Chapter 6 - Introduction To Advanced Survey

CHAPTER 6:
INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED SURVEY

EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES
SUBTOPIC:
EDM
T O T A L S T A T I O N
G L O B A L P O S I T I O N I N G S Y S T E M ( G P S )
G E O G R A P H I C A L I N F O R M A T I O N S Y S T E M ( G I S )
R E M O T E S E N S I N G
FKA,UITMPG,nadia/2015
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(REVISED COPY)
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lectures, students should be able to:
1.
Define and describe how Electronic Distance Measurement

(EDM) and Total Station works in surveying works. (CO1,PO1)
2.
Define and discuss the advantage and working principle of

Global Positioning System (GPS), Geographical Information
System (GIS) and Remote Sensing in variation of surveying
application. (CO3,PO1)
Introduction
Introduction to Modern Survey Equipment
Traditional methods of measurement:

Length using survey chains, measuring tapes, measuring wheel.
Angle, bearing compasses, theodolite, tachometer
The disadvantages:
Measurement is not accurate

Takes time to take reading length and angle are measured
separately
Error in measurement
Personal error
Now : EDM
and
Total Station
1. ELECTROMAGNETIC DISTANCE
MEASUREMENT (EDM)
What is an EDM?
EDM is a surveying instrument that utilizes an infrared or laser
beam to measure the distance from the source point to a
defined target point.
Source point is the EDM itself
Target point is the point that surveyor to measure. Typically
coupled with prism.
Therefore the distance measured is from the EDM to target point
Basic component of EDM

i.
A beam splitter is an optical device that splits a beam

of light in two.
ii.
A transmitter is an electronic device propagates an

electromagnetic signal or waves.
iii.
Frequency generator is a device to produce repetitive

waveforms.
iv.
Display to display distance measured
v.
Phase meter is a device for measuring the difference in

phase of two alternating currents.
vi.
Receiver optics is device that detects an optical

signal, converts it to an electrical signal, and
processes the electrical signal as required for further use.
vii.
Interference filter, an optical filter in which the

wavelengths that are not transmitted are removed.
viii.
Variable filter is a filter that has three outputs

frequency for high-pass, band- pass, and low-pass.
Electromagnetic distance measuring equipment uses three different wavelength

bands:
a. Microwave systems:
c. Infra red systems
Range up to 150 km
range up to 3 km
Wavelength 1mm to 10 cm
Wavelength 1mm to 1 m
Not limited to line of sight
limited to line of sight
Unaffected by visibility
limited by rain, fog, other airborne

particles.
b. Light wave systems

o
range up to 5 km (for small machines)
Wavelength 400 nm to 700 nm
visible light, lasers
distance reduced by visibility
Common Sources of Error in EDM:
Careless centering of
instrument and/or
reflector
Faulty temperature and
pressure measurements
Incorrect input of
instrument constant
Personal:
Instrumental
Blunders
Natural:
Incorrect settings
Incorrect scale settings
Prism constants ignored
Incorrect recording settings (e.g.
horizontal vs. slope distance)
Instrument not calibrated

regularly
Electric optical not center
Prism Constant
Sudden changes of
temperature
Turbulence in air
Prisms
Prisms are used with electro-optical EDM (light,
laser, and infrared) to reflect the transmitted signals.
Has the characteristic of reflecting light rays back

precisely in the same direction as they are received.
The quality of the prism is determined by the flatness of
the surfaces and the perpendicularity of the 90 surfaces.
Prisms can be tribrach-mounted on a tripod, centred by

optical plummet, or attached to a prism pole held vertical
on a point with the aid of a level.
Prisms mounted on adjustable-length prism poles are
very portable and as such, are particularly suited for

stakeout surveys.
The height of the prism is normally set to equal
the height of the instrument.
2. TOTAL STATION
Introduction
When
theodolite
instrument
is
combined
with
interfaced
EDM
and electronic
data collectors, its become electronic tachometer instruments (ETIs), or commonly

known as Total Stations.
Total Stations can read and record horizontal and vertical angles together with
horizontal, vertical and slope distances i.e. totally all in one observations.
The
microprocessors
in
the
Total
Stations
can
perform
mathematical operations:
o averaging multiple angle measurements:
o averaging multiple distance measurements;
o determining X, Y, Z coordinates,
o remote object elevations (i.e., heights of sighted features),
o distances between remote points;
o Making atmospheric and instrumental corrections.
variety
of
Calibration of Total Station

