EYE DISORDERS :

*COLOR BLINDNESS - Occurs When One Type Of Cone is Lacking . .

*NEAR SIGHTED - caused by a refractive error ,A refractive error
occurs when your eye does not focus light correctly. If you are
nearsighted, your eye focuses light entering the eye in front of the
retina instead of onto the retina.
The retina is the surface at the back of your eye that collects light.
The retina changes the light into electrical impulses that your brain
reads as images.
A myopic, or nearsighted, eye
focuses incorrectly because its shape is slightly abnormal. A
nearsighted eyeball is usually a little too long, and sometimes, its
cornea is too rounded. The cornea is the clear covering on the front of
your eye.
CAUSED BY : Myopia definitely has a genetic link. However it is
driven more by the environmental stress of near work such as
reading, studying, computer use, hand games and the lack of
outdoor time. In fact, one theory of increasing myopia is that it is
our eyes method of adapting to the demand of prolonged near work.
It takes less work for a myopic person to read. That's why we call it
"nearsighted".
*FAR SIGHTED - means that its easy for you to see things that are
far away, but your close-up vision is blurry. The technical term for
farsightedness is hyperopia.People can have varying degrees of
farsightedness, depending on their eyes ability to focus on close-up
objects. If you can only clearly see objects that are very far away,
you are very farsighted.
CAUSED BY : You are more likely to have farsightedness if your
parents have this condition. It often develops in adults as the lenses
of your eyes age.
Symptoms of Farsightedness
If youre farsighted, your eyes have to work hard to see anything up
close. Some of the symptoms of farsightedness are due to this extra
eyestrain. Symptoms include:

tension
fatigue
blurry vision up close
an aching or burning sensation around your eyes
a headache after reading or other tasks that require you to
focus on something up close.
-Some children develop strabismus
( crossed eyes ) because their farsightedness hasnt been diagnosed
and corrected. Farsightedness in children can also contribute to
problems with learning to read and write.

- Skin Disorders :
Tactile disorders, or sensory processing disorders, affect the sense of touch. In these disturbances, sensation
may be felt too intensely or too subtly, or objects may in various ways seem unrecognizable when held in the
hand. Tactile disorders are rooted in the brain and central nervous system and may result from neural
disregulation or from brain tumors, injury or surgery. Understanding the various tactile disorders sheds light
on what is a very challenging issue to those who suffer them.

- Tactile Agnosia
A person with tactile agnosia cannot recognize objects by touch. According to the Mayo Clinic Department of
Neurology, tactile agnosia is a subtle and nondisabling disorder. This tactile disorder results from lesions, tumors or
damage to the mesial temporal, relrosplenial and/or mesial occipital cortices of the brain. Those with tactile agnosia
usually have no difficulty in identifying objects through their other senses.

Tactile Defensiveness
Perhaps the most common of the tactile disorders, those with tactile defensiveness have markedly diminished tolerance for any tactile
sensations. Although it is experienced by some adults, it generally manifests in children. The Children’s Academy for
Neurodevelopment and Learning explains that incoming stimuli is not adequately processed and screened in the brain, causing the child to
register even mild sensory input as extreme, irritating or even painful.

Tactile Hyposensitivity
Tactile hyposensitivity is the opposite of tactile defensiveness. Those with this tactile disorder have a diminished tactile stimulation. This can
result in injury, because pain threshold is often quite high. Those with tactile hyposensitivity may gravitate toward experiences of high
sensation in order to feel. They may love extremes in tastes such as very salty or spicy, may like surfaces that provide lots of texture and
stimulation, and may seek out messy, boisterous activities.

What causes hearing loss? Some possibilities are

Heredity
Diseases such as ear infections and meningitis
Trauma
Certain medicines
Long-term exposure to loud noise
Aging

There are two main types of hearing loss. One happens when your inner ear or auditory nerve is damaged. This type
is usually permanent. The other kind happens when sound waves cannot reach your inner ear. Earwax build-up, fluid,
or a punctured eardrum can cause it. Treatment or surgery can often reverse this kind of hearing loss.

Untreated, hearing problems can get worse. If you have trouble hearing, you can get help. Possible treatments
include hearing aids, cochlear implants, special training, certain medicines, and surgery.

The most common taste disorder is phantom taste perception, which is a lingering, often unpleasant taste even
though you have nothing in your mouth. Another type of taste disorder is hypogeusia, a reduced ability to taste
sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and savory (umami). Dysgeusia is a condition in which a foul, salty, rancid, or metallic
taste sensation will persist in the mouth. Ageusia is the inability to detect any tastes, which is rare.

Often, people who feel they have a problem with their sense of taste are experiencing a loss of smell instead of a
loss of taste.

Some people are born with taste disorders. Other causes include upper respiratory and middle ear infections,
radiation therapy for cancers of the head and neck, exposure to certain chemicals, some antibiotics and
antihistamines, head injury, surgery to the ear, nose, and throat, poor oral hygiene, and dental problems.

Many types of taste disorders are curable when the underlying cause is diagnosed. If a medication is the cause,
adjusting or changing the medication may help. If the taste disorder is due to an upper respiratory infection or
allergy, once the condition is treated, the sense of taste returns to normal. Proper oral hygiene can also resolve
some taste disorders.

If you lose some or all of your sense of taste you can make your food taste better by preparing foods with a
variety of textures, and using herbs and hot spices.

What are smell and taste disorders?

The loss of the senses of smell (anosmia) and taste (ageusia) are the most common chemosensory disorders.
The reduced ability to smell (hyposmia) or to taste sweet, sour, bitter or salty substances (hypogeusia) are also
common.
In other disorders of the chemosenses, odors, tastes, or flavors may be misread or distorted, causing a person to detect
an unpleasant odor or taste from something that is normally pleasant to taste or smell. These disorders are important
because they can have a significant impact on quality of life and be a sign of underlying disease.
Smell disorders are serious because they damage the early warning system that can alert a person to such things as:

Fire

Poisonous fumes

Leaking gas

Spoiled food and beverages

Abnormalities in taste and smell can accompany or indicate the existence of diseases or conditions such as:

Obesity

Diabetes

Hypertension

Malnutrition

Degenerative diseases of the nervous system such as:

o

Parkinson's disease

Alzheimer's disease

What causes smell and taste disorders?

Although some people are born with chemosensory disorders, most are caused by:

Illness (i.e., upper respiratory infection, sinus infection)

Injury to the head

Hormonal disturbances

Dental, oral, or perioral problems

Exposure to certain chemicals

Certain medications

Exposure to radiation therapy for head or neck cancer

Cigarette smoking

Terminology
The disorders of smell are classified as "-osmias" and those of taste as "-geusias."
Anosmia - Inability to detect odors
Hyposmia - Decreased ability to detect odors
Dysosmia - Distorted identification of smell
o Parosmia - Altered perception of smell in the presence of an odor, usually unpleasant
o Phantosmia Perception of smell without an odor present
o Agnosia - Inability to classify or contrast odors, although able to detect odors
Ageusia - Inability to taste
Hypogeusia - Decreased ability to taste
Dysgeusia Distorted ability to taste
Smell and taste disorders can be total (all odors or tastes), partial (affecting several odors or tastes), or specific (only
one or a select few odors or tastes).