Unit II Modern Dist SCR PDF

DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTION
SUBSTATION AND AUTOMATION
Lecture Notes - Dr. L.Ramesh
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
1- Application of Distribution Trfr
To reduce p
primary
y system
y
voltage
g 2.4 34kV to
Utilization Voltage (120-600V).
Type of Trfr Dept. on soil content, location, public
acceptance or cost
acceptance,
The rule of thumb requires that the trfr. Located
centrally with respect to load
Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh
2- Type of Distribution Transformer
Over Head Transformer Types

yp
Conventional Trfr.
Completely
Completely Self Protecting Trfr.
Trfr
Completely Self Protecting for secondary banking
Trfr.
2- Type of Distribution Transformer
Underground
g
Transformer Types
yp
Subway Trfr.
Low
Low Cost Residential Trfr.
Trfr
Network Trfr.
3- Regulation
4- Efficency
4- Transformer Eff. Chart
4- Annual Operating Cost
4- Trfr. Polarity
5- Equivalent Circuit of Trfr.
6- Single Phase Trfr. Connection'
7- Single Phase Trfr. Paralleling
7- Single Phase Trfr. Paralleling
8- Auto Transformer
9- Booster Transformer
10- Amorphous Metal DT
DESIGN OF SUB TRANSMISSION LINE

AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION
1- Components of DS
Sub Transmission System

Distribution
Distribution Substation
Distribution Feeder
Distribution Transformer
Secondary Circuits
Service Drops
2- Sub Transmission System
2- Radial Sub Transmission System
2- Improved Radial Sub Transmission System
2- Loop Type Sub Transmission System
2- Grid-Network Type Sub Transmission System
3- Distribution Substation
3- Components of Distribution Substation
Power Transformer
Circuit
Circuit Breaker
Disconnecting Switch
Station Bus and Insulator
Current Limiting Reactor
Shunt Reactor
Current Transformer
Potential Transformer
Capacitor
p
Voltage
g Transformer
Coupling Capacitor
Serious Capacitor
Shunt
Shunt Capacitor
Grounding System
Lightning Arrestor
Line Trap
Protective Relay
y
Station Battery
Other Apparatus
4- Substation Cost
Site Cost
Transmission cost
Transformer
Transformer Cost
Feeder Cost
4- Substation Cost Problem
4- Substation Cost Problem
5- Substation Bus Scheme
Single bus Scheme

Double Bus Double Breaker Scheme
Main
Main and transfer Bus Scheme
Double bus Single Breaker Scheme
Ring Bus Scheme
Breaker and a Half Scheme
5- Single bus Scheme
5- Double Bus Double Breaker Scheme
5- Main and transfer Bus Scheme
5- Double bus Single Breaker Scheme
5- Ring Bus Scheme
5- Breaker and a Half Scheme
5- Comparison of Switching Scheme
6- Substation Location
8- Square Shaped Substation Area Selection
9- Hexagonally Shaped Substation Area Selection
9- Hexagonally Shaped Substation Area Selection
10- Substation Area Selection for primary n Feeder
11- Derivation of K Constant
12- Problem
12- Problem
13- SCADA
SCADA is the equipment and procedure for

controlling one or more remote stations from a master
control station
13- Functions of SCADA
13- Process Diagram of SCADA
13- Substation Functions of SCADA
Distribution Automation
Wh t ?
What
How ?
Why ?
DA
67
Typical Power System
Generating Plant
Step-up
p p
transformers
Circuit breakers
Generation System
Transmission System
Transmission System
Transformers in
Bulk power
substations
Distribution System
substations
transformers
circuit breakers
feeders
sectionalizing
g switches
capacitor banks
voltage regulators
DSGs
customers
- HT customers
- LT customers
Dispersed
Storage and
generation
(DSG)
Solar or
Wind
Sources
(100KW to
1MW)
Sub-transmission
system
Distribution
substation
DSG
Threephase
Primary
feeders
Sectionalizing
switch
Battery or
Fuel cells,
1 to 25 MW
Voltage
Regulator
Capacitor
bank
Primary
circuits
One-phase
O
lateral feeder
Distribution
Transformer
DSG
Photovoltaic
Power supply,
up to 100 KW
Home
68
Function of Distribution Automation System
Remotely monitors the distribution system,

f ilit t supervisory
facilitates
i
control
t l off devices
d i
andd
provides decision support tools to improve the
system
t performance
f
SCADA
(Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)
Application Functions
69
Levels of Automation
Substation Level Automation