(Checking or adjusting (by comparison with a
standard) the accuracy of a measuring
instrument)
An electronic calibration should be carried
out on a total station as follows;
i.
Before using the instrument for the first time
ii.
After long storage periods
iii.
After rough or long transportation
iv. After long periods of work

v. Following big changes of temperatures
vi. Calibrate regularly for precision surveys
Features of Total Station
Advantages of Total Station

i. Measurement (angle, distance, coordinate etc) can be carried
automatically
ii. Survey are can be done easily and completed fast

iii. Do not involved many workers
iv. Error during data recording can be avoided since the
measurements are saved in memory card/recorder.
v. Measurement can be done in humid/cold/rainy weather
conditions since some Total Stations are water proof.
vi. Survey can be done safely
vii. Higher degree of accuracy can be achieved
Capabilities of Total Station
Sources of Errors
3. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

Introduction
GPS is a satellite-based navigation system
Satellites (object orbiting a planet) circle the earth twice a day in a very precise (consistent)
orbit and transmit signal information to earth.

GPS receivers (handheld equipments) take this information and use triangulation to
calculate the user's exact location.
GPS receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted by a satellite with the time it was
received.
The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away the satellite is.
Now, with distance measurements from a few more satellites, the receiver can determine the
user's position and display it on the unit's electronic map.
So GPS solve our problem how to know our location precisely
In any condition
At any time
Everywhere on earth
The Principle
Positioning Method
Application of GPS
iii. Transportation sector
i. Surveying and cadastre
Increase density of cadastral control
Vehicle navigation system

Mobile mapping
Improve spatial accuracy
Fleet management
Significantly reduce need to maintain

physical survey control network
Traffic guidance systems
ii. Surveying engineering

Infrastructure development road,
rail, ports monitoring
Asset capture,
planning of
utility services
power,
water, telecommunication for state
government and public sector
iv. Laser scanning & mapping

Digital surface models
3D city models
Protection from flooding
v. Deformation measurements
Construction survey (e.g.
bridges, dams)
Bridge monitoring
4. GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

(GIS)
Introduction
Application of GIS
GIS Data
1. Spatial Data
2. Attribute Data
Data that relate to a specific,
Any information about the location and
defined location. The data are often
shape of geographic features.

Identifies
the
geographic
location
statistical, text, images or multi-
of
media.
features and boundaries on Earth, such as
Provide and answer of what it is
natural or constructed features, oceans,

and etc.
Example:
Provide an answer of where it is

o
a)
Raster data (grids of numbers describing e.g.,

elevation, population etc)
b) TINs - Triangular Irregular Networks - used to
discretize continues data
c) Vector data
i.
ii.
A point, vector or raster geologic map only

describe a "rock unit" on a map with a single
number, letter or name. The attribute table will
describe
Point Data -- layers described by
Age of rock
points (or "event") described by x, y
Lithology / minerals
(latitude, longitude; east, north)
percentage of quartz
Line/Polyline Data -- layers that are
etc, for each rock type on the map.
described by x,y points (nodes,

events) and lines (arcs) between
points
Types of GIS Data
Advantages of GIS
4. REMOTE SENSING
Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon
without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on site
observation.
Remote sensing is a sub-field of geography.
In modern usage, the term generally refers to the use of aerial sensor technologies to
detect and classify objects on Earth (both on the surface, and in
the atmosphere and oceans) by means of propagated signals (e.g. electromagnetic
radiation).
It may be split into active remote sensing (when a signal is first emitted
from aircraft or satellites) or passive (e.g. sunlight) when information is merely
recorded.
Recent developments include, beginning in the 1960s and 1970s with the
development of image processing of satellite imagery.
How Does it Works?

