OS Rec

SMVEC
Page No.
1. Calendar
(i) TASK
SYNTAX
: To display the calendar of the current month.

: cal (or)cal -1
EXPLANATION : Displays the calendar of the current month on the screen.

-1
Display single month output. (This is the default.)
-s
Display Sunday as the first day of the week. (This is
the default.)
-m
-j
Display Monday as the first day of the week.

Display Julian dates (days one-based, numbered from
January 1).
-y
OUTPUT
Display a calendar for the current year.
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cal

July 2016
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2
3
8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31
(ii) TASK
SYNTAX
: To display the calendar of the specified year.

: cal year
EXPLANATION : Displays the calendar of the specified year on the screen.

OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cal 2016

Displays all the months of the year 2016.
SMVEC
Page No.
(iii). TASK
year.
: To display the calendar of the corresponding month and
SYNTAX
: cal month year
EXPLANATION : Displays the calendar of the corresponding month and year

on the screen.
OUTPUT
2013
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cal November

November 2013
1 2
3
8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
(iv). TASK
month.
: To display the calendar of the previous, current & next
SYNTAX
: cal -3
EXPLANATION : Displays the calendar of the previous, current & next month
on the screen.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cal -3

June 2016
July 2016
Aug 2016
We Th Fr Sa
1
1
5 6 7
10 11 12 13
4
Su Mo Tu
1
6
8
9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
16 17 18 19 20
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
14 15
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
24 25 26 27
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
21 22 23
26 27 28 29 30
30 31
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
28 29
31
SMVEC
Page No.
2. Date
(i). TASK
SYNTAX
: To display the system date and time

: date
EXPLANATION : This command displays the current system date and time on
the screen.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date

Mon July 4 10:50:45 IST 2016
(ii). TASK
: To display the current month.
SYNTAX
: date +%m
EXPLANATION
screen.
: This command displays the current month on the
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date+%m

07
(iii). TASK
: To display the name of the current month.
SYNTAX
: date +%h
EXPLANATION
month on the screen
OUTPUT
: This command displays the name of the current

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date +%h
July
(iv). TASK
: To display the current system date.
SYNTAX
: date +%d
EXPLANATION
the screen.
: This command displays the current system date on
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date +%d

04
SMVEC
Page No.
(v). TASK
: To display the current system (year)
SYNTAX
: date +%Y
EXPLANATION : This command displays the current system year on the

screen.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date +%Y

2016
(vi). TASK
: To display the current system time.
SYNTAX
: date +%H
EXPLANATION
hour) on the screen.
OUTPUT
: This command displays the current system time (in

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date +%H
10
(vii). TASK
: To display the current system weekday.
SYNTAX
: date +%a
EXPLANATION
: This command displays the current system
weekday (in abbreviated
form) on the screen.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date +%a

Mon
(viii). TASK
: To display the current system second.
SYNTAX
: date +%S
EXPLANATION
: This command displays the current system
second on the screen.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date +%S

32
SMVEC
Page No.
(ix). TASK
: To display the current system year.
SYNTAX
: date +%y
EXPLANATION
on the screen.
OUTPUT
: This command displays the current system year

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date +%y
16
3. List
(i). TASK
: To list information about the files in a directory.
SYNTAX
: ls
EXPLANATION
by default) on the
: Lists information about the files (The current directory

screen.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls
aravind
abc.txt
line.sh
(ii). TASK
pqr.txt
sort.sh
a.txt
level.txt
b.txt
SYNTAX
: ls - l
EXPLANATION
the screen.
OUTPUT
xyz.txt
: Lists information about the files in listing format on

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls - l
Total 28
-rw-rw-r--1 smvec8
smvec8
0 Jul 4 16:22 abc.txt
-rw-rw-r--1 smvec8
smvec8 26 Jul 4 17:13
f1.sh
SMVEC
Page No.
(iii). TASK
SYNTAX
: ls - r
EXPLANATION
the screen.
OUTPUT
: Lists information about the files in reverse order on

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls - r
xyz.txt sort.sh
abc.txt b.txt
(iv). TASK
pqr.txt line.sh level.txt

a.txt
aravind
SYNTAX
: ls - s
EXPLANATION
: Lists information about the files its size on the screen.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls - s
4 abc.txt 8 b.txt
(v). TASK
8 pqr.txt 8 line.sh
SYNTAX
EXPLANATION
screen.
OUTPUT
8 a.txt
: ls - S
: Lists information about the files in sorted order on the
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls - S
aravind abc.txt a.txt b.txt level.txt

line.sh
pqr.txt sort.sh xyz.txt
SMVEC
Page No.
4. Copy
TASK
: To copy files and directories
SYNTAX
: cp f1 f2
EXPLANATION
: Copies f1 to f2
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cp a.txt b.txt

[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$
cat b.txt
Hello guys!
How do you do?
5. Script/Edit
TASK
: To typescript a file that can be printed later/edit the existing
file
SYNTAX
: script scriptname
..
..
..
Exit.
/vi filename
EXPLANATION
: To open and type a script
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ vi a.txt

~Hello all!
~How is it going?
-- INSERT--
SMVEC
Page No.
6. Remove
TASK
: To remove files.
SYNTAX
: rm filename
EXPLANATION
: This command removes the specified file.
OUTPUT
aravind
abc.txt
line.sh
xyz.txt
pqr.txt
sort.sh
a.txt
level.txt
b.txt
rm
level.txt
[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls
aravind
abc.txt
pqr.txt
xyz.txt
a.txt
sort.sh
line.sh
b.txt
7. Rename
TASK
: To rename files.
SYNTAX
: mv f1 f2
EXPLANATION
: This command renames source to destination.
OUTPUT
aravind
abc.txt
line.sh
xyz.txt
pqr.txt
sort.sh
a.txt
level.txt
b.txt
mv pqr.txt
rqp.txt
aravind
abc.txt
rqp.txt
xyz.txt
a.txt
sort.sh
b.txt
line.sh
SMVEC
Page No.
8. Make Directory
TASK
: To make a new directory.
SYNTAX
: mkdir
EXPLANATION
: This command creates a new directory.
OUTPUT
aravind
abc.txt
line.sh
xyz.txt
pqr.txt
sort.sh
a.txt
level.txt
b.txt
mkdir
student
aravind
abc.txt
rqp.txt
xyz.txt
a.txt
sort.sh
b.txt
line.sh
student
9. Remove Directory
TASK
: To remove/delete an existing directory.
SYNTAX
: rmdir
EXPLANATION
: This command deletes the directory.
OUTPUT
aravind
abc.txt
line.sh
xyz.txt
pqr.txt
sort.sh
a.txt
level.txt
b.txt
rmdir
student
aravind
abc.txt
rqp.txt
xyz.txt
a.txt
sort.sh
b.txt
line.sh
SMVEC
Page No.
10. Pwd
TASK
: To display the name of the current/working directory.
SYNTAX
: pwd
EXPLANATION
directory.
: This command displays the name of the current
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ pwd