Feeder Level Automation
Customer Level Automation
70
Operational problems and Potential Applications of DAS
Fault location, isolation and Service Restoration

Maintaining good voltage profile
Load Balancing
Load Control
Metering
Maintaining Maps
Fuse-off call operations
Energy accounting
Recent Buzz words !!
g Management
g
Outage
Customer Information Management
71
Candidate Distribution Automation Functions
Substation
Automation
Functions
Data Acquisition From:

- Circuit Breakers
- Load Tap Changers
- Capacitor Banks
- Transformers
Supervisory Control of:
- Circuit Breakers
- Load Tap Changers
- Capacitor banks
Fault Location
Fault Isolation
Service Restoration
Substation Reactive
Power Control
Feeder Automation
Functions
Data Acquisition From:

- Line Reclosers
- Voltage Regulators
- Capacitor Banks
- Sectionalizers
- Line Switches
- Fault Indicators
Supervisory Control of:
- Line Reclosers
- Voltage Regulators
- Capacitor Banks
- Sectionalizers
- Line Switches
Fault Location
Fault Isolation
Service Restoration
Feeder Reconfiguration
Feeder Reactive Power
Control
Customer Interface
Automation
Functions
Automatic Meter Reading

Remote Reprogramming
of Time-of-Use (TOU)
Meters
Remote Service
Connect/Disconnect
Automated Customer
Claims Analysis
72
Control Hierarchy
( From: Turan Gonen, Electric Power Distribution System Engineering,

73
McGraw-Hill Book Company )
Control Center Architecture

RTUs in
the field
M d
Modems
DAH
App Server
SCADA Host Systems
FES
1&2
LAN
MMI 1
MMI 6
PERIPHERAL
SERVER -1
Printer
P
i t
Sharer
PERIPHERAL
SERVER -2
..
Video
Projector
DMP -1
Timee
Center
DMP -2
DT 1 & 2
74
Application
pp
Functions
Network Reconfiguration
a) Fault localization
b) Service Restoration
c) Load Balancing
Integrated Volt-Var Control
Remote Metering
Automatic Load Shedding
Load Management
Automated
A
d Mapping
i andd Facilities
ili i Management (AM/FM)
(A / )
Trouble Call Management System (TCMS)
gy Accountingg
Load Surveyy and Energy
75
Network Reconfiguration - Fault Localization
Locates faulty section in a radial distribution feeder by

operating Load Break Switches on a feeder
Localization is faster compared to manual determination of
faulty section
Illustration:
Fault
A radial feeder
76
Fault localization
Fault
CB Close
LB Sw Close
77
Network Reconfiguration - Service Restoration
Restores service to non-faulty feeder sections by reconfiguration

Considerations
* Presence of alternate paths
* Operation of LB switches
* Need to have remotely controllable switches
* Restoration
R t ti based
b d on
- satisfaction of current and voltage constraints
- minimum switches
- minimum losses
78
Network Reconfiguration
g
- Load Balancing
g
Composition and hence consumption patterns of loads on

different feeders are different
To distribute loads among transformers/feeders
Remote control of switches for reconfiguration
79
Load Balancing - Illustration

Feeder 1
Feeder 2
Initial
configuration
Final
configuration
80
Integrated Volt
Volt-Var
Var Control
Applied on feeders with capacitors and voltage regulators

Control of capacitor banks and voltage regulators
Schedule for switching and tap control
To meet reactive power requirements and reduce losses
81
Remote Metering
g
Uses of electro-static meters

