Facility Name

MN Hospital
Facility Type

Street Address
1234 W. Main St
SIC

Contact

Title

City
Milwakee
Classification
Commercial
E-Mail Address

Electricity

Jan-03
Feb-03
Mar-03
Apr-03
May-02
Jun-02
Jul-02
Aug-02
Sep-02
Oct-02
Nov-02
Dec-02
* Excludes Taxes

Energy
Peak Demand
kWh
kW
640,495
1,079
580,107
1,076
650,700
1,199
648,328
1,155
716,199
1,311
743,382
1,385
794,868
1,429
794,062
1,435
722,532
1,329
691,080
1,249
636,733
1,228
640,442
1,087
8,258,928 1246.833333333

State
WI

Zipcode

Phone Number

Fax Number

Industrial
Commercial
Institutional

Fuels
% of Total
Cost from
Peak
Demand
Charges
35%
37%
37%
36%
37%
37%
37%
36%
37%
37%
38%
35%
37%

Cost*
$
$31,682
$29,567
$33,223
$32,718
$36,522
$38,165
$40,059
$40,516
$36,461
$35,103
$32,895
$31,425
$418,336

Gas
Energy
Therms
54,340
45,840
44,290
31,540
25,220
25,950
28,980
31,020
23,030
26,700
34,330
50,040
421,280

Cost*
$
$41,434
$34,953
$33,768
$24,045
$11,144
$11,465
$12,803
$13,705
$10,176
$11,797
$26,179
$38,153
$269,622

Fuel Oil
Energy
Gallons

#2
Cost
$

#2
#6

Electric Sell Back Desired

Peak Electric Rates Apply
Standby Demand Charge
Electric Sell Back Price
Cogen Fuel Cost
W/O Cogen Fuel Cost
Existing Boiler Efficiency

No
Yes
$1.50 $/kw/month
1.500 /kWh
$4.00 $/MMBTU
$6.40 $/MMBTU
80 %

Yes
No

Baseline Report for

MN Hospital

Baseline Electric Energy Usage

900,000

1,600

800,000

1,400

700,000

1,200

600,000

kWh

800

400,000

600

300,000

400

200,000

200

100,000

0
Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-02 Jun-02

Jul-02 Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02

Monthly Electric Usage (kWh)

Peak Electric Use (kW)

Baseline Electric & Thermal Load Profile

Recommended Generator Size
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200

kW

1,000
800

715

600
400
200
0
0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000Hours 5,000

Electric Load Duration

Recommended Generating Capacity

6,000

7,000

8,000

Total Avg Thermal Load

9,000

kW (Demand)

1,000

500,000

0
Electricity
0
Peak
0
Energy
Demand
Cost*
0
kWh
kW
$
Jan-03
640,495
1,079 $31,682
Feb-03
580,107
1,076 $29,567
Mar-03
650,700
1,199 $33,223
Apr-03
648,328
1,155 $32,718
May-02
716,199
1,311 $36,522
Jun-02
743,382
1,385 $38,165
Jul-02
794,868
1,429 $40,059
Aug-02
794,062
1,435 $40,516
Sep-02
722,532
1,329 $36,461
Oct-02
691,080
1,249 $35,103
Nov-02
636,733
1,228 $32,895
Dec-02
640,442
1,087 $31,425
* Excludes Taxes
0.366831

Gas
Energy
Therms
54,340
45,840
44,290
31,540
25,220
25,950
28,980
31,020
23,030
26,700
34,330
50,040
418336

Fuels
0
Fuel Oil
Cost*
Energy
$
Gallons
$41,434
N/A
$34,953
N/A
$33,768
N/A
$24,045
N/A
$11,144
N/A
$11,465
N/A
$12,803
N/A
$13,705
N/A
$10,176
N/A
$11,797
N/A
$26,179
N/A
$38,153
N/A
421280
269622

#2
Cost
$
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0

Thermal-to-Electric Ratio
Recommended Prime Mover(s)
Gas Engine
Microturbine
Gas Turbine (Simple Cycle)
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells

1 1=Commercial, 2=Institttional, 6000=Industrial

0.5
714.5

= 1.08

Recommended
Recommended

Select Prime Mover

Yes
1,200
715
750
2
1,500
35
6,337
4,436
$0.0080

Include Absorption Chiller

Will the Absorption ChillerDisplace an
Electric Chiller?
Size
Thermal Input
O&M Costs
Electric Use
Electric Displaced

3,200 Hours/Year

Absorption Chillers
846

Hours/Year

Desiccant
846

kWe
kWe
kWe
Unit(s)
kWe
%
BTU/kWhe
BTU/kWhe
$/kWh/yr

Generator
Heat Recovery Unit*
Absorption Chiller
Desiccant
Installation*
Other

Estimated*
$1,200 per kWe
$850 per RT
$5.50 per SCFM

Total

Known

$1,380,000
Included
$279,834
$0
Included
$1,659,834

19.7

kWe
kWe

* Estimated Costs includes heat recovery unit and installation costs.

375

RT
MBTU/hr
$/RT/yr
kWe/RT
kWe/RT

None
Solid
Liquid
450000
0
0
0

Yes
SCFM
Unit(s)
SCFM
BTU/hr
/SCFM/yr
BTU/hr
kW e per kSCFM
Yes
No

Solid & Com or Inst

Solid & Indus
Liquid & Com or Inst
Liquid & Ind

Known
kWe
kWe
kWe
kWe

Solid
10,000
1
10,000
450,000
0.075
300,000
0.80

Estimated*
0.0
Included
11.7
8.0

Yes
391
6,653
$30
0.0300
0.6000

Hours/Year

Paraitic Electric Use

Costs

Yes

Select Desiccant
Would a desicant have been installed
anyway?
Chose Size (per Unit)
Chose Number of Units
Total Selected Capacity
Regeneration Requirements (200F)
O&M Costs
Latent Heat Removal Rate
Electric Use

Electric Generators

Gas Engine

Would backup generation have been

installed anyway?
If "Yes", indicated planned size
Recommended Generation
Chose Size (per Unit)
Chose Number of Units
Total Selected Capacity
Electric Efficiency
Gross Heat Rate Exhaust (LHV)
Recoverable Heat Rate (LHV)
O&M Costs

Estimated Hours of
Operation

Total Electric Displaced by Non-Electric Chillers

250 kWe
211,353 kWh

Total kWh/Year
0
0
9,933
6,768

kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh

0 kWh
16,701 kWh

SITE
MN Hospital
1234 W. Main St
Milwakee

RESULTS

450,000

WI

Fuel
Electricity Sold
O&M
Standby Charges
TOTAL
SAVINGS

$258
$0
$13
$14
$295
$393

350,000

$1,660 $(1000)
Gas Engine
19.7 kW
1,500 kW
4,800 MWh
211 MWh
5,011 MWh
37 %
9,751 BTU/kWh
4,436 BTU/kWh

300,000

250,000
kW e

CHP RESULTS
/kWh
Prime Mover
/kWh
Total ECP Cost
/kWh
Prime Mover
/kWh
Parasitic Load
$/MMBTU
Total Generation Capacity
$/MMBTU
Electrical Output
%
Absorption Chiller Credit
$/kw/month
Net Total Generation Effect
kW
Elecectric Capacity Factor
$/yr
Gross Heat Rate (LHV)
MWh
Recoverable Heat
MMBTU
Thermal Loads
TAT Thermal Loads (June, July, August)
PURPA
(Assuming Gas or Liquid Fuel Fired)
Absorption Chiller
Efficiency
57.7 %
Desiccant
Qualified Facility
Yes
Total Thermal Load with TAT
Sell Back
0
kWh
Thermal Capacity Factor
No
Sell Back Desired
Thermal Energy Output
From Generator
FINANCIAL RESULTS
From Auxiliary Boiler
COSTS WITHOUT COGENERATION $(1000)
Fuel Requirements:
Electricity Costs
$418 For Generator (HHV)
Thermal Energy Costs
$270 For Auxiliary Boiler (HHV)
TOTAL
$688
COSTS WITH COGENERATION $(1000)
Generation Costs
Supplemental Electric Purchase
$164
Peak Electric Charge Adjustment
($153)
5.065
6.923
1.500
5.065
4.00
6.40
80.0
$1.50
750
$12,530
8,259
30,493