/home/smvec8/aravindan
11. Change Directory

TASK
: To change the working directory.
SYNTAX
: cd
EXPLANATION
: This command changes to the working directory.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cd aravind

[smvec8@smvec/aravindan/aravind~]$ cd\
12. Cat command

(i). TASK
: To open new file and print the contents on the screen.
SYNTAX
: cat>filename
EXPLANATION
: This command opens a new file.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cat>a.txt

Hello guys!
How is it going?
SMVEC
Page No.
(ii). TASK
: To view the contents of a file on the screen.
SYNTAX
: cat filename
EXPLANATION
: This command is used to view the contents of a file.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cat a.txt

Hello guys!
How is it going?
(iii). TASK
: To concatenate the contents of two files.
SYNTAX
: cat f1 f2>f3
EXPLANATION
: Concatenates the contents of f1 and f2 and save in f3.
OUTPUT
abc.txt >b.txt
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cat a.txt

[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cat b.txt
Hello guys!
How is it going?
Welcome to all
This is Aravindan.
(iv). TASK
: To display the contents of a file with line number.
SYNTAX
: cat n filename
EXPLANATION
: Displays the contents of file with line numbers.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cat n b.txt

1 Hello guys!
2 How is it going?
3 Welcome to all
4 This is Aravindan.
SMVEC
Page No.
(v). TASK
: To redirect the contents of a file to another file.
SYNTAX
: cat f1>>f2
EXPLANATION
to f2.
: This command is used redirect the contents of file f1
OUTPUT
a.txt>>xyz.txt
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cat

[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cat xyz.txt
Hello guys!
How is it going?
13. Whoami
TASK
: To display the current user login and identity
SYNTAX
: whoami
EXPLANATION
login.
OUTPUT
: This command is used to display the current user

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ whoami
aravindan/smvec8
14. Who
TASK
: To display all the users currently logged in.
SYNTAX
: who
EXPLANATION
: This command is used to display all the users logged
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ who
in.
smvec8
pts/89
2016-07-18
smvec36
pts/63
2016-07-18
smvec92
pts/103
2016-07-14
16:04
15:28(172.17.10.75)
21:13
SMVEC
Page No.
15. Finger
TASK
users.
: To display the detailed information about system
SYNTAX
: finger
EXPLANATION
: This command is used to display detailed info
about all the system users.
OUTPUT
Office
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ finger
Login
Name
OfficePhone
Host
smvec8
Tty
Idle
LoginTime
pts/89
Jul 18 16:04
(172.17.25.58)
smvec36
pts/63
smvec92
pts/103
Jul 18 15:28
(172.17.10.75)
3d
Jul 14 21:13
16. Last
TASK
: To display the list of last logged-in users for a month.
SYNTAX
: last
EXPLANATION
: This command is used to display the list of last
logged-in users for a
month.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ last
smvec16
still logged in
pts/49
smvec8
still logged in
pts/89
smvec21
16:04(00:00)
pts/78
172.17.10.69
Mon
smvec75
20:02(00:30)
pts/5
172.17.10.31
Thu
wtmp
begins
Thu
172.17.25.51
Mon
Mon
Jul 14 14:56:28 2016
Jul 18 16:09
Jul 18 16:04
Jul 18 16:04Jul 14 19:31-
SMVEC
Page No.
17. Head
TASK
: To display the first ten lines of a file.
SYNTAX
: head filename
EXPLANATION
: Displays the first ten lines of the file.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ head -3 b.txt

Hello guys!
How is it going?
Welcome to all
18. Tail
TASK
: To display the last ten lines of a file.
SYNTAX
: tail filename
EXPLANATION
: Displays the last ten lines of the file.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ last -3 b.txt

How is it going?
Welcome to all
This is Aravindan.
19. Clear
TASK
: To clear the content of the command prompt.
SYNTAX
: clear
EXPLANATION
: Clears the content of the command prompt.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ clear

(In a Clear Window)
[smvec8@smvec/aravindan~]$
SMVEC
Page No.
20. Sort
(i)
TASK
order.
: To sort the content of the file in ascending
SYNTAX
: sort filename
EXPLANATION
: Sorts the content of the file in ascending order.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ sort abc.txt

Arrival Time
Sorting
Welcome
(ii)
TASK
order.
: To sort the content of the file in descending
SYNTAX
: sort r filename
EXPLANATION
order.
OUTPUT
: Sorts the content of the file in descending

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ sort r abc.txt
Welcome
Sorting
Arrival Time
21. And/Semicolon
TASK
: Used to combine more than one commands.
SYNTAX
: cmd1 && cmd2(cmd1;cmd2)
EXPLANATION
: Combines more than one command.
OUTPUT
date (whoami;date)
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ whoami &&

smvec8
Mon
July
11:05:15
IST
2016
SMVEC
Page No.
22. Or
TASK
: To display the output for one command which is true.
SYNTAX
: cmd1 || cmd2
EXPLANATION
: Outputs the command which is true.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ whoami ||
date
smvec8
23. Alias
TASK
commands
: To create simple names or abbreviations for
SYNTAX
: alias name=value
EXPLANATION
: Creates the abbreviations for commands
OUTPUT
p=pwd
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ allias

/home/smvec8/aravindan
24. Cut
(i)
TASK
: To cut a set of columns from a file.
SYNTAX
: cut -c no_of_characters filename
EXPLANATION
: This command displays the characters of a
particular column in the
specified field.
OUTPUT
abc.txt
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cut c -3

Wel
Sor
Arr
SMVEC
Page No.
(ii)
TASK
: To cut a column from a file.
SYNTAX
: cut -c filename
EXPLANATION
: This command displays the characters of a
particular column in the
specified field.
OUTPUT
abc.txt
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cut c 3

l
r
r
25. Touch
TASK
: To create an empty file.
SYNTAX
: touch filename
EXPLANATION
: This command creates a new empty file.
OUTPUT
aravind
abc.txt
line.sh
xyz.txt
pqr.txt
sort.sh
a.txt
level.txt
b.txt
touch
hello.txt
aravind
abc.txt
rqp.txt
xyz.txt
a.txt
sort.sh
b.txt
line.sh
hello.txt
SMVEC
Page No.
26. Uniq
TASK
: To delete the lines that are present in the given file
SYNTAX
: uniq option f1 f2
EXPLANATION
f2 that are in f1.
OUTPUT
: This command deletes the identical lines from

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cat abc.txt
Welcome
Sorting
Arrival Time
cat
xyz.txt
Welcome
This is OS lab
[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ uniq d
abc.txt xyz.txt
cat
xyz.txt
This is OS lab
27. Echo
TASK
: Used to display a line of text.
SYNTAX
: echo
EXPLANATION
: Displays the statement within double quotes.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ echo Hello
all
Hello all
SMVEC
Page No.
28. Word Count
(i)
TASK
: Used to display the number of lines, words and
characters in file.
SYNTAX
: wc filename
EXPLANATION
: Displays the number of lines, words and characters in
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ wc a.txt
file.
2
(ii) TASK
23
a.txt
: Used to display the number of lines in file.
SYNTAX
: wc l filename
EXPLANATION
: Displays the number of lines in file.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ wc l a.txt