Passive sensors gather radiation that is emitted or reflected by the object
or surrounding areas.
Reflected sunlight is the most common source of radiation measured by
passive sensors.
Examples of passive remote sensors include film photography, infrared,
charge-coupled devices, and radiometers.

Active collection, on the other hand, emits energy in order to scan objects
and areas whereupon a sensor then detects and measures the radiation
that is reflected or backscattered from the target.
RADAR and LiDAR are examples of active remote sensing where the time
delay between emission and return is measured, establishing the location,
speed and direction of an object.
Application of Remote Sensing

1. Resource Exploration:
Geologists use remote sensing to study the formation of sedimentary rocks and identify deposits
of various minerals, detect oil fields and identify underground storage of water. Remote sensing
is used for identifying potential fishing zone, coral reef mapping and to find other wealth from
ocean.
2. Environmental Study:
Remote sensing is used to study cloud motion and predict rains. With satellite data it is possible
to study water discharge from various industries to find out dispersion and harmful effects, if
any, on living animals. Oil spillage and oil slicks can be studied using remote sensing.
3. Land Use:
By remote sensing, mapping of larger areas is possible in short time. Forest area, agricultural
area, residential and industrial area can be measured regularly and monitored. It is possible to
find out areas of different crops.
4. Site Investigation:
Remote sensing is used extensively in site investigations for dams, bridges, pipelines. It
can be used to locate construction materials like sand and gravel for the new projects.
5. Archaeological Investigation:
Many structures of old era are now buried under the ground and are not known. But by
studying changes in moisture content and other characteristics of the buried objects and
upper new layer, remote sensors are able to recognise the buried structutures of
archaeological importance.
6. Natural Hazard Study:
By using remote sensing, the natural hazards such as earthquake, volcanoes, landslides,
floods , hurricane and cyclones can be predicted to some extent and hazards minimised.

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CHAPTER 6:

INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED SURVEY

Define and describe how Electronic Distance Measurement

Define and discuss the advantage and working principle of

Traditional methods of measurement:

Measurement is not accurate

Basic component of EDM

A beam splitter is an optical device that splits a beam

A transmitter is an electronic device propagates an

Frequency generator is a device to produce repetitive

Display to display distance measured

Phase meter is a device for measuring the difference in

Receiver optics is device that detects an optical

Interference filter, an optical filter in which the

Variable filter is a filter that has three outputs

Electromagnetic distance measuring equipment uses three different wavelength

c. Infra red systems

Not limited to line of sight

limited to line of sight

limited by rain, fog, other airborne

b. Light wave systems

range up to 5 km (for small machines)

Wavelength 400 nm to 700 nm

visible light, lasers

distance reduced by visibility

Common Sources of Error in EDM:

Instrument not calibrated

Has the characteristic of reflecting light rays back

Prisms can be tribrach-mounted on a tripod, centred by

very portable and as such, are particularly suited for

data collectors, its become electronic tachometer instruments (ETIs), or commonly

Calibration of Total Station

Before using the instrument for the first time

After long storage periods

After rough or long transportation

iv. After long periods of work

Features of Total Station

Advantages of Total Station

ii. Survey are can be done easily and completed fast

vii. Higher degree of accuracy can be achieved

Capabilities of Total Station

3. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

orbit and transmit signal information to earth.

So GPS solve our problem how to know our location precisely

Vehicle navigation system

Improve spatial accuracy

Significantly reduce need to maintain

Traffic guidance systems

ii. Surveying engineering

iv. Laser scanning & mapping

4. GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

Any information about the location and

defined location. The data are often

shape of geographic features.

statistical, text, images or multi-

features and boundaries on Earth, such as

Provide and answer of what it is

natural or constructed features, oceans,

Provide an answer of where it is

Raster data (grids of numbers describing e.g.,

A point, vector or raster geologic map only

Point Data -- layers described by

points (or "event") described by x, y