactorConnected Load- Sum of Continuous rating of load

consuming apparatus.

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Daily Load Curve (Resid., Comm., Street Light)

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13- Basic Definitions' of Load Characteristic

Utilization Factor-

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Sample Winter Peak Load Curve

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13- Basic Definitions' of Load Characteristic

Load Factor-

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Diversity factor

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Coincidence factor

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Contribution Factor

Loss

Factor

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14- Maximum Diversified Demand

Steps to determine Max Diversified Demand

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

15- Load Forecasting

Esti. power demand at the various load buses
ahead of time
Required for planning and operational applications.
Make a statistical analysis of previous load data
and set up
p a suitable model of the demand p
pattern.
Utilize the identified load model for making a
prediction
di ti off th
the estimated
ti t d demand.
d
d
Forecasting interval Few seconds to few years.
Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

15- Load Forecasting

Load forecasting is an important component for
power system
p
y
energy
gy management
g
system.
y
Precise load forecasting helps the electric utility to
make unit commitment decisions, reduce spinning
reserve capacity
p
y and schedule device maintenance
plan properly.
B id playing
Besides
l i a key
k role
l iin reducing
d i th
the
generation cost, it is also essential to the reliability of
power systems.
Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

15- Load Forecasting

The system operators use the load forecasting
result as a basis of off-line network analysis to
determine if the system might be vulnerable.
If so,
so corrective actions should be prepared
prepared, such
as load shedding, power purchases and bringing
peaking units on line.

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

15- Factors influence the system load behavior

Weather
Time
Economy
Random disturbance

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15- Load Profile

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15- Load Forecasting Classification

Long-term forecasting with the lead time of more
than one year
Mid-term forecasting with the lead time of one week
to one year
Short-term load forecasting with the lead time of 24
to 168 hours
Very short-term load forecasting with the lead time
shorter than one day
Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

15- Load Forecasting Methods

Regression Methods
Time Series
Neural Networks
Similar Day Approach
Expert Systems
Fuzzy Logic
Data mining
Wavelets
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15- Requirement of Load Forecasting Methods

Accuracy
Fast Speed
Automatic Bad Data Detection
Friendly Interface
Automatic Data Access
Automatic Forecasting Result Generation
Portability

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15- Output of Load Forecasting Methods

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16- Load Management

A l i off Load
Analysis
L d variations
i ti
Identification of Controllable Loads
Selection of Control Option
p
Implementation strategy

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

16- Common Load Management Options

Staggering of working hours of large consumers
Staggering of holidays of large consumers
Specified energy and power quotas for major
consumers
Rostering of agricultural loads
Curtailment of demand - service interruptions
p
(load shedding)
Lecture Notes

- L.Ramesh

16- Load Management Options

Direct Load Control (DLC) Utility has control of
directly switching off customer loads
Interruptible Load Control (ILC)- Utility provides
advance
d
notice
ti to
t customers
t
t switch
to
it h off
ff loads
l d
Time of Use (TOU) Tariffs price signal provided
customer decides response
p
Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

16- Load Management Options

Cool Storage Chilled water , Ice storage- operate
compressor during off peak
Water pumping systems
C
Cogeneration
ti Operating
O
ti strategy
t t
Evaluate Process Storage possibilities
Power p
pooling
g
Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

QUESTIONS

QUESTIONS

QUESTIONS

QUESTIONS

55

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