2
(iii) TASK
: Used to display the number of characters in file.
SYNTAX
: wc m filename
EXPLANATION
: Displays the number of characters in file.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ wc m a.txt

23
(iv) TASK
: Used to display the number of words in file.
SYNTAX
: wc w filename
EXPLANATION
: Displays the number of words in file.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ wc w a.txt

6
SMVEC
Page No.
29. Grep
(i)
TASK
: Used to search for a pattern in a file.
SYNTAX
: grep pattern filename
EXPLANATION
: Displays the lines that have the given pattern in the
file.
OUTPUT
sub.txt
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ grep System

OS Operating System
SS System Software
(ii)
TASK
: Used to search for a pattern in a file and displays the
no of times it
repeated in the file.
SYNTAX
: grep -c pattern filename
EXPLANATION
in the file.
: Displays the no of times the given pattern is repeated
OUTPUT
sub.txt
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ grep System
(iii) TASK
with line number.
SYNTAX
: Used to search for a pattern in a file and display along
: grep -n pattern filename
EXPLANATION
file with line number.
: Displays the lines that have the given pattern in the
OUTPUT
System sub.txt
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ grep n

1: OS Operating System
8: SS System Software
SMVEC
Page No.
(iv) TASK
the case.
: Used to search for a pattern in a file irrespective of
SYNTAX
: grep -i pattern filename
EXPLANATION
: Displays the lines that have the given pattern
irrespective of case in the file.
OUTPUT
sub.txt
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ grep i System

OS Operating System
SS System Software
Ss Sound system
30. Read
TASK
: Used to read a value for a variable.
SYNTAX
: read identifier
EXPLANATION
: Reads the value for the identifier
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ read n

10
31. Fgrep
(i) TASK
: Used to search for a pattern in two files.
SYNTAX
: fgrep pattern f1 f2
EXPLANATION
the two files.
: Displays the lines that have the given pattern in
OUTPUT
sub.txt lmn.txt
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ fgrep System

sub.txt : OS Operating System
sub.txt : SS System Software
lmn.txt: System of Education
SMVEC
Page No.
(ii) TASK
: Used to search for a pattern in the two files and
displays the no of times
it repeated in the files.
SYNTAX
: fgrep -c pattern f1 f2
EXPLANATION
: Displays the no of times the given pattern is
repeated in the files.
OUTPUT
sub.txt lmn.txt
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ fgrep System
sub.txt : 2
lmn.txt : 1
(iii) TASK
: Used to search for a pattern in two files and
display along with line no.
SYNTAX
: fgrep -n pattern f1 f2
EXPLANATION
the files with line
: Displays the lines that have the given pattern in

number.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ fgrep n
System sub.txt lmn.txt
sub.txt: 1: OS Operating System
sub.txt: 8: SS System Software
lmn.txt: 3:System of Education

(iv) TASK
: Used to search for a pattern in the files
irrespective of the case.
SYNTAX
: fgrep -i pattern f1 f2
EXPLANATION
: Displays the lines that have the given pattern
irrespective of case in the
file.
OUTPUT
System sub.txt
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ grep i
sub.txt : OS Operating System

sub.txt : SS System Software
sub.txt : Ss Sound system
lmn.txt : System of Education
SMVEC
Page No.
32. Pipe
TASK
command.
: Used to output one command as input for another
SYNTAX
: cmd1|cmd2|cmd3
EXPLANATION
another command
OUTPUT
: Makes the output of one command as input to

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ whoami | date
Mon Jul 18 16:50:11 IST 2016
33. Tee
TASK
: Used to read the standard input and then write to
standard output of file.
SYNTAX
: cmd1| tee filename
EXPLANATION
specified file
: Reads the input of one command to the
OUTPUT
pqr.txt
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date | tee

Mon Jul 18 18:07:36 IST 2016
[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cat pqr.txt
Mon Jul 18 18:07:36 IST 2016
34. Write
TASK
: Used to communicate with other users.
SYNTAX
: write login_name
EXPLANATION
logged in
: Used to communicate with other users who are
OUTPUT
pqr.txt
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date | tee

Hello
How are you?
Bye
SMVEC
Page No.
35. Mail(& Type)

(i)
TASK
: Used to send mail to another user.
SYNTAX
: mail username
EXPLANATION
: Creates a new mail and sends to the specified
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ mail smvec2
user
Subject: First mail

Hello smvec2.
How is it going?
(ii)
TASK
: Used to read mail from another user.
SYNTAX
: mail
EXPLANATION
: Used to read the mail received from a user
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ mail

/var/spool/mail/smvec8: 1 message 1 new
>N 1 smvec2@localhost.loc Mon Jul 4 17:06
Re:First mail
14/651
& type smvec2

Message 1:
From smvec2@localhost.loc Mon Jul 4 17:06:35 2016
Date: Mon, 4 Jul 2016 17:06:35 +0530
From: smvec2@localhost.localdomain
To: smvec8@localhost.localdomain
Subject: Re:First mail
Hello smvec2.
How is it going?
& Saved 1 message in mbox
SMVEC
Page No.
36. Terminal Name

TASK
: Used to display the current terminal path.
SYNTAX
: tty
EXPLANATION
: Displays the terminal path name
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ tty

/dev/pts/3
37. Expression
TASK
: Used to evaluate an expression.
SYNTAX
: expr expression
EXPLANATION
: Evaluates the expression and displays the result.
OUTPUT
+ 10
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ echo expr 10

20
38. Free
TASK
: Used to display the total amount of free and used
physical and swap
memory in the system.
SYNTAX
: free
EXPLANATION
: Displays the total amount of free and used
physical and swap
memory in the system.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ free
total
used
free
shared
buffers
cached
Mem:
0
232936
2074968
1530188
544780
962024
-/+ buffers/cache:
Swap:
4128760
335228
1739740
80
4128680
SMVEC
Page No.
39. Ping
TASK
to the user.
: Ping is used to ensure that the host computer is connected
SYNTAX
: ping Ip - address
EXPLANATION
: Pings the ip address and checks if the system is
connected or not to host.
OUTPUT
172.17.28.123
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ping

PING 172.17.28.123 (172.17.28.123) 56(84) bytes of
data.
64 bytes from 172.17.28.123: icmp_seq=1 ttl=128
time=1.79 ms
time=0.379 ms
time=0.368 ms
time=0.413 ms
^Z
[1]+ Stopped
ping 172.17.28.123
40. Password
TASK
: To change the password of the user
SYNTAX
: passwd
EXPLANATION
: Change the password of the current user
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ passwd

Changing password for user smvec8.
Changing password for smvec8
(current) UNIX password:
New UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
Successfully Changed your password
SMVEC
Page No.
41. Uname
TASK
: Used to display the name of the system being used.
SYNTAX
: uname
EXPLANATION
: Displays the system name.
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ uname