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

May-02

5,629
381
36,502
100

MMBTU
MMBTU
MMBTU
%

1,200

21,291 MMBTU
9,202 MMBTU

1,000

51,731 MMBTU
12,713 MMBTU
4.31

/kWh

800

kW

ASSUMPTIONS
Average Electric Cost
Peak Averge Electric Cost
Initial Electric Sell Back
Supplemental Elect Cost
Cogen Initial Fuel Cost
W/O Cogen Fuel Cost
Existing Boiler Efficiency
Standby Demand Charge
Standby Capacity Required
O&M Charge
Annual Electric Load
Annual Heat Load

400,000

600

400

200

0
0

0
0

SIMPLE PAYBACK

4.22

Years

CHP Electric

Com parision of Generation to CHP Electric Load

450,000

2,500

400,000
2,000
350,000

300,000
1,500

kW e

kW e

250,000

1,000

200,000

150,000
500
100,000

50,000

0
0

744

1,488

2,208

2,928

3,672

0
May-02

Jun-02

Jul-02

Aug-02

Sep-02

Electric Generated

Oct-02

Electric Needed

Nov-02

Dec-02

Jan-03

Feb-03

Mar-03

4,416

5,136

5,856

6,600

7,272

8,016

8,760

9,132

Hours

Apr-03

Electric Sold

Average Electricity Generated

Electric Load Profile

Generation Installed

Therm al Dem and vs CHP Generation Therm al

Ave rage Dem and Profile

1,800

1,200
1,600

1,400

1,000

1,200

800

kW

kWt

1,000

600

800

600

400
400

200

200

0
0

0
0

744

1,488

2,208

2,928

3,672

4,416

Hours
Average Demand

5,136

5,856

6,600

Generator Capability

7,272

8,016

8,760

372

1,080

1,788

2,532

3,276

4,020

4,764

5,508

6,240

6,960

Hours

Electric Generation T hermal (Estimated)

Thermal Demand

7,680

8,400

8,760

0
0

744

1,488

2,208

2,928

3,672

4,416

Hours
Average Demand

5,136

5,856

6,600

Generator Capability

7,272

8,016

8,760

372

1,080

1,788

2,532

3,276

4,020

4,764

5,508

6,240

6,960

Hours

Electric Generation T hermal (Estimated)

Thermal Demand

7,680

8,400

8,760

Electric_Usage

Baseline Electric Energy Usage

900,000

1,600

800,000

1,400

700,000

1,200

600,000

kWh

500,000
800
400,000
600
300,000
400

200,000

200

100,000
0

0
Jan-03

Feb-03 Mar-03

Apr-03 May-02 Jun-02

Jul-02

Monthly Electric Usage (kWh)

Page 13

Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02

Nov-02 Dec-02

Peak Electric Use (kW)

kW (Demand)

1,000

Baseline Electric & Thermal Load Profile

Recommended Generator Size
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200