Customer
C t
meter
t reading
di
Facilitates Multiple tariff
Detection of Meter tampering
More justifiable at HT (high value) Customers
82
Automatic Load Shedding

g
Under Frequency based load shedding

Sensing Frequency through transducers
Load shedding based on the frequency drop, current loading
conditions and priority of the load
Closed loop function at RTU level
83
Load Management
g
- Scheduled p
power cuts
Illustration
Gap between generation and demand

Schedule power cuts on rotation
Automatic
A t
ti load
l d shedding
h ddi based
b d on schedules
h d l
Facility to change the schedules
Schedules for Power

cut on Feeders
(6 to 7)
(7 to 8)
(8 to 9)
(9 to 10)
84
Load Management
g
- Emergency
g y based load sheddingg
Gap between power generation and load demand due to

sudden contingencies
To shed the loads based on the relief required
Identification of loads to be shed based on
- current load magnitudes
- priority of the load
- time when last shed
Shed the load based on the above factors
85
Load Management
g
- Agricultural
g
load control
Importance of Agricultural load

Separate
S
t schedule
h d l for
f Agricultural
A i lt l loads
l d
Ag. Loads categorized into groups
Schedule for each group
Shed the load based on the schedule
Use
U off one-way radio
di switch
it h
- Accepts a command to shed
- Restores automatically
86
Automated Mapping and Facilities Management (AM/FM)
Display of geographical Maps

Dynamic info on Maps
(From T&D World
World, Oct 2001)
Layering, Zooming, Scrolling and Panning

Historical data on Devices
87
(From T&D World, Oct 2001)
Trouble Call Management

g
System
y
((TCMS))
Responds to customer complaints

Acceptance of interruption/restoration data from the operator
Distribution
Distrib tion Transformer trip/close info from SCADA
Determination of source of interruption
Improvement of response time to customer complaints
88
Load Survey and Energy Accounting
Availability of continuous data on loads etc.,

Determination of Load Patterns
Data for planning
Detection of abnormal energy consumption pattern
Identification of high loss areas
89
Overall Schematic Diagram of Project
90
Why
y Distribution Automation ?
Benefits
- Tangible (measured in terms of money )
- In-tangible(cannot be measured inyterma )
91
Tangible Benefits
Substation
Automation
Reduction in Capital
p
Expenditure
p
due to:
Deferment of additional substation
facilities
Effective utilization of substation
facilities
Reduction in O&M Costs of Breaker
switching for:
Routine Operations
Non-Routine Operations
Reduction in O&M Costs of LTC
Operation for:
Routine LTC Operations
Non-Routine Operations
Reduction in O&M Costs for:
Routine Relay Testing
Relay Setting
Reduction in O&M Costs of:
Routine Data Collection
Non-Routine
N R ti D
Data
t C
Collection
ll ti
Data Analysis
Testing of Data Logging Devices
Repair of Data Logging Devices
Feeder
Automation
Customer interface
Automation
Reduction in Capital Expenditure

due to:
Deferment of additional feeders
Effective utilization of existing
feeders

Regular Meter Reading
Reprogramming of Meters
Service Connect/Disconnect
Processing of Customer Claims

Fault Location and Isolation
Service Restoration
Routine Switching Operations
Recloser Setting
Recloser Testing
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Feeder Reconfiguration
Capacitor Banks Inspection
Increased Revenue Due to:

Reduction of System Peak Load
Tamper Detection to Reduce
Electricity Theft
Reduced
Red ced Payments
Pa ments for Customer
C stomer
Claims
Increased Revenue Due to:

Loss Reduction due to Feeder
Reconfiguration
Loss Reduction due to Capacitor
Banks Automation
Faster Service Restoration
92
Summary of cost/benefit Analysis Results

b d on ttangible
based
ibl b
benefits
fit
Function
Category
Substation
Automation
Feeder
Automation
Customer
C
t
interface
i t f
Automation
Present Value of
benefits ($)
177 393
177,393
423 260
423,260
2 913 258
2,913,258
Present Value of
costs ($)
166,764
555,000
10,934,353
Benefit/Cost
Ratio
1.06
0.76
0.27
Details of the area : 32,000