Linux
42. Sequence
TASK
: Used to generate a sequence.
SYNTAX
: seq starting_value ending_value
EXPLANATION
ending value.
: Generates a sequence from the starting value till the
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ seq 1 4

1
2
3
4
43. Open and fill

TASK
line.
: Used to open a file and position the cursor at the first
SYNTAX
EXPLANATION
the first line.
OUTPUT
: vi +filename
: Opens an existing file and places the cursor at
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ vi +a.txt
Welcome
Hello all!
How is it going?
SMVEC
Page No.
44. Compare
TASK
: Compares the sorted files line by line
SYNTAX
: comm a.txt b.txt
EXPLANATION
the lines that match
OUTPUT
: Compares the sorted files line by line and prints

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ comm a.txt
b.txt
Hello all!
How is it going?
45. Basic Calculator
TASK
calculator
: To perform simple arithmetic operations using basic
SYNTAX
: bc
EXPLANATION
: Opens the basic calculator
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ bc
10 + 10
20
[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ bc
10 \* 10
100
46. Exit
TASK
: To close the current terminal
SYNTAX
: logout
EXPLANATION
: Logs out of the current user and exits the terminal
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ logout
SMVEC
Page No.
47. Man
TASK
: To open help window for any command
SYNTAX
: man command_name
EXPLANATION
: Opens the help menu for the corresponding command
OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ man echo
ECHO(1)
User Commands
Name
echo display a line of text
Synopsis
echo [OPTION]. [STRING].
Description
Echo the STRING(s) to standard output.
-n do not output the trailing newline
-e enable interpretation of backslash escapes
-E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default)
--help display this help and exit
.
.
.
(END)
ECHO(1)
SMVEC
Page No.
ODD OR EVEN
Code:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ vi odev.sh
echo "Enter the number : "
read n
rem=$(($n % 2))
if [ $rem -eq 0 ];
then
echo "even"
else
echo "odd"
fi
Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh odev.sh
Enter the number :
5
odd
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh odev.sh
Enter the number :
8
even
SMVEC
Page No.
LINUX COMMANDS USING ECHO

Code:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ vi lecho.sh
echo "1. WHO AM I ?"
echo "2. WHO IS LOGGED IN?"
echo "3. DATE"
read n
case $n in
1)whoami ;;
2)who ;;
3)date ;;
esac
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh lecho.sh
1. WHO AM I ?
2. WHO IS LOGGED IN?
3. DATE
1
smvec8
1. WHO AM I ?
3. DATE
2
root
:0
2016-08-22 15:24
smvec44 pts/11
smvec8 pts/1
smvec45 pts/22
2016-09-01 20:36
2016-09-06 16:40 (172.17.25.57)
2016-08-25 20:05

1. WHO AM I ?
3. DATE
3
Tue Sep 6 16:49:55 IST 2016
SMVEC
Page No.
PRIME NUMBER OR NOT

Code:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ vi prime.sh
echo "Enter the number"
read n
i=2
while [ $i -lt $n ]
do
x=$(( $n % $i ))
if [ $x -eq 0 ];
then
echo "$n is not a prime number"
exit
fi
i=$(( $i + 1))
done
echo "$n is a Prime number"
Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh prime.sh
Enter the number
45
45 is not a prime number
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh prime.sh
Enter the number
23
23 is a Prime number
SMVEC
Page No.
STRING COMPARE
Code:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ vi strcp.sh
echo "STRING 1"
read str1
echo "STRING 2"
read str2
if [ $str1 = $str2 ]
then
echo "The Strings are Equal"
else
echo "The Strings are Not Equal"
fi
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh strcp.sh
STRING 1
Hello
STRING 2
Hello
The Strings are Equal
STRING 1
Hello
STRING 2
Bye
The Strings are Not Equal
STRING 1
Hello
STRING 2
hello
The Strings are Not Equal
SMVEC
Page No.
GREATEST OF THREE NUMBERS

Code:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ vi gttn.sh
echo "Enter the values"
read a
read b
read c
if [ $a -gt $b -a $a -gt $c ]
then
echo "A is greatest"
elif [ $b -gt $c ]
then
echo "B is greatest"
else
echo "C is greatest"
fi
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh gttn.sh
Enter the values
4
5
9
C is greatest
Enter the values
74
15
54
A is greatest
Enter the values
75
98
25
B is greatest
SMVEC
Page No.
SWAPPING WITHOUT TEMPORARY VARIABLE

Code:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ vi swapt.sh
echo "Enter two numbers"
read a
read b
echo "Before Swap"
echo "a= $a"
echo "b= $b"
a=$(( $a + $b ))
b=$(( $a - $b ))
a=$(( $a - $b ))
echo "After Swap"
echo "a= $a"
echo "b= $b"
Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh swapt.sh
Enter two numbers
9
5
Before Swap
a= 9
b= 5
After Swap
a= 5
b= 9
SMVEC
Page No.
PASSWORD CHECK
Code:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ vi pass.sh
echo "Password check:"
read pw
clear
echo "Password check:"
echo "Enter the password"
read n
if [ $n = $pw ]
then
echo "Valid password"
else
echo "Invalid password"
fi
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh pass.sh
Password check:
Password
Password check:
Enter the password
Password
Valid password
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh pass.sh
Password check:
Password
Password check:
Enter the password
password
Invalid password
SMVEC
Page No.
Fork System Call

Code:
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int pid, p1,p2;
pid=fork();
printf("\n After Fork Called ");
if(pid > 0)
{
wait(10);
p1=getpid();
printf("\n Current Process1 id : %d ",p1);
printf("\n New fork id %d ",pid);
}
else if(pid==0)
{
p1=getpid();
}
else if(pid==-1)
{
printf("\n Error in Creation ");
}
return 0;
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ cc fork.c
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ ./a.out
After Fork Called
Current Process1 id :10538
After Fork Called
Current Process2 id :16520
New fork id 16571
SMVEC
Page No.
Stat System Call

Code:
#include<sys/stat.h>
int main()
{
int s;
struct stat st;
s=stat("re.c",&st);
if(s<0)
{
printf("\n use of stat() is unsuccessful ");
exit(0);
}
else
{
printf("\n INODE NUMBER IS %i",st.st_ino);
printf("\n IDENTIFIER OF THE DEVICE IS %d",st.st_dev);
printf("\n USER IDENTIFIER OF THE OWNER IS %u",st.st_uid);
printf("\n BLOCK SIZE FOR FILE SYSTEM IS %o",st.st_blksize);
printf("\n LAST FILE MODIFY IS %s\n",ctime(&st.st_mtime));
}
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ cc stat.c
INODE NUMBER IS 16254000
IDENTIFIER OF THE DEVICE IS 64768
USER IDENTIFIER OF THE OWNER IS 547
BLOCKSIZE FOR THE SYSTEM IS 10000
LAST FILE MODIFY IS Tue Aug 8 14:30:50 2016
SMVEC
Page No.
Read System Call