kW

1,000
800
715
600
400
200
0
0

1,000

2,000

3,000

Electric Load Duration

4,000Hours 5,000

6,000

Total Avg Thermal Load

7,000

8,000

9,000

Recommended Generating Capacity

CHP Electric
450,000

400,000

350,000

300,000

kWe

250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

0
May-02

Jun-02

Jul-02

Aug-02

Sep-02

Electric Generated

Oct-02

Nov-02

Electric Needed

Dec-02

Electric Sold

Jan-03

Feb-03

Mar-03

Apr-03

Comparision of Generation to CHP Electric Load

2,500

2,000

kWe

1,500

1,000

500

0
0

744

1,488

2,208

2,928

3,672

4,416

5,136

5,856

6,600

7,272

8,016

Hours
Average Electricity Generated

Electric Load Profile

Generation Installed

8,760

9,132

Peak Demand Profile

1,600

1,400

1,200

kW

1,000

800

600

400

200

0
0

744

1,488

2,208

2,928

3,672

4,416

5,136

5,856

Hours
Peak Demand

Generator Capability

6,600

7,272

8,016

8,760

Average Demand Profile

1,200

1,000

kW

800

600

400

200

0
0

744

1,488

2,208

2,928

3,672

4,416

5,136

5,856

Hours
Average Demand

Generator Capability

6,600

7,272

8,016

8,760

Thermal Demand vs CHP Generation Thermal

1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200

kWt

1,000
800
600
400
200
0
0

372

1,080

1,788

2,532

3,276

4,020

4,764

5,508

6,240

6,960

Hours
Electric Generation Thermal (Estimated)

Thermal Demand

7,680

8,400

8,760

Electricity

Month
Hour/Month
Jan-03
744
Feb-03
672
Mar-03
744
Apr-03
720
May-02
744
Jun-02
720
Jul-02
744
Aug-02
744
Sep-02
720
Oct-02
744
Nov-02
720
Dec-02
744
Total
8760
Average
730
Maximum
Estimated Hours of
Operation

Energy
kWh
640,495
580,107
650,700
648,328
716,199
743,382
794,868
794,062
722,532
691,080
636,733
640,442
8,258,928
688,244
794,868

Peak
Demand
kW
1,079
1,076
1,199
1,155
1,311
1,385
1,429
1,435
1,329
1,249
1,228
1,087
N/A
1,247
1,435

Electric Generators
3,200 Hours/Year

Average
Demand
kW
861
863
875
900
963
1,032
1,068
1,067
1,004
929
884
861
N/A
942
1,068

Fuels

Cost
$
$31,682
$29,567
$33,223
$32,718
$36,522
$38,165
$40,059
$40,516
$36,461
$35,103
$32,895
$31,425
$418,336
$34,861
40,516

Absorption Chillers
846 Hours/Year

Energy
Therms
54,340
45,840
44,290
31,540
25,220
25,950
28,980
31,020
23,030
26,700
34,330
50,040
421,280
35,107
54,340

Gas
Average
Demand
BTU/h
7,303,763
6,821,429
5,952,957
4,380,556
3,389,785
3,604,167
3,895,161
4,169,355
3,198,611
3,588,710
4,768,056
6,725,806
N/A
4,816,530
7,303,763

Average
Demand
kW
2,140
1,999
1,744
1,284
993
1,056
1,141
1,222
937
1,052
1,397
1,971
N/A
1,411
2,140

Cost
$
$41,434
$34,953
$33,768
$24,045
$11,144
$11,465
$12,803
$13,705
$10,176
$11,797
$26,179
$38,153
$269,622
$22,469
$41,434

Fuels

Thermal Load
Fuel Oil
Average
Demand
BTU

Energy
Gallons
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

#2
Average
Demand
kW
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Cost
$
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0

0
0

$0
$0
#2
#6

Energy
BTU
3,933,180,952
3,317,942,857
3,205,752,381
2,282,895,238
1,825,447,619
1,878,285,714
2,097,600,000
2,245,257,143
1,666,933,333
1,932,571,429
2,484,838,095
3,621,942,857
30,492,647,619
2,541,053,968
3,933,180,952

Average
Demand
BTU/h
5,286,534
4,937,415
4,308,807
3,170,688
2,453,559
2,608,730
2,819,355
3,017,819
2,315,185
2,597,542
3,451,164
4,868,203
N/A
3,486,250
5,286,534

Average
Demand
kW
1,549
1,447
1,263
929
719
764
826
884
678
761
1,011
1,426
N/A
1,022
1,549