32 000 customers with electric and gas meters with a mix of 53 % residential
residential,
8 % commercial 37% industrial and 2% agricultural.
Peak demand : 124 MW
Area served by three major substations (230/21 kV, 115/12 kV, 60/12 kV)
with 13 primary feeders circuits (eleven 12kV and two 21kV) in the area
David L. Brown, et al., Prospects For Distribution Automation at Pacific Gas & Electric
Company, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 6, No. 4, October 1991, pp 1946-1954.
93
Intangible Benefits
Benefit
Category
Substation
Automation
Improved Service
Reliability
Applicable
Customer interface
Feeder
Automation Automation
Applicable
Not Applicable
Improved Customer
Satisfaction
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Improved Public
Safety
Applicable
Applicable
Not Applicable
Better Information
for Engineering and
Planning
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Strategic or
Marketing
Advantages
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Applicable
Improved Public
Image
94
Possible Research Area in DA

Customer Level Intelligent Automation System
(a) Automated Meter Reading
(b) Prepaid Metering
(c) Embedding Harmonic Detectors in the Meters
Substation and Feeder Level Automation
(a) Indigenous Auto Reclosures and Sectionalizers
(b) Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)
Computer Aided Monitoring and Control of Distribution Transformers
(a) Remotely Operable Load Break Switches
(b) Low Cost Controllers for Capacitor Switching
(c) Low Cost Pole Top RTU
95
Cont
Data communication system for Distribution Automation
(a) Interfaces for Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and
Wireless in Local Loop (WLL)
(b) Interfaces for Global System for Mobile (GSM)
(c) Interfaces for Distribution Line Carrier Communication (DLCC)
(d) Interfaces for 900 Mhz Radio
(e) Cost Effective Substation RTUs
Development and Standardization of Distribution Automation software
(a) Master Distribution Automation Software
(b) Application / Engineering Analysis Software
(c) Integration of GIS
(d) Energy Audit and Accounting Software (EAAS)
(e) Trouble Call Management Software (TCMS)
(f) Customer Information System (CIS)
(g) Web Based Metering, Billing, and Collection System
(I ) Web Based Monitoring of Distribution System
96
Summary
What is Distribution Automation ?
Monitor, Control, Decision support tools
How do you do Distribution Automation ?

SCADA and Application Functions
Why Distribution Automation ?

Tangible
g
and Intangible
g
benefits
97
14- Substation Grounding
14- Grounding Resistance
102

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DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTION

SUBSTATION AND AUTOMATION

Lecture Notes - Dr. L.Ramesh

Lecture Notes - Dr. L.Ramesh

1- Application of Distribution Trfr

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

2- Type of Distribution Transformer

Over Head Transformer Types

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

2- Type of Distribution Transformer

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

4- Transformer Eff. Chart

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

4- Annual Operating Cost

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

5- Equivalent Circuit of Trfr.

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

6- Single Phase Trfr. Connection'

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

7- Single Phase Trfr. Paralleling

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

7- Single Phase Trfr. Paralleling

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

10- Amorphous Metal DT

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

DESIGN OF SUB TRANSMISSION LINE

Lecture Notes - Dr. L.Ramesh

Sub Transmission System

2- Sub Transmission System

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

2- Radial Sub Transmission System

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

2- Improved Radial Sub Transmission System

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

2- Loop Type Sub Transmission System

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

2- Grid-Network Type Sub Transmission System

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

3- Components of Distribution Substation

3- Components of Distribution Substation

3- Components of Distribution Substation

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

4- Substation Cost Problem

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

4- Substation Cost Problem

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

5- Substation Bus Scheme

Single bus Scheme

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

5- Single bus Scheme

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

5- Double Bus Double Breaker Scheme

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

5- Main and transfer Bus Scheme

Lecture Notes - L.Ramesh

5- Double bus Single Breaker Scheme