Code:
/* File Read - fread.c */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int fd,i;
char buf[100];
if (argc < 2)
{
printf("Usage: ./a.out <filename>\n");
exit(-1);
}
fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY);
if(fd == -1)
{
printf("%s file does not exist\n", argv[1]);
exit(-1);
}
printf("Contents of the file %s is : \n", argv[1]);
while(read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf)) > 0)
{
printf("%s", buf);
}
close(fd);
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ read.c
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$./a.out <filename.c>
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ ./a.out fork.c
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int pid, p1,p2;
pid=fork();
if(pid > 0)
{
wait(10);
p1=getpid();
}
else if(pid==0)
{
p1=getpid();
}
else if(pid==-1)
{
}
return 0;
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Write System Call

Code:
/* File append - fappend.c */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int fd, n, len;
char buf[100];
if (argc != 2)
{
printf("Usage: ./a.out <filename>\n");
exit(-1);
}
fd = open(argv[1], O_APPEND|O_WRONLY|O_CREAT, 0644);
if (fd < 0)
{
perror(argv[1]);
exit(-1);
}
while((n = read(0, buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0)
{
len = strlen(buf);
write(fd, buf, len);
}
close(fd);
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ cc append.c
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ usage : ./a.out<filename.c>
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ ./a.out fork.c
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int pid, p1,p2;
pid=fork();
if(pid > 0)
{
wait(10);
p1=getpid();
}
else if(pid==0)
{
p1=getpid();
}
else if(pid==-1)
{
}
return 0;
}Appended text
SMVEC
Page No.
Execution System Call

Code:
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
char *args[2];
args[0] = "-l";
args[1] = NULL;
execv("/bin/ls",args) ;
}
Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ cc exec.c
a.out
dp
great.sh
append.c
evenodd
jj
even.sh
john
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$
SMVEC
Page No.
Directory System Call

Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<dirent.h>
struct dirent *dptr;
int main()
{
char buff[10];
DIR *dirp;
printf("\n\n ENTER THE DIRECTORY NAME:");
scanf("%s", buff);
dirp =opendir(buff);
if(dirp==NULL)
{
printf("The given directory does not exist");
}
while(dptr=readdir(dirp))
{
printf("%d\n",dptr->d_ino);
printf("%s\n",dptr->d_name);
}
closedir(dirp);
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ cc dir.c
d:\
new.c
primeornot.sh
fork.c
third.c
SMVEC
Page No.
Simulation of ls Command
Code:
#include<dirent.h>
// Main Program
int main()
{
struct dirent **namelist;
int status,i;
char pathname[100];
getwd(pathname);
status=scandir(pathname,&namelist,0,alphasort); //to scan a directory
if(status <0)
printf("cannot find the current directory");
else
{
for(i=0;i<status;i++)
{
printf("%s\n",namelist[i]->d_name);
}
}
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output :
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ cc ls.c
Apple.c
Direct.c
Echo
File1.doc
Ring.h
SMVEC
Page No.
Simulation of Grep Command

Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#define buffer 1024
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
FILE *fp;
char fline[buffer];
char *newline;
int line=1;
if(argc!=3)
{
printf("Please use the following syntax \n");
printf("./a.out filename searchstring \n");
printf("Example: ./a.out test1.c print \n");
exit(1);
}
// argv[1] is filename
if(!(fp=fopen(argv[1],"r")))
{
printf("grep : Couldnot open file : %s\n",argv[1]);
exit(1);
}
SMVEC
Page No.
while(fgets(fline,buffer,fp)!=NULL)
{
// argv[2] is search string
if(strstr(fline,argv[2])!=NULL)
{
printf("Line number: %d text: %s\n",line,fline);
}
line++;
}
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ cc grep.c