Month Hour/Month
Maxium
Jul-02
Jan-02
Aug-02
Jan-02
Jun-02
Dec-01
Sep-02
Dec-01
May-02
Jan-02
Oct-02
Jan-02
Apr-03
Dec-01
Nov-02
Dec-01
Mar-03
Jan-02
Feb-03
Nov-01
Jan-03
Jan-02
Dec-02
Jan-02
Minimum
Total
8,760

Energy
kWh
794,868
794,062
743,382
722,532
716,199
691,080
648,328
636,733
650,700
580,107
640,495
640,442
8,258,928

PeakElectric
Average
Demand
Demand Cumulative
kW
kW
Hours
1,435
1,068
0
1,429
1,068
744
1,435
1,067
1,488
1,385
1,032
2,208
1,329
1,004
2,928
1,311
963
3,672
1,249
929
4,416
1,155
900
5,136
1,228
884
5,856
1,199
875
6,600
1,076
863
7,272
1,079
861
8,016
1,087
861
8,760
1,076
861
942

kWe @
2,192 Hours
849
N/A
N/A
849
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Hours > System

Capacity
0
715
715
715
715
715
715
715
715
715
715
715
715
715
715

Demand Follow
Capability
Peak kW
1,435
1,429
1,435
1,385
1,329
1,311
1,249
1,155
1,228
1,199
1,076
1,079
1,087

Avg kW
1,068
1,068
1,067
1,032
1,004
963
929
900
884
875
863
861
861

Month

Hour/Month

Jan-03
Feb-03
Dec-02
Mar-03
Nov-02
Apr-03
Aug-02
Jul-02
Jun-02
Oct-02
May-02
Sep-02

744
672
744
744
720
720
744
744
720
744
744
720

Total

8,760

Total Thermal Use

Average
Average Demand
Demand
Cumulative
BTU/h
kWt
Hours
3,933,180,952
1,549
0
3,933,180,952
1,549
744
3,317,942,857
1,447
1,416
3,621,942,857
1,426
2,160
3,205,752,381
1,263
2,904
2,484,838,095
1,011
3,624
2,282,895,238
929
4,344
2,245,257,143
884
5,088
2,097,600,000
826
5,832
1,878,285,714
764
6,552
1,932,571,429
761
7,296
1,825,447,619
719
8,040
1,666,933,333
678
8,760
1,666,933,333
678
8,760
30,492,647,619

744
1,416
2,160
2,904
3,624
4,344
5,088
5,832
6,552
7,296
8,040
8,760

Month

Hour/Month

Energy
kWh

Jul-02
Aug-02
Jun-02
Sep-02
May-02
Oct-02
Apr-03
Nov-02
Mar-03
Feb-03
Jan-03
Dec-02

744
744
720
720
744
744
720
720
744
672
744
744

1,482,807
1,482,001
1,087,351
722,532
716,199
691,080
648,328
636,733
650,700
580,107
640,495
640,442

Total

8,760

8,258,928

Electric Average
Peak
Demand
Demand Cumulative
kW
kW
Hours
1,993
0
573
1,993
744
579
1,992
1,488
529
1,510
2,208
1,329
1,004
2,928
1,311
963
3,672
1,249
929
4,416
1,155
900
5,136
1,228
884
5,856
1,199
875
6,600
1,076
863
7,272
1,079
861
8,016
1,087
861
8,760
861
9,132
1,136

kWe @
3,200 Hours
989
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
989
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

744
1,488
2,208
2,223
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Hours > System

Capacity
2,223

Electric Generation Electricity

(Estimated)

Month

Hour/Month

Generated
Energy
kWhe

Jan-03
Feb-03
Mar-03
May-02
Jul-02
Aug-02
Dec-02
Oct-02
Apr-03
Jun-02
Sep-02
Nov-02

744
672
744
744
744
744
744
744
720
720
720
720

407,671
368,219
407,671
407,671
407,671
407,671
407,671
407,671
394,521
394,521
394,521
394,521