[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ ./a.out dirent.c searchstring
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ ./a.out dirent.c print
Line number : 8 text : printf(\n\n Enter the directory name);
Line number : 13 text : printf(the given directory does not exist);
Line number :17 text : printf(%d\n,dptr->d_ino);
Line number : 17 text : printf(%s\ndptr->d_name);
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$
SMVEC
Page No.
FCFS
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct process
{
int pid;
int bt,wt,tt;
}pr[10];
void main()
{
int i,j,n,prevtt;
double avgwt=0,avgtt=0;
double tottt,totwt;
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t\t FIRST COME FIRST SERVE ");
printf("\n\n Enter the number of process :");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
pr[i].pid=i;
printf("\n Process no:%d\t Enter Burst time :",pr[i].pid);
scanf("%d",&pr[i].bt);
}
prevtt=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
pr[i].wt=prevtt;
pr[i].tt=pr[i].wt+pr[i].bt;
prevtt=pr[i].tt;
}
printf("\nPROCESS NO \tBURST TIME \tWAIT TIME\tTURN AROUND TIME");
printf("\n~~~~~~~~~~ \t~~~~~~~~~~ \t~~~~~~~~~\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");
SMVEC
Page No.
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("\n%10d\t%10d\t%9d\t%16d",pr[i].pid,pr[i].bt,pr[i].wt,pr[i].tt);
}
totwt=0;
tottt=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
totwt=totwt+pr[i].wt;
tottt=tottt+pr[i].tt;
}
avgwt = totwt/n;
avgtt = tottt/n;
printf("\n\nAverage Wait Time : %6.2f\nAverage Turn Around Time : %6.2f",avgwt,avgtt);
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<pr[n].tt;j++)
{
printf("-");
}
printf("\n0");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("%*d",pr[i].bt,pr[i].tt);
}
printf("\n");
{
printf("-");
}
getch();
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
SMVEC
Page No.
SJF
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct process
{
int pid;
int bt,wt,tt;
}pr[10];
void main()
{
int i,j,n,prevtt,t;
double tottt,totwt;
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t\t FIRST COME FIRST SERVE ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
pr[i].pid=i;
}
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<=n;j++)
{
if(pr[i].bt>pr[j].bt)
{
t=pr[j].pid;
pr[j].pid=pr[i].pid;
pr[i].pid=t;
t=pr[j].bt;
pr[j].bt=pr[i].bt;
pr[i].bt=t;
}
}
}
SMVEC
Page No.
prevtt=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
pr[i].wt=prevtt;
prevtt=pr[i].tt;
}
printf("\nPROCESS NO \tBURST TIME \tWAIT TIME\tTURN AROUND TIME");
printf("\n~~~~~~~~~~ \t~~~~~~~~~~ \t~~~~~~~~~\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("\n%10d \t%10d\t%9d\t%16d",pr[i].pid,pr[i].bt,pr[i].wt,pr[i].tt);
}
totwt=0;
tottt=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
}
avgwt = totwt/n;
avgtt = tottt/n;
printf("\n\nAverage Wait Time : %6.2f\nAverage Turn Around Time : %6.2f" ,avgwt ,avgtt);
printf("\n");
{
printf("-");
}
printf("\n0");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
}
printf("\n");
{
printf("-");
}
getch();
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
SMVEC
Page No.
PRIORITY SCHEDULING
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct process
{
int pid;
int bt,wt,tt,pt;
}pr[10];
void main()
{
int i,j,n,prevtt,t;
double tottt,totwt;
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t\t PRIORITY ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
pr[i].pid=i;
printf("\n Process no:%d\t Enter Burst time & Arrival time:",pr[i].pid);
scanf("%d %d",&pr[i].bt,&pr[i].pt);
}
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<=n;j++)
{
if(pr[i].pt>pr[j].pt)
{
t=pr[j].pid;
pr[j].pid=pr[i].pid;
pr[i].pid=t;
t=pr[j].bt;
pr[j].bt=pr[i].bt;
pr[i].bt=t;
t=pr[j].pt;
pr[j].pt=pr[i].pt;
pr[i].pt=t;
}
}
}
SMVEC
Page No.
prevtt=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
pr[i].wt=prevtt;
prevtt=pr[i].tt;
}
printf("\nPROCESS NO\tBURST TIME\tPRIORITY\tWAIT TIME\tTURN AROUND
TIME");
printf("\n~~~~~~~~~~\t~~~~~~~~~~\t~~~~~~~~\t~~~~~~~~~\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("\n%10d\t%10d\t%8d\t%9d\t%16d",pr[i].pid,pr[i].bt,pr[i].pt,pr[i].wt,pr[i].tt);
}
totwt=0;
tottt=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
}
avgwt = totwt/n;
avgtt = tottt/n;
printf("\n");
{
printf("-");
}
printf("\n0");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
}
printf("\n");
{
printf("-");
}
getch();
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
SMVEC
Page No.
ROUND ROBIN
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct process
{
int pid;
int bt,wt,tt,pt,rem;
}pr[10];
void main()
{
int i,j,n,ts,t,max;
double tottt,totwt,totbt;
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t\t\t ROUND ROBIN ");
printf("\n\n Enter the number of process and time slice : ");
scanf("%d %d",&n,&ts);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
pr[i].pid=i;
}
totbt=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
pr[i].rem = pr[i].bt;
totbt = totbt+pr[i].bt;
}
while(tottt<totbt)
{
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
if(pr[i].rem==0)
{
continue;
}
else if(pr[i].rem>ts)
{
tottt=tottt+ts;
pr[i].rem=pr[i].rem-ts;
}
SMVEC
Page No.
else
{
tottt=tottt+pr[i].rem;
pr[i].rem=0;
pr[i].wt=tottt-pr[i].bt;
pr[i].tt=tottt;
}
}
};
printf("\nPROCESS NO\tBURST TIME\tWAIT TIME\tTURN AROUND TIME");
printf("\n~~~~~~~~~~\t~~~~~~~~~~\t~~~~~~~~~\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("\n\n%10d\t%10d\t%9d\t%16d",pr[i].pid,pr[i].bt,pr[i].wt,pr[i].tt);
}
totwt=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
}
avgwt = totwt/n;
avgtt = tottt/n;
printf("\n");
max=0;
for(j=0;j<=n;j++)
{
if(max<pr[j].tt)
{
max=pr[j].tt;
}
}
for(j=0;j<=max;j++)
{
printf("-");
}
printf("\n0");
SMVEC
Page No.
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
}
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<=max;j++)
{
printf("-");
}
getch();
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
SMVEC
Page No.
DEADLOCK -BANKER'S ALGORITHM PROGRAM:

Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void matrix_get(int[5][5],int,int);
void main()
{
int max[5][5],all[5][5],total[1][5];
int avail[1][5],f[5],need[5][5],state[5];
int s,i,j,p,r,c,ch,ch1,k=0;
clrscr();
printf("\t\t DEADLOCK -BANKER'S ALGORITHM \n");
printf("ENTER THE NUMBER OF PROCESS:");
scanf("%d",&p);
ch=p;
printf("ENTER THE NUMBER OF RESOURCE TYPE:");
scanf("%d",&r);
printf("ENTER THE MAX MATRIX:\n");
matrix_get(max,p,r);
printf("\nENTER THE ALLOCATED MATRIX:\n");
matrix_get(all,p,r);
printf("ENTER THE TOTAL RESOURCE PRESENT:\n");
matrix_get(total,1,r);
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<p;j++)
{
if(max[j][i]>total[0][i] || all[j][i]>total[0][i])
{
printf("\nINPUT IS > TOTAL RESOURCE
PRESENT\n");
exit(0);
}
}
SMVEC
Page No.
s=total[0][i];
for(j=0;j<p;j++)
{
s=s-all[j][i];
}
avail[0][i]=s;
}
printf("\n\n AVAILABLE MATRIX \n\n");
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",avail[0][i]);
}
printf("\n\n NEED MATRIX:\n\n");
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
f[i]=0;
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
need[i][j]=max[i][j]-all[i][j];
if(need[i][j]<0)
{
need[i][j]=0;
}
printf("%d\t",need[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
SMVEC
Page No.
while(ch>0)
{
ch1=ch;
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
if(f[i]==0)
{
c=0;
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
if(need[i][j]<=avail[0][j])
{
c++;
}
}
if(c==r)
{
f[i]=1;
state[k++]=i;
ch--;
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
avail[0][j]=avail[0][j]+all[i][j];
need[i][j]=0;
}
}
}
}
if(ch==p)
{
printf("\n ALREADY DEADLOCK OCCURRED");
exit(0);
}
if(ch1==ch)
{
printf("\n ALLOCATION LEADS TO DEADLOCK");
exit(0);
}
}
SMVEC
Page No.
printf("\n\n SAFE STATE S:{");

for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
printf("P%d ",state[i]);
}
printf("}");
}
void matrix_get(int a[5][5],int p,int r)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
SMVEC
Page No.
SMVEC
Page No.
First fit program:

Code:
#include<stdio.h>;
#include<process.h>;
void main()
{
int m[20],p[20],i,j,np,nm;
clrscr();
printf("\n\n\t\t\t******* First Fit******\n");
// Read Process details
printf("Enter number of Process\n");
scanf("%d",&np);
for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
printf("Enter the size of %d Process: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&p[i]);
}
// Read Memory details
printf("\nEnter number of Memory Blocks\n");
scanf("%d",&nm);
for(i=0;i<nm;i++)
{
printf("Enter the %d Block size: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&m[i]);
}
SMVEC
Page No.
// Allocate Memory
for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<nm;j++)
{
if(p[i]<=m[j])
{
printf("\nThe Process %d allocated to Block
%d\n",i+1,j+1);
m[j] = m[j] - p[i];
p[i]=10000;
break;
}
}
}
for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
if(p[i]!=10000)
{
printf("The Process %d is not allocated \n",i+1);
}
}
getch();
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
SMVEC
Page No.
Best fit program:

Code:
#include<stdio.h>;
void main()
{
int m[20],p[20],i,j,np,nm, pos, min;
//clrscr();
printf("\t\t\t******* Best Fit******\n");
scanf("%d",&np);
for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&p[i]);
}
scanf("%d",&nm);
for(i=0;i<nm;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&m[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
min = 9999;
for(j = 0; j < nm; j++)
{
if(min > m[j] && p[i] <= m[j])
{
min = m[j];
pos = j;
}
}
SMVEC
Page No.
if (min != 9999)
{
%d\n",i+1,pos+1);
m[pos] = m[pos] - p[i];
p[i]=10000;
}
}
for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
if(p[i]!=10000)
{
}
}
getch();
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
SMVEC
Page No.
Worst fit program:

Code:
#include<stdio.h>;
void main()
{
int m[20],p[20],i,j,np,nm, pos, max;
//clrscr();
printf("\t\t\t******* Worst Fit******\n");
scanf("%d",&np);
for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&p[i]);
}
scanf("%d",&nm);
for(i=0;i<nm;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&m[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
max = -1;
for(j = 0; j < nm; j++)
{
if(max < m[j] && p[i] <= m[j])
{
max = m[j];
pos = j;
}
}
SMVEC
Page No.
if (max != -1)
{
%d\n",i+1,pos+1);
m[pos] = m[pos] - p[i];
p[i]=10000;
}
}
for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
if(p[i]!=10000)
{
}
}
getch();
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
SMVEC
Page No.
FIFO Program:
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int nf;
int ne;
int hit,miss;
int ref[50];
int fr[15];
void getdata();
void fifo();
int large(int []);
void getdata()
{
int i;
printf("\nEnter the number of frames:");
scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\nEnter the number of elements in the reference string:\n");
scanf("%d",&ne);
printf("\nEnter the reference string:\n");
for(i=0;i<ne;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&ref[i]);
}
}
void fifo()
{
int i,j,found=0,rear=-1;
miss=hit=0;
for(i=0;i<nf;i++)
{
fr[i]=-1;
}
for(i=0;i<ne;i++)
{
printf("\nThe no to be inserted :%d",ref[i]);
found=search(ref[i]);
if(found==0)
{
miss++;
SMVEC
Page No.
if(rear==nf-1)
{
rear=-1;
}
rear++;
fr[rear]=ref[i];
}
else
{
hit++;
}
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<nf;j++)
printf("%d ",fr[j]);
}
printf("\n\n No. of page faults=%d\n",miss);
printf("\n No. of Hits=%d",hit);
}
int search(int item)
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<nf;i++)
{
if(fr[i]==item)
{
return(1);
}
}
return 0;
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t\t FIFO PAGE REPLACEMENT");
getdata();
printf("\t\t\t FIFO PAGE REPLACEMENT");
fifo();
getch();
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
SMVEC
Page No.
SMVEC
Page No.
LRU program:
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
int nf;
int i,ne;
int miss=0;
int ref[50];
int fr[15];
void getdata();
void lru();
void getdata()
{
printf("\nEnter the number of frames:");
scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\nEnter the number of elements in the reference string:\n");
scanf("%d",&ne);
printf("\nEnter the reference string:\n");
for(i=0;i<ne;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&ref[i]);
}
}
void lru()
{
int check,j,k;
int count=0,index[5];
for(i=0;i<nf;i++)
{
fr[i]=-1;
}
for(i=0;i<ne;i++)
{
check=0;
printf(The number to be inserted %d,ref[i]);
SMVEC
Page No.
for(j=0;j<nf;j++)
{
if(fr[j]==ref[i])
{
check=1;
}
}
if(check==0)
{
miss+=1;
if(count<nf)
{
fr[count++] = ref[i];
}
else
{
for(j=0;j<i;j++)
{
for(k=0;k<nf;k++)
{
if(ref[j]==fr[k])
{
index[k] = j;
}
}
}
for(j=0;j<nf;j++)
{
if(index[check]>index[j])
{
check=j;
}
}
fr[check]=ref[i];
}
printf("\n");
}
SMVEC
Page No.
for(j=0;j<nf;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",fr[j]);
}
}
printf("\n Number of page faults:%d",miss);
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t\t LRU PAGE REPLACEMENT");
getdata();
printf("\t\t\t LRU PAGE REPLACEMENT");
lru();
getch();
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
SMVEC
Page No.
SMVEC
Page No.
FCFS Disk Scheduling

Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int q[20],r,h,i,j,k,sk=0,d;
clrscr();
printf("\t\t\tFirst Come First Serve Disk Scheduling Algorithm\n");
printf("\nEnter the number of request:\t");
scanf("%d",&r);
printf("Enter the Request:\t\n");
for(i=1;i<=r;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&q[i]);
}
printf("Enter the head position\t");
scanf("%d",&h);
q[0]=h;
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<=r-1;j++)
{
d=abs(q[j+1]-q[j]);
sk+=d;
printf("Move from %d to %d with Seek %d\n",q[j],q[j+1],d);
}
printf("\nTotal Seek Time is %d\t",sk);
getch();
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
SMVEC
Page No.
C-Scan Program
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#define cymax 199
int i,j,req,tmov=0,cp,np,cpo,npo;
int cyp[20],temp;
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t\t C-SCAN Algorithm ");
printf("\n ENTER THE NUMBER OF REQUEST : ");
scanf("%d",&req);
printf("\n ENTER THE CURRENT HEAD POSITION : ");
scanf("%d",&cpo);
printf("\n ENTER THE ELEMENTS OF THE REQUEST : ");
cyp[0] = cpo;
for(i=1;i<=req;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&cyp[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<=req;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<req-i;j++)
{
if(cyp[j] > cyp[j+1])
{
temp = cyp[j];
cyp[j] = cyp[j+1];
cyp[j+1] = temp;
}
}
}
SMVEC
Page No.
cp=0;
do
{
if(cyp[cp] == cpo)
break;
cp++;
}while(cp!=req);
i=0,j=cp;
cpo = cyp[cp];
do
{
if(cpo == cyp[req])
{
npo = cymax; cp = -1;
}
else
{
npo = cyp[++cp];
}
printf("Moves from %d to %d with %d\n",cpo,npo,abs(cpo-npo));
tmov += (abs(cpo-npo));
cpo = npo == cymax ? 0 : npo;
}while(npo != cyp[j-1]);
printf(" Total Tracks Displaced : %d",tmov);
getch();
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
SMVEC
Page No.
LOOK ALGORITHM:
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int ind,i,j,req,tmov=0,cp,np,cpo,npo;
int cyp[20],temp,tmp;
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf(\n\t\t\t LOOK ALGORITHM \n);
printf("\n Enter the number of requests : ");
scanf("%d",&req);
printf("\n Enter the current header position : ");
scanf("%d",&cpo);
printf("\n Enter the Requests : ",req);
cyp[0] = cpo;
for(i=1;i<=req;i++)
{
}
ind = 0;
for(i=0;i<=req;i++)
{
{
SMVEC
Page No.