Total
Average

8,760
730

4,800,000
400,000

Average
Power
Electric Sold
kW e
kWhe
548
548
0
548
0
548
0
548
0
548
0
548
0
548
0
548
0
548
0
548
0
548
0
548
0
548
0
548
0

Electric Generation Thermal

(Estimated)
Energy
kWht
529,848
478,573
529,848
529,848
529,848
529,848
529,848
529,848
512,756
512,756
512,756
512,756
6,238,537
519,878

Average
Output Cumulative
kW t
Hours
712
0
712
372
712
1,080
712
1,788
712
2,532
712
3,276
712
4,020
712
4,764
712
5,508
712
6,240
712
6,960
712
7,680
712
8,400
712
8,760
712
712

Electric Capacity Factor

36.5% No Sell Back
0

PURPA
(Assuming Gas or Liquid Fuel Fired)
57.7 %
Efficiency
Yes
Qualified Facility
0 kWh
Sell Back
No
Sell Back Desired

Yes
No
No

Month

Hour/Month

Aug-02
Jul-02
Jun-02
Jan-03
Feb-03
Dec-02
Mar-03
Nov-02
Apr-03
Oct-02
May-02
Sep-02

744
744
720
744
672
744
744
720
720
744
744
720

Total

8,760

Total Thermal Use

Including TAT
Average
Hours > System
Load
Demand
Cumulative
Capacity
BTU
kWt
Hours
Err:508
5,768,543,543
0
5,768,543,543
2,272
372 0
Thermal
5,620,886,400
2,214
1,116 0
Capacity Factor
5,287,917,714
2,152
1,848 ###
100%
3,933,180,952
1,549
2,580 2,112
3,317,942,857
1,447
3,288 3,288
3,621,942,857
1,426
3,996 3,996
3,205,752,381
1,263
4,740 4,740
2,484,838,095
1,011
5,472 5,472
2,282,895,238
929
6,192 6,192
1,932,571,429
761
6,924 6,924
1,825,447,619
719
7,668 7,668
1,666,933,333
678
8,400 8,400
1,666,933,333
678
8,760 8,760
40,948,852,419

Units

Gas Engine

Microturbine

Gas Turbine (Simple Cycle)

Phosphoric Acid
Fuel Cells**

Size Range
70
300
500
30
500
500
1000
10
kWe
Efficiency
31%
34%
35%
27%
27%
27%
28%
40%
% (LHV)
Gross Heat Exhaust (LHV)
7,594
6,623
6,337
9,225
9,225
9,225
8,774
5,118
BTU/kWh
Estimated Recoverable CHP Heat
55%
65%
70%
60%
65%
55%
60%
55%
%
CHP Recoverable Heat (LHV)
4,177
4,305
4,436
5,535
5,996
5,074
5,264
2,815
BTU/kWh
Installed Cost With Heat Recovery*
$1,800
$1,500
$1,200
$2,000
$1,700
$1,100
$900
$4,500
$/kWe
O&M Costs
$0.015
$0.012
$0.008
$0.010
$0.009
$0.009
$0.006
$0.015
$/kWh
* Costs can vary significantly due to interconnection and other siting requirements.
** Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC) are being produced commercially for electric generation. Solid Acid (SO) Fuel Cells and Molten Carbonate (MC) may be future players in applications >200 kWe.
Credit for Planned Installed Backup

$/kWe

$350

Absorption Cooling - Single Affect, Indirect Fired

Refrigeration Tons
RT
10
55
Installed Cost (1)
$/RT
$1,650
$1,360
O & M Costs
$/RT-yr
$80
$55
Thermal Input
MBTU/hr-RT
19
18
Electric Use
kWe/RT
0.03
0.03
Electric Displaced
kWe/RT
0.6
0.6
(1) Installed cost includes cooling tower, cooling tower pumps, and gas connection.
Credit for Displacced Electric Chillers
$135
$/kWe
Desiccants - Solid
Parameter
Flow Rate
Installed Cost
O&M Costs
Regeneration Requirements (200F)
Latent Heat Removal
Electric Use