{
temp = cyp[j];
cyp[j] = cyp[j+1];
cyp[j+1] = temp;
}
}
}
cp=0;
do
{
if(cyp[cp] == cpo)
break;
cp++;
}while(cp!=req);
tmp = cp;
i=0;
cpo = cyp[cp];do
{
if(ind == 0)
{
if(cp == 0)
{
cp = tmp;
npo = cyp[++cp]; ind = 1;
}
else
npo = cyp[--cp];
}
SMVEC
Page No.
else
npo = cyp[++cp];
printf(" Moves from %d to %d with %d\n",cpo,npo,abs(cpo-npo));
cpo = npo;
}while(npo!=cyp[req]);
printf(" Total Tracks Displaced : %d",tmov);
getch();
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
SMVEC
Page No.
C-Look Program
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int i,j,req,tmov=0,cp,np,cpo,npo;
int cyp[20],temp;
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t\t C-LOOK ");
printf("\n Enter the number of requests : ");
scanf("%d",&req);
do
{
printf("\n Enter the current header position : ");
scanf("%d",&cpo);
}while(cpo>199 || cpo <=0);
printf("\n Enter the Requests : ",req);
cyp[0] = cpo;
for(i=1;i<=req;i++)
{
}
for(i=0;i<=req;i++)
{
{
{
temp = cyp[j];
cyp[j] = cyp[j+1];
cyp[j+1] = temp;
}
}
}
SMVEC
Page No.
cp=0;
do
{
if(cyp[cp] == cpo)
break;
cp++;
}while(cp!=req);
i=0,j=cp;
cpo = cyp[cp];
do
{
if(cp == req)
{
npo = cyp[0];
cp = 0;
}
else
{
npo = cyp[++cp];
}
printf("Moves from %d to %d with %d\n",cpo,npo,abs(cpo-npo));
cpo = npo == cyp[req] ? cyp[0] : npo ;
}while(npo != cyp[j-1]);
printf(" Total Movement : %d",tmov);
getch();
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
SMVEC
Page No.
Dining Philosopher Problem:

Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define N 5
#define LEFT (j-1)%N
#define RIGHT (j+1)%N
#define THINKING 0
#define HUNGRY 1
#define EATING 2
int state[N];
void test(int);
int lt, rt;
void main()
{
int f,ch=0,i,a,b;
int take_sticks(int);
int put_sticks(int);
clrscr();
printf("\n \t *** DINING PHILOSOPHER PROBLEM**\n");
printf("ENTER THE NUMBER OF PHILOSOPHER IN THE TABLE IS %d:",N);
printf("\n STATUS OF THE PHILOSOPHER:\n");
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
{
state[i]=THINKING;
printf("\n P%d IS THINKING",i);
}
SMVEC
Page No.
do
{
printf("\n\t\t MENU\n\n");
printf("\n\t1.START EATING\n\n");
printf("\n\t2.STOP EATING\n\n");
printf("\n\t3.EXIT\n\n");
printf("ENTER YOUR CHOICE:");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
printf("\n ENTER THE PHILOSOPHER WHO IS GOING TO EAT:");
scanf("%d",&a);
f=take_sticks(a);
if(f==EATING)
{
printf("\n THE PHILOSOPHER HAS STARTED
EATING...\n\n");
}
else
{
printf("\nTHE PHILOSOPHER IS HUNGRY!!..\n\n");
printf("\n THE CHOPSTICK IS ENGAGED\n\n");
}
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
{
if(state[i]==THINKING)
{
printf("\nP%d IS THINKING",i);
}
SMVEC
Page No.
else if(state[i]==HUNGRY)
{
printf("\nP%d IS HUNGRY",i);
}
else
{
printf("\nP%d IS EATING",i);
}
}
break;
case 2:
printf("\n ENTER THE PHILOSOPHER NUMBER TO RELEASE THE CHOPSTICK");
scanf("%d",&b);
if(state[b]==EATING)
{
f=put_sticks(b);
printf("\n THE PHILOSOPHER HAS STOPPED EATING!!..\n\n");
}
else
{
printf("\n THE PHILOSOPHER IS NOT EATING!!\n\n");
}
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
{
if(state[i]==THINKING)
{
printf("\nP%d IS THINKING",i);
}
SMVEC
Page No.
else if(state[i]==HUNGRY)
{
printf("\nP%d IS HUNGRY",i);
}
else
{
printf("\nP%d IS EATING",i);
}
}
break;
case 3:
exit(0);
break;
}
}
while(ch!=3);
getch();
}
int take_sticks(int j)
{
state[j]=HUNGRY;
test(j);
return state[j];
}
SMVEC
Page No.
int put_sticks(int j)
{
state[j]=THINKING;
if(j==0) test(N-1); else test(LEFT);
if(j==N-1) test(0); else test(RIGHT);
return state[j];
}
void test(int j)
{
if(j==0) rt = N-1; else rt = LEFT;
if(j==N-1) lt = 0; else lt = RIGHT;
if(state[j]==HUNGRY && state[lt]!=EATING && state[rt]!=EATING)
{
state[j]=EATING;
}
}
SMVEC
Page No.
Output:
SMVEC
Page No.
SMVEC
Page No.
SMVEC
Page No.
SMVEC
Page No.
SMVEC
Page No.

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SMVEC

: To display the calendar of the current month.

EXPLANATION : Displays the calendar of the current month on the screen.

Display single month output. (This is the default.)

Display Sunday as the first day of the week. (This is

Display Monday as the first day of the week.

Display a calendar for the current year.

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cal

: To display the calendar of the specified year.

EXPLANATION : Displays the calendar of the specified year on the screen.

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cal 2016

: To display the calendar of the corresponding month and

: cal month year

EXPLANATION : Displays the calendar of the corresponding month and year

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cal November

: To display the calendar of the previous, current & next

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cal -3

: To display the system date and time

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date

: To display the current month.

: This command displays the current month on the

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date+%m

: To display the name of the current month.

: This command displays the name of the current

: To display the current system date.

: This command displays the current system date on

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date +%d

: To display the current system (year)

EXPLANATION : This command displays the current system year on the

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date +%Y

: To display the current system time.

: This command displays the current system time (in

: To display the current system weekday.

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date +%a

: To display the current system second.

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date +%S

: To display the current system year.

: This command displays the current system year

: To list information about the files in a directory.

: Lists information about the files (The current directory

: To list information about the files in a directory.

: Lists information about the files in listing format on

0 Jul 4 16:22 abc.txt

smvec8 26 Jul 4 17:13

: To list information about the files in a directory.

: Lists information about the files in reverse order on

pqr.txt line.sh level.txt

: To list information about the files in a directory.

: Lists information about the files its size on the screen.

: To list information about the files in a directory.

aravind abc.txt a.txt b.txt level.txt

: To copy files and directories

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cp a.txt b.txt

: To typescript a file that can be printed later/edit the existing

: To open and type a script

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ vi a.txt

: This command removes the specified file.

: This command renames source to destination.

: To make a new directory.

: This command creates a new directory.

: To remove/delete an existing directory.

: This command deletes the directory.

: To display the name of the current/working directory.