Units
SCFM
$/SCFM
/SCFM/yr
BTU/hr per SCFM
BTU/hr per SCFM
kWh per 1000 SCFM

600
$20.40
0.255
55
35
1.1

Desiccants - Liquid
Parameter
Flow Rate
Installed Cost
O&M Costs
Regeneration Requirements (200F)
Latent Heat Removal
Electric Use

Units
SCFM
$/SCFM
/SCFM/yr
BTU/hr per SCFM
BTU/hr per SCFM
kWh per 1000 SCFM

3,000
$18.00
0.375
45
30
1.3

100
$1,075
$30
17
0.03
0.6

Industrial
4,500
20,000
$9.20
$5.60
0.120
0.075
55
55
35
35
1.1
1.1

Industrial
7,500
$9.78
0.213
45
30
1.3

84,000
$5.04
0.113
45
30
1.3

200
$990
$40
17
0.03
0.6

300
$850
$30
17
0.03
0.6

500
$680
$20
17
0.03
0.6

1000
$620
$20
17
0.03
0.6

40,000
$4.40
0.060
55
35
1.1

2,000
$7.50
0.090
45
30
0.8

Commercial
7,000
$5.50
0.075
45
30
0.8

12,000
$4.30
0.060
45
30
0.8

10,000
$6.90
0.150
35
30
1.3

Commercial
50,000
$5.63
0.125
35
30
1.3

84,000
$4.95
0.113
35
30
1.3

2000
$500
$20
17
0.03
0.6

RULES OF THUMB
Absorption Chillers
Steam Requirements
Single Effect
Double Effect
Triple Effect
Average Electric Offset

=
=
=
=

Auxiliary Firing Rate:

COP
0.6
0.9
Not yet commercial

18 lbm/h/RT (@ 15 psig)
11 lbm/h/RT (@125 psig)
8 lbm/h/RT (@ 125 psig)
0.6 kWe/RT

Rate at which fuel is added to the exhaust of the prime

mover to increase the thermal output to met the thermal
demands of the facility (BTU/h)
Electrical output of the prime mover (kWe)

Capacity Factor:

Based on equipment output vs. capacity

Avg. kW output (for period)
=
(> 70% Desirable)
System kW capacity
Avg. BTU output (for period)
Thermal
=
(>80% Desirable)
System capacity in BTUs
Avg. lbm/h output (for period)
Steam
=
(>80% Desirable)
System capacity in lbm/h
Electric

Emissions (lbs/MWh)
Generating Size
NOx
CO
VOM
CO2

Heating Values of Fuels

(Typical)
Natural Gas
#2 Fuel Oil
#6 Fuel Oil
Propane
Sewage/Landfill
Coal - Bituminous

NG Reciprocating Engines
100 - 2,000 kWe
12 -7.6
7.8 - 5.0
1.6 -1.0
Unknown

Gas Turbines
1,000 - 50,000 kWe
4.5 - 3.0
1.2 - 0.8
0.030 - 0.020
600

Units
BTU/CF
BTU/Gallon
BTU/Gallon
BTU/Gallon
BTU/CF
BTU/lbm

LHV
950
130,000
143,000
84,650
350
13,600

HHV
1,050
138,300
150,500
92,000
380
14,100

Gas Turbines
Steam Output
(300 - 600 psig)

Absorption Chiller
(Single Effect)
Heat Recovery from Exhaust

Gross Heat Rate =

5 to 6 lbm/h/kW e
0.28 to 0.33 RT/kW e
Q = MFRe x Cp x (Te - Ts)
Where:
Q
MFRe
Cp
Te
Ts
Fuel Input (LHV ) (BTU)
Power Output (kWhe)

=
=
=
=
=

Heat Recovered
Mass Flow Rate Exhaust Gas
Heat Capacity
Temperature of Exhaust
Temperature of Stack

0.25

Heating Values:
Higher Heating Value (HHV) = Total energy from combustion process
Lower Heating Value (LHV) = Assumes heat of condensation cannot be recovered
LHV is used for majority of calculations.
Determines the discount rate necessary for a zero net present value of the cash flow
beginning with the negative cash in the zero year and extending through 10 years following
the beginning of operation.

Internal Rate of Return (IRR):

Load Factor:

Based on site load data

Avg. kW (for period)
Electric =
Peak kW (for period)
Avg. BTUs (for period)
Thermal =
Peak BTUs (for period)

Operational Hours Consideration:

Commercial/Institutional
Building Occupancy
9 Hours/Day ~ 2400 Hours/Year
Peak Demand ~ 3200 Hours/Year
Absorption Chillers
3 Months ~ 850 Hours/Year
(Based on operating only during peak summer demand hours)

Industrial
2 Shifts ~ 4200 Hours/Year
3 Shifts ~ 6300 Hours/Year
Continuous = 8760 Hours/Year
PURPA Minimum Qualifying Facility (QF):
QF Efficiency =
(kWe x 3412.8) + 1/2(Useful Thermal Energy)
Fuel Input (BTU/h in LHV)
>
42.5% or
45% if < 15% Thermal Recovery

Reciprocating Engines
Steam Output

4 to 5 lbm/h/kW e

(15 - 30 psig)

Absorption Chiller (Single

Effect)

0.22 to 0.28 RT/kW e

Energy recovered from the thermal output from the prime
mover that is used to provide the useful thermal output to
meet the thermal demands of the facility (BTU/h)
Electrical output of the engine (kWe)
(adjusted for availability)

Recoverable Heat Rate:

Steam Rates
(Industrial Steam Turbines)

Standby Charge:

lbm/h steam
kW e out (power)

or

lbm steam
kWhe out (energy)

Monthly charge in $/kWe by the local power company for the right to buy purchase
capacity and energy on an as required basis to backup the prime mover for any
unscheduled outages or scheduled maintenance.

Thermal Coincidence:

Thermal/Power Ratio

Peak Energy:
Peak Demand:
Summer Peak Energy:
Summer Peak Demand:
2 Shifts:
3 Shifts:
Continous:

Recoverable heat that can provide useful thermal output

Total recoverable heat from the prime mover
(adjusted for availability)
=

Avg. BTUs
Avg. kW x 3412 BTUs/kW

Guidelines for Estimating Hours

3,382
2,343
846
586
4,165
6,248
8,760

Hours/Year
Hours/Year
Hours/Year
Hours/Year
Hours/Year
Hours/Year
Hours/Year

9a - 10p
9a - 6p
9a - 10p
9a - 6p
16 Hours (Weekdays)
24 Hours (Weekdays)
"24/7/365"

LHV/HHV
0.905
0.940
0.950
0.920
0.921
0.965

BTU/h
lbm/h
BTU/lbm-F
F
F

t value of the cash flow

ng through 10 years following

right to buy purchase

ime mover for any

16 Hours (Weekdays)
24 Hours (Weekdays)

CONVERSIONS
Electrical to Thermal
Energy

Rate of Energy = Power

Fuel Oil #2
Fuel Oil #6

1 kWh
1 BTU

=
=

3,412.8 BTUs
778 ft-lbs

1 kW
1 hp

=
=

3,412.8 BTU/h
2,545 BTU/h

1 Gallon
1 Gallon

=
=

130000 BTUs
143000 BTUs

Natural Gas
#2 Fuel Oil
#6 Fuel Oil
Propane
Sewage/Landfill
Coal

=
=
=
=
=
=

LHV
LHV

Heating Values - LHV/HHV

0.905
0.940
0.950
0.920
0.921
0.965 Bituminous

Natural Gas

1 therm

= 100,000 BTUs

Refrigeration Tons

1 RT
1 RT-h

=
=

12,000 BTUs/h
12,000 BTUs

Steam to Thermal
Energy

1 lbm steam* =

1,000 BTUs

Rate of Energy = Power

lbm stm/h* =
1,000 BTU/h
* Use actual enthalpy values from steam tables at given pressure and temperature for more accuracy!